USGS Home
Contact USGS
Search USGS

Biondini, M. E., and L. L. Manske. 1996. Grazing frequency and ecosystem 
     processes in a northern mixed prairie, USA. Ecol. Applic. 6:239-256.
     
Biondini, M. E., B. D. Patton, and P. E. Nyren. 1998.  Grazing intensity and 
     ecosystem processes in a northern  mixed-grass prairie, USA. Ecol. 
     Applic. 8:496-479.
 
Boldt, C. E., D. W. Uresk, and K. E. Severson.  1978.  Riparian woodlands in 
     jeopardy on the northern High Plains, Pp. 184-189 in Proceedings of a 
     national symposium on strategies for protection and management of flood-
     plain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems (R. R. Johnson and J. F. 
     McCormick, eds.), USDA Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-12.
     
Butler, J. L. 1983. Green ash communities in the North Dakota Badlands. M.S. 
     Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo. 
     
Daubenmire, R. F.  1959.  A canopy coverage method of vegetational analysis.
     Northwest Sci. 33:33-64.
     
Girard, M. M., H. Goetz, and A. J. Bjugstad.  1987.  Factors influencing wood-
     lands of southwestern North Dakota.  Prairie Nat. 19:189-198. 

Girard, M. M., H. Goetz, and A. J. Bjugstad.  1989. Native woodland habitat 
     types of southwestern North Dakota.  USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mount. For. 
     Range Exper. Sta. Res. Pap. RM-281, Fort Collins, CO.

Great Plains Flora Association.  1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Univ, 
     Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. 

Hansen, P. L., G. R. Hoffman, and A. J. Bjugstad.  1984. The vegetation of 
     Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota: a habitat type classi-
     fication. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-113, Washington, D.C. 

Hansen, P. L., R. D. Pfister, K. Boggs, B. J. Cook, J. Joy, and D. K. Hinckley.
     1995.  Classification and management of Montana's riparian and wetland 
     sites. Montana Forest and Conservation Exper. Sta., University of Montana, 
     Missoula. Misc. Publ. 54.  

Hart, R .H., M. J. Samuel, P. S. Test, and M. A. Smith. 1988. Cattle, veget-
     ation, and economic responses to grazing systems and grazing pressure. J.
     Range Manage. 41:282-286. 

Hobbs, N. T.  1996.  Modification of ecosystems by ungulates. J. Wildl. Manage.
     60:695-713.

Hopkins, R. B.  1983.  Woodland bird ecology — southwestern North Dakota. Ph.D.
     Dissertation, North Dakota State University, Fargo.  

Laurenroth, W. K., D. G. Milchunas, J. L. Dodd, R. H. Hart, R. K. Heitschmidt,
     and L. R. Rittenhouse. 1994. Effects of grazing on ecosystems of the 
     Great Plains. Pp. 69-100 in  Ecological implications of livestock herb-
     ivory and the West ( M. Vavra, W. A. Laycock, and R. D. Piper, eds.). 
     Society for Range Management, Denver, CO.

Leafy Spurge Scientific Advisory Panel.  1994.  Recommendations for the manage-
     ment of leafy spurge in Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Theodore 
     Roosevelt National Park, Medora, ND. 
 
Lund, R. E.  1989.  MSUSTAT statistical analysis package. Version 4.12. Montana
     State University, Bozeman. 

Lyon L. J., and A. L. Ward.  1982.  Elk and land management. Pp. 443-477 in Elk 
     of North America, ecology and management (J. W. Thomas and D. E. Toweill,
     eds.). Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 

Morrison, M. L., B. G. Marcot, and R. W. Mannan. 1998. Wildlife — habitat 
     relationships, concepts and applications. 2nd ed. Univ. of  Wisconsin 
     Press, Madison, WI. 

Olson, K.C., R.S. White, and B.W. Sindelar. 1985. Responses of vegetation of 
     the northern great plains to precipitation amount and grazing intensity. 
     J. Range Manage. 38:357-361.

SAS.  1994.  Version 6.10. SAS Inst.  Cary, NC. 

Severson, K. E. 1981.  Plains habitats, Pp. 459-485 in Mule and black-tailed
     deer of North America (O. C. Wallmo, ed.). Univ. of Nebraska Press, 
     Lincoln, NE. 

Singer, F. E., and M. K. Harter.  1996. Comparative effects of elk herbivory 
     and 1988 fires on northern Yellowstone National Park grasslands. Ecol. 
     Applic. 6:195-199.    

Singer, F. J., L. G. Zeigenfuss, R. G. Cates, and D. T. Barnett. 1998. Elk, 
     multiple factors, and persistence of willows in national parks.  Wildl. 
     Soc. Bull. 26:419-428. 

Sullivan, M. G.  1988.  Distribution, movements, habitat use, and food habits 
     of reintroduced elk in Theodore Roosevelt National Park. M.S. Thesis. 
     Montana State University, Bozeman. 

Theodore Roosevelt National Park. 1984.  Natural resource management plan and 
     environmental assessment. Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Medora, ND.

Trammel, M. A., and J. L. Butler. 1995. Effects of exotic plants on native 
     ungulate use of habitat.  J. Wildl. Manage. 59:808-816. 

Uresk, D. W., and C. E. Boldt.  1986. Effect of cultural treatments on regener-
     ation of native woodlands on the northern Great Plains. Prairie Nat. 18:
     193-202. 

Wasser, C. H.   1982.  Ecology and culture of selected species useful in re-
     vegetating disturbed lands in the West. US Fish Wildl. Serv. Rep. OBS-
     82/56, Washington, D.C.
 
Westfall, J. A., Jr.  1989. The ecology of reintroduced elk in Theodore 
     Roosevlet National Park, North Dakota. M. S. Thesis, Montana State Univer-
     sity, Bozeman. 

Westfall, J. A., Jr., L. R. Irby, and J. E. Norland.  1993.  A forage 
     allocation model for four ungulate species in Theodore Roosevelt National 
     Park. Final Report to Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Medora, ND.

White, C. A., C. E. Olmsted, and C. E. Kay. 1998. Aspen, elk, and fire in the 
     Rocky Mountain national parks of North America. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 26:449-
     462. 

Wood, A. K., R. J. Mackie, and K. L. Hamlin.  1989.  Ecology of sympatric pop-
     ulations of mule deer and white-tailed deer in a prairie environment.  
     Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Helena, MT.