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The Alkali (Scirpus Maritimus L.) and Saltmarsh (S. Robustus Pursh) Bulrushes: A Literature Review

Tables

Table 6. Salinities of waters inhabited by Scirpus maritimus and S. robustus arranged according to increasing maximum observed salt tolerance.

Salinity or total dissolved solids (g/l)^a Dominant anions^b Reference

Range or single observation Optimum

Scirpus maritimus

0.304 HCO₃ Kaul et al. 1978

1.26 Willen 1962

0.98-1.33 Fulton et al. 1983

0.454-1.481 SO₄ Gladyshev and Kogan 1977

2.333 Barker and Fulton 1979

2.83 SO₄ Eisenlohr 1972

3.8 SO₄/CO₃ White and Hartland-Rowe 1969

4.3-4.5 Cl Lundegardh-Ericson 1972

5.0 Cl Flowers 1973

4.45-5.34 Cl Mercado et al. 1971

0.18-5.96 Cl Van Wijk 1988

7.0 Cl Barnes et al. 1971

7.667 SO₄ Olson 1979

8.0 SO₄ Daborn 1975

8.0 Cl Vestergaard 1985

8.2 Lieffers 1984

9.0 Shubert 1982

2.56-9.08 Smeins 1967

3.9-9.3 Cl Grillas and Duncan 1986

3.2-9.6 Cl Ferren 1985

10.0 Cl Harshberger 1911

1.5-13.5 Cl Kruger and Kirst 1991

7.5-14.0 Cl Olsen 1945

2.6-14.2 Kadlec 1982

16.0 1.6-6.4 Cl Gillham 1957

19.6 Christiansen and Low 1970

3.0-20.0 Cl Zenkevitch 1963

21.684 Cl Podlejski 1981

4.3-23.5 Cl Verhoeven and van Vierssen 1978

2.4-25.9 Cl Wright et al. 1949

31.95 Cl Tansley 1922

0.162-37.002 Sletten and Larson 1984

7.0-50.0 Ustin 1984

5.0-55.0 Richardson 1980

67.5 Millar 1976

1.61-78.00 SO₄ Lieffers and Shay 1982a

1.88-82.40 1.88-30.27 Metcalf 1931

0.56-87.00 SO₄ Lieffers and Shay 1982b

7.0-104.0 Ungar 1970

0.56-114.60 Kantrud et al. 1989

3.3-121.0 SO₄ Hammer et al. 1975

3.2-308.0 SO₄ Hammer and Heseltine 1988

Scirpus robustus

0.2-3.6 Cl Philipp and Brown 1965

3.02-6.31 Cl Beal 1977

8.9 Chabreck 1972

1.380-9.217 Cl Chandler 1969

4.1-9.4 Cl Kerwin 1971

3.195-9.585 3.834-9.585 Martin and Uhler 1939

1.0-10.0 3.0-7.0 Cl Neely 1960

0.32-10.20 Cl Waits 1967

9.5-10.2 Chabreck and Hoffpauir 1962

8.2-13.2 Cl Anderson et al. 1968

0.9-18.2 Cl Chabreck 1960

5.4-20.4 Cl Dietert and Shontz 1978

12.0-21.6 Palmisano 1967

22.0 Taylor 1939

8.0-22.8 Cl Wilkinson 1970

11.4-25.9 Cl Wright et al. 1949

1.0-29.0 8.2 Cl Chabreck 1970

13.0-29.0 Cl Atwater and Hedel 1976

10.0-30.0 Cl Linthurst and Seneca 1980

18.0-30.0 Cl Shisler 1990

6.4-39.0 Penfound and Hathaway 1938

^aConductivity was converted to mg/l with the following multipliers: 0-2 mS/cm x 0.7; 2-40 mS/cm x 1.0; 40 mS/cm x 1.5. Chlorinity (0/00 or g/L) was converted to mg/L by multiplying by 1.807 x 10³; sea strength was considered 31,950 mg/l. Total filtrable residue was considered equal to total dissolved solids.
^bWhere ranges are listed, dominant anions refer to those found at the upper range.

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Salinity or total dissolved solids (g/l)^a		Dominant anions^b	Reference
Range or single observation	Optimum	Dominant anions^b	Reference
Scirpus maritimus
0.304		HCO₃	Kaul et al. 1978
1.26			Willen 1962
0.98-1.33			Fulton et al. 1983
0.454-1.481		SO₄	Gladyshev and Kogan 1977
2.333			Barker and Fulton 1979
2.83		SO₄	Eisenlohr 1972
3.8		SO₄/CO₃	White and Hartland-Rowe 1969
4.3-4.5		Cl	Lundegardh-Ericson 1972
5.0		Cl	Flowers 1973
4.45-5.34		Cl	Mercado et al. 1971
0.18-5.96		Cl	Van Wijk 1988
7.0		Cl	Barnes et al. 1971
	7.667	SO₄	Olson 1979
8.0		SO₄	Daborn 1975
8.0		Cl	Vestergaard 1985
8.2			Lieffers 1984
9.0			Shubert 1982
2.56-9.08			Smeins 1967
3.9-9.3		Cl	Grillas and Duncan 1986
3.2-9.6		Cl	Ferren 1985
10.0		Cl	Harshberger 1911
1.5-13.5		Cl	Kruger and Kirst 1991
7.5-14.0		Cl	Olsen 1945
2.6-14.2			Kadlec 1982
16.0	1.6-6.4	Cl	Gillham 1957
19.6			Christiansen and Low 1970
3.0-20.0		Cl	Zenkevitch 1963
21.684		Cl	Podlejski 1981
4.3-23.5		Cl	Verhoeven and van Vierssen 1978
2.4-25.9		Cl	Wright et al. 1949
31.95		Cl	Tansley 1922
0.162-37.002			Sletten and Larson 1984
7.0-50.0			Ustin 1984
5.0-55.0			Richardson 1980
67.5			Millar 1976
1.61-78.00		SO₄	Lieffers and Shay 1982a
1.88-82.40	1.88-30.27		Metcalf 1931
0.56-87.00		SO₄	Lieffers and Shay 1982b
7.0-104.0			Ungar 1970
0.56-114.60			Kantrud et al. 1989
3.3-121.0		SO₄	Hammer et al. 1975
3.2-308.0		SO₄	Hammer and Heseltine 1988
Scirpus robustus
0.2-3.6		Cl	Philipp and Brown 1965
3.02-6.31		Cl	Beal 1977
8.9			Chabreck 1972
1.380-9.217		Cl	Chandler 1969
4.1-9.4		Cl	Kerwin 1971
3.195-9.585	3.834-9.585		Martin and Uhler 1939
1.0-10.0	3.0-7.0	Cl	Neely 1960
0.32-10.20		Cl	Waits 1967
9.5-10.2			Chabreck and Hoffpauir 1962
8.2-13.2		Cl	Anderson et al. 1968
0.9-18.2		Cl	Chabreck 1960
5.4-20.4		Cl	Dietert and Shontz 1978
12.0-21.6			Palmisano 1967
22.0			Taylor 1939
8.0-22.8		Cl	Wilkinson 1970
11.4-25.9		Cl	Wright et al. 1949
1.0-29.0	8.2	Cl	Chabreck 1970
13.0-29.0		Cl	Atwater and Hedel 1976
10.0-30.0		Cl	Linthurst and Seneca 1980
18.0-30.0		Cl	Shisler 1990
6.4-39.0			Penfound and Hathaway 1938