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Afton, A. D. 1979. Time budget of breeding northern shovelers. Wilson Bull. 91:42-49.

Allen, S. H. 1982. Bait consumption and diethylstilbestrol influence on North Dakota 
     red fox reproductive performance. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 10: 370-374.

Allen, S. H. and A. B. Sargeant. 1975. A rural mailcarrier index of North Dakota red 
     foxes. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 3:74-77.

Allen, S. H., A. B. Sargeant, and W. K. Pfeifer. 1974. Tallying red fox. N.D. Outdoors  
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Allison, L. M. 1971. Activity and behaviour of red foxes in central Alaska. M.S. Thesis. 
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Anderson, D. R. 1975. Population ecology of the mallard. V. Temporal and geographic 
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Anderson, D. R. and K. P. Burnham. 1976. Population ecology of the mallard. Vl. The 
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Aus, P. B. 1969. What is happening to the wetlands? Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. 
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Bailey, V. 1926. A biological survey of North Dakota: 1. Physiography and life zones. 11. 
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Balser, D. S., H. H. Dill, and H. K. Nelson. 1968. Effect of predator reduction on 
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Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto, Ont. 438pp.

Bellrose, F. C. 1976. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, 
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Bellrose, F. C. 1979. Species distribution, habitats, and characteristics of breeding 
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Bellrose, F. C., T. G. SCOTT, A. S. HAWKINS, AND J. B. Low. 1961. Sex ratios and age 
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Bennett, L. J. 1938. The blue-winged teal—its ecology and management. Collegiate Press, 
     Inc., Ames, lowa. 144pp.

Bishop, R. A., and R. Barratt. 1970. Use of artificial nest baskets by mallards. J. 
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Bourne, J., and M. J. Dorrance. 1982. A field test of lithium chloride aversion to 
     reduce coyote predation on domestic sheep. J. Wildl. Manage 46:235-239.

Brewster, W. G., J. M. Gates, and L. D. Flake. 1976. Breeding waterfowl populations and 
     their distribution in South Dakota. J. Wildl. Manage. 40:50-59.

Buller, R. J. 1964. Central Flyway. Pages 209232 in J. P. Linduska, ed. Waterfowl 
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Burns, R. J. 1983. Coyote predation aversion with lithium chloride: management implications 
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Caldwell, P. J., and G. W. Cornwell. 1975. Incubation behavior and temperatures of the 
     mallard duck. Auk 92:706-731.

Calverley, B. K., and D. A. Boag. 1977. Reproductive potential in parkland- and arctic-
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Cowardin, L. M., and D. H. Johnson. 1979. Mathematics and mallard management. J. Wildl. 
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Crissey, W. F. 1969. Prairie potholes from a continental viewpoint. Pages 161-171 in 
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Derksen, D. V., and W. D. Eldridge. 1980. Drought-displacement of pintails to the Arctic 
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Doty, H. A., and A. D. Kruse. 1972. Techniques for establishing local breeding populations 
     of wood ducks. J. Wildl. Manage. 36:428-435.

Doty, H. A., and F. B. Lee. 1974. Homing to nest baskets by wild female mallards. J. Wildl. 
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Rewien, R. C., and L. F. Fredrickson. 1970. High density mallard nesting on a South Dakota 
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Duebbert, H. F. 1966. Island nesting of the gadwall in North Dakota. Wilson Bull. 78:12-25.

Duebbert, H. F. 1969. High nest density and hatching success of ducks on South Dakota CAP 
     land. Trans. North Am. Wild. Nat. Resour. Conf. 34:218-229.

Duebbert, H. F. and H. A. Kantrud. 1974. Upland duck nesting related to land use and predator 
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Duebbert, H. F. and J. T. Lokemoen. 1976. Duck nesting in herds of undisturbed grass-legume 
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Duebbert, H. F. and J. T. Lokemoen. 1980. High duck nesting success in a predator-reduced 
     environment. J. Wildl. Manage. 44:428-437.

Duebbert, H. F. and and D. E. Sharp. 1983. Concentrated nesting of mallards and gadwalls 
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Dwyer, T. J. 1974. Social behavior of breeding gadwalls in North Dakota. Auk 91:375-386.

Eberhardt, L. E., and A. B. Sargeant. 1977. Mink predation on prairie marshes during the 
     waterfowl breeding season. Pages 33-43 in R. L. Phillips and C. Jonkel, eds. Proc. 
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Errington, P. L. 1935. Food habits of Mid-west foxes. J. Mammal. 16:192-200.

Errington, P. L. 1937. Food habits of lowa red foxes during a drought summer. Ecology 
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Errington, P. L. 1964. Talon and fang. Pages 323-332 in J. P. Linduska, ed. Waterfowl 
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Evans, R. D., and C. W. Wolfe, JR. 1967. Waterfowl production in the Rainwater Basin area 
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Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y. 2 
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Harris H. J., Jr. 1970. Evidence of stress response in breeding blue-winged teal. J. 
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Higgins K. F. 1977. Duck nesting in intensively farmed areas of North Dakota. J. Wildl. 
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Johnsgard, P. A. 1975. Waterfowl of North America. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington. 575pp.

Johnson, D. H., and A. B. Sargeant. 1977. Impact of red fox predation on the sex ratio 
     of prairie mallards. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Wildl. Res. Rep. 6. 56pp.

Jorde, D. G. 1981. Winter and spring staging ecology of mallards in south central Nebraska. 
     M.S. Thesis. Univ. North Dakota, Grand Forks. 116pp.

Kalmbach, E. R. 1937. Crow—waterfowl relationships in the prairie provinces. Trans. North 
     Am. Wildl. Conf. 2:380-392.

Kalmback, E. R. 1938. A comparative study of nesting waterfowl on the Lower Souris Refuge:
     1936-1937. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Conf. 3:610-623.

Keith, L. B. 1961. A study of waterfowl ecology on small impoundments in southeastern 
     Alberta. Wildl. Monogr. 6. 88pp.

Kiel, W. H., JR., A. S. Hawkins, and N. G. Perret. 1972. Waterfowl habitat trends in the 
     aspen parkland of Manitoba. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 18. 63pp.

Krapu, G. L. 1977. Pintail reproduction hampered by snowfall and agriculture. Wilson Bull. 
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Krapu, G. L. 1981. The role of nutrient reserves in mallard reproduction. Auk 98:29-38.

Krunk, H. 1972. Surplus killing by carnivores. J. Zool. 166:233-244.

Lehner, P. N. 1976. Coyote behavior: implications for management. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 
     4:120-126.

Leopold, A. 1931. Report on a game survey of the North Central States. Sporting Arms and 
     Ammunition Manufacturers Inst., Madison, Wis 299pp.

Lokemoen, J. T., H. A. Doty, D. E. Sharp, and J. E. Neaville. 1982. Electric fences to 
     reduce mammalian predation on waterfowl nests. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 10:318-323.

Martz, G. F. 1967. Effects of nesting cover removal on breeding puddle ducks. J. Wildl. 
     Manage. 31:236-247.

Miller, H. W. 1971. Relationships of duck nesting success to land use in North and South 
     Dakota. Proc. Int. Union Game Biol. Congr. 10:133-141.

Moyle, J. B. 1956. Relationships between the chemistry of Minnesota surface waters and 
     wildlife management. J. Wildl. Manage. 20:303-320.

Moyle, J. B., ed. 1964. Ducks and land use in Minnesota. Minn. Dep. Conserv. Teeh. Bull. 
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Murie, A. 1936. Following fox trails. Univ. Mieh. Mus. Zool. Mise. Publ. 32. 45pp.

Murie, A. 1944. The wolves of Mount McKinley. U.S. Natl. Park Serv. Fauna Ser. 5. 238pp.

North Dakota Game and Fish Department. 1949. The red fox in North Dakota. North Dakota 
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Oring, L. W. 1969. Summer biology of the gadwal1 at Delta, Manitoba. Wilson Bull. 
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Piehl, J. L. 1979. Avian mortality from a severe hail storm. Prairie Nat. 11:75-77.

Pils, C. M., and M. A. Martin. 1978. Population dynamics, predator-prey relationships 
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Pospahala, R. S., D. R. Anderson, and C. J. Henny. 1974. Population ecology of the 
     mallard. 11. Breeding habitat conditions, size of the breeding populations, and 
     production indices. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Resour. Publ. 115. 73pp.

Sargeant, A. B. 1972. Red fox spatial characteristics in relation to waterfowl predation. 
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Sargeant, A. B. 1978. Red fox prey demands and implications to prairie duck production. 
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Sargeant, A. B. 1981. Road casualties of prairie nesting ducks. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 9:65-69.

Sargeant, A. B. 1982. A case history of a dynamic resource—the red fox. Pages 121-137 
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Sargeant, A. B., S. H. Allen, and D. H. Johnson. 1981. Determination of age and whelping 
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Sargeant, A. B., and L. E. Eberhardt. 1975. Death feigning by ducks in response to 
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Sargeant, A. B., A. D. Kruse, and A. D. Afton. 1974. Use of small fences to protect 
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Sargeant, W. K., Pfeifer, and S. H. Allen. 1975. A spring aerial census of red foxes in 
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Schranck, B. W. 1972. Waterfowl nest cover and some predation relationships. J. Wildl. 
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Scott, T. G. 1943. Some food coactions of the northern plains red fox. Ecol. Monogr. 
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Scott, T. G. 1947. Comparative analysis of red fox feeding trends on two central Iowa 
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Scott, T. G., and L. F. Selko. 1939. A census of red foxes and striped skunks in Clay 
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Sheldon, W. G. 1950. Denning habits and home range of red foxes in New York state. J. 
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Smith, A. G. 1971. Ecological factors affecting waterfowl production in the Alberta 
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Smith, A. G., J. H. Stoudt, and J. B. Gollop. 1964. Prairie potholes and marshes. 
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Smith, R. I. 1970. Response of pintail breeding populations to drought. J. Wildl. Manage. 
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Sowls, L. K. 1955. Prairie ducks. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa. 193pp.

Stewart, R. E. and H. A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of natural ponds and lakes in the 
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Stewart, R. E. and H. A. Kantrud. 1973. Ecological distribution of breeding waterfowl 
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Stewart, R. E. and H. A. Kantrud. 1974. Breeding waterfowl populations in the Prairie 
     Pothole Region of North Dakota. Condor 76:70-79.

Storm, G. L., R. D. Andrews, R. L. Phillips, R. A. Bishop, D. B. Siniff, and J. R. Tester. 
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Stoudt, J. H. 1971. Ecological factors affecting waterfowl production in the Saskatchewan 
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Stout, I. J., and G. W. Cornwell. 1976. Nonhunting mortality of fledged North American 
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Swanson, G. A., G. L. Krapu, and J. R. Serie. 1979. Foods of laying female dabbling ducks 
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Swanson, G. A. and M. I. Meyer. 1977. Impact of fluctuating water levels on feeding ecology 
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Trauger, D. L., and J. H. Stoudt. 1978. Trends in waterfowl populations and habitats on 
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Tullar, B. F., JR., and L. T. Berchielli, Jr. 1980. Movement of the red fox in central 
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Annual report of lands under control of the U.S. 
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Voight, D. R., and B. D. Earle. 1983. Avoidance of coyotes by red fox families. J. Wildl. 
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Whitesell, D. E. 1970. Wetlands preservation management in North America. Trans. North Am. 
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