Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
Asatoor, A. M., and Armstrong, M. D. 1967. 3-Methylhistidine, a component of
actin. Biochem. and Biophys. Res. Comm. 26:168-174.
Ballard, F. J., and Tomas, F. M. 1983. 3-Methylhistidine as a measure of
skeletal muscle protein breakdown in human subjects: the case for its
continued use. Clin. Sci. 65:209-215.
Cahill, G. F., Jr. 1970. Starvation in man. New Engl. J. Med. 282:668-675.
Case, R. 1996. Biochemical indicators of condition, nutrition, and nitrogen
excretion in caribou. Rangifer Special Issue No. 9:201-208.
Coles, E. H. 1980. Veterinary clinical pathology. W. B. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Cowgill, R. W., and Freeberg, B. 1957. The metabolism of methylhistidine
compounds in animals. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 71:466-472.
Daniel, P. M., Pratt, O. E., and Spargo, E. 1977. The metabolic homeostatic
role of muscle and its function as a store of protein. Lancet 2:446-448.
DelGiudice, G. D., Mech, L. D., Seal, U. S., and Karns, P. D. 1987. Winter
fasting and refeeding effects on urine characteristics in white-tailed deer.
J. Wildl. Manage.51:860-864.
DelGiudice, G. D., Seal, U. S., and Mech, L. D. 1988. Response of hydroxyproline
to dietary protein and fasting in white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Dis. 24:75-79.
DelGiudice, G. D., Mech, L. D., and Seal, U. S. 1990. Effects of winter
undernutrition on body composition and physiological profiles of white-tailed
deer. J. Wildl. Manage 54:539-550.
DelGiudice, G. D., Seal, U. S., and Mech, L. D. 1991a. Indicators of severe
undernutrition in urine of free-ranging elk during winter. Wildl. Soc.
Bull. 19:106-110.
DelGiudice, G. D., Singer, F. J., and Seal, U. S. 1991b. Physiological assessment
of winter nutritional deprivation in elk of Yellowstone National Park. J.
Wildl. Manage. 55:653-664.
DelGiudice, G. D., Mech, L. D., Kunkel, K. E., Gese, E. M., and Seal, U. S. 1992.
Seasonal patterns of weight, hematology, and serum characteristics of
free-ranging female white-tailed deer in Minnesota. Can. J. Zool. 70:974-983.
DelGiudice, G. D., Mech, L. D., and Seal, U. S. 1994a. Undernutrition and serum
and urinary urea nitrogen of white-tailed deer during winter. J. Wildl.
Manage. 58:430-436.
DelGiudice, G. D., Mech, L. D., and Seal, U. S. 1994b. Nutritional restriction
and acid-base balance in white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Dis. 30:247-253.
DelGiudice, G. D., Peterson, R. O., and Samuel, W. M. 1997. Trends of winter
nutritional restriction, ticks, and numbers of moose on Isle Royale. J.
Wildl. Manage. 61:895-903.
Elia, M., Carter, A., Bacon, S., Winearls, C. G., and Smith, R. 1981. Clinical
usefulness of urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion in indicating muscle
protein breakdown. Br. Med. Bull. 282:351-354.
Eriksson, L., and Valtonen, M. 1974. Seasonal changes in renal urea concentrations
in the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) Ann. Zool. Fenn. 11:200-203.
Fitch, W. L., Watson, J. E., and King, J. C. 1986. Measurement of urinary
3-methylhistidine with cationic-exchange resin. Anal. Biochem. 154:632-637.
Forbes, G. B. 1988. Body composition: influence of nutrition, disease, growth,
and aging. In Modern nutrition in health and disease. Edited by M. E. Shils
and V. R. Young. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa. pp. 533-556.
Garrott, R. A., White, P. J., Vagnoni, D. B., and Heisey, D. M. 1996. Purine
derivatives in snow-urine as a dietary index for free-ranging elk. J. Wildl.
Manage. 60:735-743.
Hanks, J. 1981. Characterization of population condition. In Dynamics of large
mammal populations. Edited by C. W. Fowler and T. D. Smith. John Wiley and
Sons, Inc. New York, New York. pp. 47-73.
Harris, C. I., and Milne, G. 1978. Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine in
cattle as a measure of muscle protein degradation. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 38:11A.
Harris, C. I., and Milne, G. 1980. The urinary excretion of NT-methylhistidine
in sheep: an invalid index of muscle protein breakdown. Br. J. Nutr. 44:129-140.
Harris, C. I., and Milne, G. 1981. The inadequacy of urinary NT-methylhistidine
excretion in the pig as a measure of muscle protein breakdown. Br. J. Nutr.
45:423-429.
Haverberg, L. N., Deckelbaum, L., Bilmazes, C., Munro, H. N., and Young, V. R.
1975. Myofibrillar protein turnover and urinary NT-methylhistidine output.
Response to dietary supply of protein and energy. Biochem. J. 152:503-510.
Heymsfield, S. B., and Williams, P. J. 1988. Nutritional assessment by clinical
and biochemical methods. In Modern nutrition in health and disease. Edited
by M. E. Shils and V. R. Young. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa. pp.
817-860.
Hoffer, L. J. 1988. Starvation. In Modern nutrition in health and disease.
Edited by M. E. Shils and V. R. Young. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa.
pp. 774-794.
Hovell, F. D. Deb., Orskov, E. R., Kyle, D. J., and MacLeod, N. A. 1987.
Undernutrition in sheep. Nitrogen repletion by N-depleted sheep. Br. J.
Nutr. 57:77-88.
Jaffe, M. 1886. Ueber den Reiderschlag, welchen Pikrinsaeure in normalen Harn
erzeugt and ueber neue Reuktion des Kreatinins. Z. Phys. Chem. 10:391-400.
Johnson, P., Harris, C. I., and Perry, S. V. 1967. 3-Methylhistidine in actin
and other muscle proteins. Biochem. J. 105:361-370.
Long, C. L., Haverberg, L. N., Young, V. R., Kinney, J. M., Munro, H. N., and
Geiger, J. W. 1975. Metabolism of 3-methylhistidine in man. Metabolism
24:929-935.
Mautz, W. W. 1978. Nutrition and carrying capacity. In Big game of North America:
ecology and management. Edited by J. L. Schmidt and D. L. Gilbert. Stackpole
Books, Harrisburg. Pa. pp. 321-348.
Moen, R., and DelGiudice, G. D. 1997. Simulating nitrogen metabolism and urinary
urea nitrogen:creatinine ratios in ruminants. J. Wildl. Manage. 61:881-894.
Nagabhushan, V. S., and Narasinga Rao, B. S. 1978. Studies on 3-methylhistidine
metabolism in children with protein-energy malnutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
31:1322-1327.
Neter, J., Wasserman, W., and Kutner, M. H. 1990. Applied linear statistical
models. Third Edition. Irwin Publishing, Boston. Mass.
Nishizawa, N., Noguchi, T., and Hareyama, S. 1977. Fractional flux rates of
NT-methylhistidine in skin and gastrointestine: the contribution of
these tissues to urinary excretion of NT-methylhistidine in the rat.
Br. J. Nutr. 38:149-151.
Parker, K. L., DelGiudice, G. D., and Gillingham, M. P. 1993. Do urinary urea
nitrogen and cortisol ratios of creatinine reflect body fat reserves in
black-tailed deer? Can. J. Zool. 71:1841-1848.
Rennie, M. J., and Millward, D. J. 1983. 3-Methylhistidine excretion and the
urinary 3-methylhistidine/creatinine ratio are poor indicators of skeletal
muscle protein breakdown. Clin. Sci. 65:217-225.
SAS Institute Inc. 1996. SAS/STAT software: changes and enhancements through
Release 6.11, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.
Tallen, H., Stein, W. H., and Moore, S. 1955. 3-Methylhistidine, a new amino
acid from human urine. J. Biol. Chem. 206:825-834.
Torbit, S. C., Carpenter, L. H., Swift, D. M., and Alldredge, A. W. 1985.
Differential loss of fat and protein by mule deer during winter. J.
Wildl. Manage. 49:80-85.
Vagnoni, D. B., Garrott, R. A., Cook, J. G., White, P. J., and Clayton, M. K.
1996. Urinary allantoin:creatinine ratios as a dietary index for elk.
Wildl. Manage. 60:728-734.
Verme, L. J., and Ullrey, D. E. 1984. Physiology and nutrition. In White-
tailed deer: ecology and management. Edited by L. K. Halls. Stackpole Books,
Harrisburg, Pa. pp. 91-118.
Vielma, H., Mendez, J., Druckenmiller, M., and Lukaski, H. 1981. A practical
and reliable method for determination of urinary 3-methylhistidine. J.
Biochem. Biophys. Methods 5:75-82.
Warren, R. J., Kirkpatrick, R. L., Oelschlaeger, A., Scanlon, P. F., Webb, K.
E., Jr., and Whelan, J. B. 1982. Energy, protein, and seasonal influences
on white-tailed deer fawn nutritional indices. J. Wildl. Manage. 46:302-312.
Wolfinger, R. 1993. Covariance structure selection in general linear mixed
models. Commun. Stat. Simula. 22:1079-1106.
Young, V. R., Alexis, S. C., Baliga, B. S., Munro, H. N., and Muecke, W. 1972.
Fate of administered 3-methylhistidine. Lack of muscle transfer ribonucleic
acid charging and quantitative excretion as 3-methylhistidine and its
N-acetyl derivative. J. Biol. Chem. 247:3592-3600.
Young, V. R., Haverberg, L. N., Bilmazes, C., and Munro, H. N. 1973. Potential
use of 3-methylhistidine excretion as an index of progressive reduction in
muscle protein catabolism during starvation. Metabolism 22:1429-1436.
Young, V. R., and Munro, H. N. 1978. NT-Methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine)
and muscle protein turnover: an overview. Fed. Proc. 37:2291-2300.