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                              Total or
                              aboveground         Code to limiting factorsC
                               biomass  
Reference                   (g/m2 dry wt)b     1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16

Ozimek et al. 1986               <5                                x
Kautsky 1987                     <5                    x                                 x
Schiemer and Prosser 1976        12            x   x       x       x                x
Kautsky 1987                    <18                                                                x
Jerling and Linde 1977           25                x   x   x
Singh 1981                       25                x       x                                                 x
Sahai and Sinha 1976            <31                                x
Ozimek et al. 1986              <44                    x
Taylor 1983                      52            x
Filbin and Barko 1985            55            x   x
Van Wijk 1988                    55                    x
Van Wijk 1988                    73            x   x   x               x
Van Wijk 1988                    78                    x                                      x
Lutz 1960                       <79            x   x            x
Boynton and Heck 1982          <100            x
Bernatowicz 1969                100                x
Jupp and Spence 1977b           104            x                    x   x
Rich 1966                       107            x                               x
Oglesby et al. 1976             118            x   x   x   x
Westlake 1961                   123            x                    x

                                               1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16

Congdon and McComb 1981        <132                x                        x
Van Wijk 1988                   133                    x        x
Brooker and Edwards 1973        141                             x
Sterling 1970                   165                x
Vermaak et al. 1981             174            x                    x
Davis and Carey 1981            175            x
Ravanko 1972                   <190                x                                               x
Kvet and Husak 1978             200            none indicated
Gopal et al. 1978               214            none indicated
Jensen 1940                    <227            x                            x
Madsen 1986                     227                    x
Van Wijk 1988                   237                    x                                           x
Vanamburg (n.d.)                264            none indicated
Huber 1952                     >266            x                x
Kaul et al. 1978               <272            none indicated
Ozimek et al. 1986              275            none indicated
Kollman and Wali 1976          <293                                         x                          x    x    x
Van der Valk and Bliss 1971    <297            x                x                x
Krausch 1976, cited in         <300            none indicated
  Wallentinus 1979

                                               1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16

Anderson and Low 1976          <316                        x           x
Craner 1964                    <317                                    x   x   x
Van Wijk 1988                   327                    x
Anderson and Jones 1976        <350                    x   x   x
Van Wijk 1988                   376                                    x
Sinha 1970                     <370           none indicated
Low and Bellrose 1944          <392            x               x
Van Wijk 1988                   392                                    x
Sabai and Sinha 1976           <445           none indicated
Van Wijk 1988                   583                            x
Madsen et al. 1988              620           none indicated
Van Wijk 1988                   668                            x
Peterka and Hanson 1978         716           none indicated
Kollman and Wali 1976           732           none indicated
Barker and Fulton 1979          880           none indicated
Gaevskaya 1966                  900           none indicated
Olson 1979                     <954                        x   x       x
Madsen 1986                     992           none indicated
Van Wijk 1988                 1,313           none indicated
Shubert 1982                  1,500           none indicated
Aleem and Samaan 1969b       <1,568           x       x        x
Howard-Williams 1978          1,952           none indicated
Zaky 1960                     1,988           none indicated

Reference                    Total of         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16
                           above ground                    Code to limiting factorsC   
                             biomass  
                          (g/m2 dry wt)b      

        aWet weight conversion to dry weight: multiply by 0.14; g C/m2 conversion to dry weight: multiply by 1.54, ash-free dry weight
        conversion to dry weight: multiply by 1.34.
        bTotal biomass listed if above- and belowground biomass values given
        c Codes: 1 = Turbidity; 2 = 0ther macrophytes or epiphytes (potential competitors); 3 = Wave, wind, or current action (exposure
        or erosion of substrate); 4 = Insufficient or excessive depth; 5 = Water level fluctuations (mostly decreases); 6 = Pollution or
        eutrophication; 7 = Waterfowl grazing; 8 = Excessive salinity; 9 = Uprooting by fish; 10 = Siltation; 11 = Ice action; 12 =
        Rocky substrate; 13 = Growth form; 14 = Insufficient nutrients; 15 = Toxic elements; 16 = Excess energy demand.