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Ballard, W. B., J. S. Whitman, and C. L. Gardner.  1987.  Ecology of an
     exploited wolf population in south-central Alaska.  Wildlife Monograph
     98.  Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C.
	
Bekoff, M., and M. C. Wells. 1980.  The social ecology of coyotes.  Scientific
     American 242:130-148.
	
Caraco, T., and L. L. Wolf.  1975.  Ecological determinants of group sizes of
     foraging lions.  American Naturalist 109:343-352.
	
Carbyn, L. N., S. M. Oosenbrug, and D. W. Anions.  1993.  Wolves, bison and 
     the dynamics related to the Peace-Athabasca Delta in Canada's Wood Buffalo
     National Park.  Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta.
	
Dale, B. W., L. G. Adams, and R. T. Bowyer.  1994.  Functional response of
     wolves preying on barren-ground caribou in a multiple-prey ecosystem.
     Journal of Animal Ecology 63:644-652.
	
_____.  1995.  Winter wolf predation in a multiple ungulate prey system, Gates
     of the Arctic National Park, Alaska.  Pages 223-230 in L. N. Carbyn, 
     S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip, eds.  Ecology and conservation of wolves in 
     a changing world.  Occasional Publication No. 35.  Canadian Circumpolar 
     Institute, Edmonton, Alberta.
	
Fritts, S. H., and L. D. Mech.  1981.  Dynamics, movements, and feeding ecology
     of a newly protected wolf population in northwestern Minnesota. 	Wildlife 
     Monograph 79.  Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C.
	
Fuller, T. K.  1989.  Population dynamics of wolves in north-central Minnesota.
     Wildlife Monograph 105.  Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C.
	
Fuller, T. K., and L. B. Keith.  1980.  Wolf population dynamics and prey 
     relationships in northeastern Alberta.  Journal of Wildlife Management
     44:583-602.
	
Gese, E. M., and L. D. Mech.  1991.  Dispersal of wolves (Canis lupus) in
     northeastern Minnesota.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2946-2955.
	
Hayes, R. D.  1995.  Numerical and functional responses of wolves and 
     regulation of moose in the Yukon. Master's thesis.  Simon Fraser 
     University, Burnaby, British Columbia.
	
Kolenosky, G. B.  1972.  Wolf predation on wintering deer in east-central
     Ontario.  Journal of Wildlife Management 36:357-369.
	
Mech, L. D.  1966.  The wolves of Isle Royale.  U.S. National Parks Fauna 
     Series No. 7.  Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
	
_____.  1970.  The wolf:  the ecology and behavior of an endangered species.
     Natural History Press, New York.
	
_____.  1977.  Population trend and winter deer consumption in a Minnesota
     wolf pack.  Pages 55-83 in R. L. Phillips and C. Jonkel, eds.
     Proceedings of the 1975 Predator Symposium.  Montana Forest and 
     Conservation Experiment Station, University of Montana, Missoula.
	
_____.  1988.  The arctic wolf:  living with the pack.  Voyageur, Stillwater,
     Minn.
	
Mech, L. D., and L. D. Frenzel, eds.  1971.  Ecological studies of the timber
     wolf in northeastern Minnesota.  North Central Forest Experiment Station, 
     USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-52.  St. Paul, Minn.
	
Microsoft.  1995.  Microsoft Excel for Windows '95, version 7.0 Microsoft 
     Corp., Redmond, Wash.
	
Murie, A.  1944.  The wolves of Mount McKinley, U.S. National Park Service
     Fauna Series No. 5.  Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
	
Nudds, T. D.  1978.  Convergence of group size strategies by mammalian social
     carnivores.  American Naturalist 112:957-960.
	
Packer, C., and L. Ruttan.  1988.  The evolution of cooperative hunting. 
     American Naturalist 132:159-198.
	
Peterson, R. O., J. D. Woolington, and T. N. Bailey.  1984.  Wolves of the
     Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.  Wildlife Monograph 88.  Wildlife Society,
     Washington, D.C.
	
Promberger, C., R. D. Hayes, and P. Kaczensky.  1993.  Interspecific competition 
     between ravens and wolves in the boreal forest.  Pages 52-53 in C. Vila 
     and J. Castroviejo, eds.  Simposio Internacional obre el Lobo, León, Spain.  
     Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenacion del Territorio, León.
	 
Pulliam, H. R., and T. Caraco.  1978.  Living in groups:  is there an optimal
     group size?  Pages 122-147 in J. T. Krebs and N. B. Davies, eds.
     Behavioural ecology:  an evolutionary approach.  Sinauer, Sunderland,
     Mass.
	
Rodman, P. S.  1981.  Inclusive fitness and group size with a reconsideration
     of group size in lions and wolves.  American Naturalist 118:275.
	
Schoener, T.  1971.  Theory of feeding strategies.  Annual Review of Ecology 
     Systematics 2:369-404.
	
Stenlund, M. H.  1955.  A field study of the timber wolf (Canis lupus) on 
     the Superior National Forest, Minnesota.  Technical Bulletin Number 4.  
     Minnesota Department of Conservation, St. Paul.
	
Thurber, J. M., and R. O. Peterson.  1993.  Effects of population density and
     pack size on the foraging ecology of gray wolves.  Journal of Mammology 
     74:879-889.
 	
Zimen, E.  1976.  On the regulation of pack size in wolves.  Zeitschrift für
     Tierpsychologie 40:300-341.