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Wetland Plants and Plant Communities of Minnesota and Wisconsin

Appendix A

(Modified from Gleason and Cronquist (1991) and Swink and Wilhelm (1994))

1A. Flowering heads are flat-topped (inflorescence is a corymb).

2A. Leaves of lower and upper stem are dissimilar, the lower or basal leaves being better developed and usually persistent; leaves are not glandular-punctate; typically occur on calcareous soils.
- 3A. Branches and pedicels of the inflorescence are glabrous; leaves are flat and not triple nerved...............Solidago ohioensis
- 3B. Branches and pedicels of the inflorescence are pubescent; leaves tend to be sickle-shaped (falcate), folded (conduplicate), and triple nerved...............Solidago Riddellii
2B. Leaves linear (narrow), similar on lower and upper stem, and leaves are glandular-punctate (use a 10-15X hand lens); stems are pubescent; tends to be clonal...............Euthamia graminifolia
(Formerly known as Solidago graminifolia.)

1B. Flowering heads occur in axillary clusters, racemes, panicles, or thyrses, but never as a corymb.

4A. Inflorescence spreading, with recurved-secund branching. Branches and branchlets of the inflorescence are pubescent.
- 5A. Leaves very scabrous above; basal and lower cauline leaves persistent and very large; stem generally angled in cross section; typically occurs in calcareous fens and shaded seeps...............Solidago patula
- 5B. Leaves triple nerved, not scabrous; leaves of lower and upper stem tend to be similar; stem glabrous and glaucous below the inflorescence and not angled; tends to be clonal...............Solidago gigantea
  (NOTE: Solidago gigantea may hybridize with Solidago altissima. Such hybrids are often sparsely pubescent on the stem below the inflorescence and may be cited in some works as Solidago canadensis.)
4B. Inflorescence much longer than broad; branches rather short and not recurved-secund; branches and branchlets of the inflorescence are not pubescent (but may be puberulent). Stems not angled, nor glaucous below the inflorescence; typically occurs in both bogs and fens...............Solidago uliginosa

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