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Berg, W. E., and D. W. Kuehn, 1982. Ecology of wolves in north-central
     Minnesota. Pages 4-11 in F. H. Harrington and P. C. Paquet, editors.
     Wolves of the world. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.

Bjorge, R. R., and J. R. Gunson. 1983. Wolf predation of cattle on the 
     Simonette River pastures in northwestern Alberta. Pages 106-111 in L. N.
     Carbyn, editor. Wolves in Canada and Alaska: their status, biology, and
     management. Canadian Wildlife Service Report 45, Ottawa, Ontario.

Biorge, R. R., and J. R. Gunson. 1985. Evaluation of wolf control to reduce 
     cattle predation in Alberta. Journal of Range Management 38:483-486.

Boyd, D. 1982. Food habits and spatial relations of coyotes and a lone wolf
     in the Rocky Mountains. M.S. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula. 
     109 pp.

Brown, D. E. 1983. The wolf in the Southwest, the making of an endangered 
     species. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 195 pp.

Carbyn, L. N. 1980. Ecology and management of wolves in Riding Mountain 
     National Park, Manitoba. Canadian Wildlife Service Report 10, Edmonton,
     Alberta. 181 pp.

Carbyn, L. N. 1987. Gray wolf and red wolf. Pages 359-376 in M. Novak, G. A.
     Baker, M. E. Obbard and B. Malloch, editors. Wild furbearer management 
     and conservation in North America. Ontario Trappers Association, Ministry
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Coppinger, R. 1987. Increasing the effectiveness of livestock guarding dogs:
     reducing predation by wolves on livestock in Minnesota with livestock 
     guarding dogs. USDA/APHIS/ADC Grant Award 12-16-72-007, FY 1987 Report.
     Hampshire College, Amherst, Mass, 27 pp.

Dorrance, M. J. 1982. Predation losses of cattle in Alberta. Journal of Range
     Management 35:690-692.

Fischer, H. 1989. Restoring the wolf-Defenders launches a compensation fund. 
     Defenders 64:9, 36.

Frenzel, L. D. 1974. Occurrence of moose in food of wolves as revealed by scat
     analysis: a review of North American studies. Nature Canada 101:467-479.

Fritts, S. H., 1982. Wolf depredation on livestock in Minnesota. U.S. Fish and
     Wildlife Service, Research Report 145. 11 pp.

Fritts, S. H., and L. D. Mech. 1981. Dynamics, movements, and feeding ecology 
     of a newly-protected wolf population in northwestern Minnesota. Wildlife 
     Monographs 80:1-79.

Fritts, S. H., and W. J. Paul. 1989. Interactions of wolves and dogs in 
     Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:121-123.

Fritts, S. H., W. J. Paul, and L. D. Mech. 1984. Movements of translocated 
     wolves in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:709-721.

Fuller, T. K. 1989. Population dynamics of wolves in north-central Minnesota.
     Wildlife Monographs 105:1-41.

Gunson, J. R. 1983. Wolf depredation on livestock in western Canada. Pages 
     102-105 in L. N. Carbyn, editor.  Wolves in Canada and Alaska: their 
     status, biology, and management. Canadian Wildlife Service Report 45, 
     Ottawa, Ontario.

Gurba, J. B. 1982. Compensation for vertebrate pest damage. Proceedings of the
     Vertebrate Pest Conference 10:90-94.

Gustavson, C. R. 1982. An evaluation of taste aversion control of wolf 
     (Canis lupus) predation in northern Minnesota.  Applied Animal 
     Ethology 9:63-71.

Henshaw, R. E. 1982. Can the wolf be returned to New York? Pages 395-422 in
     F. H. Harrington and P. C. Paquet, editors. Wolves of the world. Noyes 
     Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.

Hovde, M. R. 1941. Climate of Minnesota. In Climate and Man. U.S. Department
     of Agriculture Yearbook of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. n.p.

Joselyn, B., S. Milner, and R. Lake. 1988. Status of wildlife populations, 
     fall 1988 and 1980-1987 hunting and trapping harvest statistics. Section
     of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul. 169 pp.

Kaminski, T., and A. Boss. 1981. Gray wolf-the history, present status, and
     management recommendations.  Administrative report, Boise National Forest,
     Boise, Idaho. 111 pp.

Kaminski, T., and J. Hansen. 1984. Wolves of central Idaho. Montana Cooperative
     Wildlife Research Unit. University of Montana, Missoula. 196 pp.

Keith, L. B. 1983. Population dynamics of wolves. Pages 66-77 in L. N. Carbyn,
     editor. Wolves in Canada and Alaska: their status, biology, and 
     management. Canadian Wildlife Service Report 45, Ottawa, Ontario.

Kellert, S. R. 1985. The public and the timber wolf in Minnesota. Yale 
     University, New Haven, Conn. 175 pp.

Kolenosky, G. B. 1983. Status and management of wolves in Ontario. Pages 35-40
     in L. N. Carbyn, editor.  Wolves in Canada and Alaska: their status, 
     biology, and management. Canadian Wildlife Service Report 45, Ottawa,
     Ontario.

Kruuk, H. 1972. Surplus killing by carnivores. Journal of Zoology (London) 
     166:233-244.

Laufer, J. R., and P. T. Jenkins. 1989. Historical and present status of the
     grey wolf in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. Northwest Environmental
     Journal 5:313-327.

Linhart, S. B. 1984. Strobe light and siren devices for protecting 
     fenced-pasture and range sheep from coyote predation. Proceedings of the
     Vertebrate Pest Conference 11:154-156.

Linhart, S. B., R. T. Sterner, G. J. Dasch, and J. W. Theade. 1984. Efficacy
     of light and sound stimuli for reducing coyote predation upon pastured 
     sheep. Protection Ecology 6:75-84,

Mech, L. D. 1970. The wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered species. 
     Natural History Press, Doubleday, New York. 389 pp.

Mech, L. D. 1973. Wolf numbers in the Superior National Forest of Minnesota.
     U.S. Forest Service Research Paper NC-97. 10 pp.

Mech, L. D. 1986. Wolf population in the central Superior National Forest, 
     1967-1985. U.S. Forest Service Research Paper NC-270. 6 pp.

Mech, L. D., S. H. Fritts, G. L. Radde, and W. J. Paul. 1988a. Wolf 
     distribution in Minnesota relative to road density.  Wildlife Society
     Bulletin 16:85-87.

Mech, L. D., S. H. Fritts, and W. J. Paul. 1988b. Relationship between winter
     severity and wolf depredations on domestic animals in Minnesota. Wildlife 
     Society Bulletin 16:269-272.

Mech, L. D., and R. M. Nowak. 1981. Return of the wolf to Wisconsin. American
     Midland Naturalist 105:408-409.

Minnesota Agricultural Statistics. 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982,
     1984, 1985, 1986, 1987. Minnesota Crop and Livestock Reporting Service. U.S. 
     Department of Agriculture Statistical Reporting Service and Minnesota
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Minnesota Monthly Turkey Report. 13 January 1988. Minnesota Agricultural 
     Statistics Service, Minnesota and U.S. Departments of Agriculture, St. 
     Paul. 2 pp.

O'Neill, B. B. 1988. The law of the wolves. Environmental Law 18:227-240.

Peterson, R. 0., and J. D. Woolington. 1982, The apparent extinction and 
     reappearance of wolves on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Pages 334-344 in
     F. H. Harrington and P. C. Paquet, editors. Wolves of the world. Noyes
     Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.

Ream, R. R., M. W. Fairchild, D. K. Boyd, and D. H. Pletscher. 1991. 
     Population dynamics and home range changes in a colonizing wolf population.
     Pages 349-366 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. The Greater
     Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale 
     University Press, New Haven, Conn.

Ream, R. R., R. B. Harris, J. Smith, and D. Boyd. 1985. Movement patterns of
     a lone wolf (Canis lupus) in unoccupied wolf range, southeastern
     British Columbia.  Canadian Field-Naturalist 99:234-239.

Ream, R. R., and U. I. Mattson. 1982. Wolf status in the Northern Rockies. 
     Pages 362-381 in F. H. Harrington and P. C. Paquet, editors. Wolves of 
     the world. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J. 1984.

Robinson, W. L., and G. J. Smith. 1977. Observations of recently killed wolves
     in upper Michigan. Wildlife Society Bulletin 5:25-26.

Roy, L. D., and M. J. Dorrance. 1976. Methods of investigating predation of
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Schoener, T. V. 1971. Theory of feeding strategies.  Annual Review of Ecology
     and Systematics 2:369-404.

Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran. 1973. Statistical methods. Iowa State 
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Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry: the principles and practices of
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Stardom, R. R. P. 1983. Status and management of wolves in Manitoba. Pages 
     30-34 in L. N. Carbyn, editor. Wolves in Canada and Alaska: their status,
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Thiel, R. P., 1988. Dispersal of a Wisconsin wolf into upper Michigan. 
     Jack-pine Warbler 66:143-147.

Thiel, R. P., and R. J. Welch. 1981. Evidence of recent breeding activity in
     Wisconsin wolves. American Midland Naturalist 106:401-402.

Thiel, R. P., and J. H. Hammill. 1988. Grey wolf records in Michigan, 
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Tompa, F. S. 1983a. Problem wolf management in British Columbia: conflict and 
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Tompa, F. S. 1983b. Status and management of wolves in British Columbia. Pages 
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Turkowski, F. J., A. R. Armistead, and S. B. Linhart, 1984.  Selectivity and
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1978. Recovery plan for the eastern timber 
     wolf. Prepared by the Eastern Timber Wolf Recovery Team, U.S. Government
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Mexican wolf recovery plan. Prepared by
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     Washington, D.C. 103 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Code of Federal Regulations, Wildlife 
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Northern Rocky Mountain wolf recovery 
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Van Ballenberghe, V., A. W. Erickson, and D. Byman. 1975. Ecology of the timber
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Verme, L. J. 1968. An index of winter severity for northern deer. Journal of 
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Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1944. The wolves of North America. Dover
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Zimen, E., and L. Boitani. 1979. Status of the wolf in Europe and the 
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