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BANGS, E. E., and S. H. FRITTS. 1996. Reintroducing the gray wolf to central 
     Idaho and Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:402-413.

_____, _____, J. A. FONTAINE, D. W. SMITH, K. M. MURPHY, C. M. MACK, and C. C. 
     NIEMEYER. 1998. Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and 
     Wyoming. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:785-798.

BOYD, D. K., R. R. REAM, D. H. PLETSCHER, and M. W. FAIRCHILD. 1994. Prey taken 
     by colonizing wolves and hunters in the Glacier National Park area. 
     Journal of Wildlife Management 58:289-295.

CARBYN, L. N. 1983. Wolf predation on elk in Riding Mountain National Park, 
     Manitoba. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:963-976.

COOK, R. S., editor. 1993. Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into 
     Yellowstone National Park. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park 
     Service Scientific Monograph NPS/NRYELL/NRSM-93/22.

COUGHENOUR, M. B., and F. J. SINGER. 1996. Elk population processes in 
     Yellowstone National Park under the policy of natural regulation. 
     Ecological Applications 6:573-593.

DELGIUDICE, G. D. 1998. Surplus killing of white-tailed deer by wolves in 
     northcentral Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 78:227-235.

DESPAIN, D. G. 1990. Yellowstone vegetation: consequences of environment and 
     history in a natural setting. Roberts Rinehart, Boulder, Colorado, USA.

HOUSTON, D. B. 1982. The northern Yellowstone elk: ecology and management. 
     Macmillan, New York, USA.

KRUUK, H. 1972. Surplus killing by carnivores. Journal of the Zoological 
     Society of London 166:233-244.

MECH, L. D. 1970. The wolf: ecology and behavior of an endangered species. 
     Natural History Press, Garden City, New York, USA.
	
_____.	1977. Population trend and winter deer consumption in a Minnesota 
     wolf pack. Pages 55-83 in R. L. Phillips and C. Jonkel, editors. 
     Proceedings of the 1975 Predator Symposium. Montana Forestry and 
     Conservation Experiment Station, Missoula, USA.

_____, L. G. ADAMS, T. J. MEIER, J. W. BURCH, and B. W. DALE. 1998. The wolves 
     of Denali. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, USA.

_____, and L. D. FRENZEL, JR. 1971. Ecological studies of the timber wolf in 
     northeastern Minnesota. North Central Forest Experiment Station, U.S. 
     Forest Service Research Paper NC-52.

_____, and P. D. KARNS. 1977. Role of the wolf in a deer decline in the
     Superior National Forest. North Central Forest Experiment Station, U.S. 
     Forest Service Research Report NC-148.

MILLER, F. L., A. GUNN, and E. BROUGHTON. 1985. Surplus killing as exemplified 
     by wolf predation on newborn caribou. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:295-
     300.

NEILAND, K. A. 1970. Weight of dried marrow as indicator of fat in caribou 
     femurs. Journal of Wildlife Management 34:904-907.

PETERSON, R. O. 1977. Wolf ecology and prey relationships on Isle Royale. U.S. 
     National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series 7.

_____, and D. L. ALLEN. 1974. Snow conditions as a parameter in moose-wolf
     relationships. Naturaliste Canadien 101:481-492.

PIMLOTT, D. H., J. A. SHANNON, and G. B. KOLENOSKY. 1969. The ecology of the 
     timber wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park. Ontario Department of Lands and 
     Forest Research Report (Wildlife) Number 87.

SCHMIDT, P. A., and L. D. MECH. 1997. Wolf pack size and food acquisition. 
     American Naturalist 150:513-517.

SHOESMITH, M. W. 1979. Seasonal movements and social behavior of elk on Mirror 
     Plateau, Yellowstone National Park. Pages 166-176 in M. S. Boyce and L. D. 
     Hayden-Wing, editors. North American elk: ecology, behavior, and 
     management. University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA.

SINGER, F. J., A. HARTING, K. K. SYMONDS, and M. B. COUGHENOUR. 1997. Density 
     dependence, compensation, and environmental effects on elk calf mortality 
     in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:12-25.

_____, and J. A. MACK. 1993. Potential ungulate prey for gray wolves. Pages 
     75-102 in R. S. Cook, editor. Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves 
     into Yellowstone National Park. U.S. Department of the Interior, National 
     Park Service Scientific Monograph NPS/NRYELL/NRSM-93/22.

WEAVER, J. L. 1978. The wolves of Yellowstone. U.S. National Park Service 
     Natural Resources Report 14.