=============================================================================== NUMBER: 1 AUTHOR: Abbey, D.G.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Tangipahoa Crossing: restoring and preserving one of Louisiana's designated scenic rivers. SOURCE: Pages 107-124 in International Erosion Control Association. Erosion control: stay in tune. Proc. Intl. Erosion Control Assoc. Conf. XIX, New Orleans, LA. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-UB., RIPAR RESPONSE: PGENUS: CYNODON, LOLIUM, PASPALUM, SALIX, ACER, BETULA, FRAXINUS, CARPINUS, PRUNUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS, LONICERA, ULMUS, BERBERIS, CORNUS, RHUS, CRATAEGUS, LIGUSTRUM, ROSA, SAMBUCUS, PINUS, CELTIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the planning and design for restoration of a portion of a natural scenic river, the Tangipahoa, Tangipahoa Parish, LA, crossed by a gas transmission pipeline. Topics include a cultural profile of Tangipahoa Parish, the natural profile of the general vicinity of the project site, and a design profile of the project. The design includes planting trees, shrubs, and bank cover; shaping and grading the river bank; installing an artificial irrigation system to insure survival of seedbeds during early stages of succession; biotechnical erosion control features; and creation of tree islands. Construction of the project had not yet begun. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 2 AUTHOR: Abernathy, M.C., D.J. Morris, and R. Van Wormer PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Wetland reclamation planning at the John Henry Mine in western Washington SOURCE: Pages 153-159 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds. Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour., University Park. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1, L.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: SALIX, SPIRAEA, ALNUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a restoration plan for the marshy remnant of a manmade lake on coal-mined land in King County, northwestern WA. The marsh was created in 1971 by the breach of a dam. The restoration plan to enhance the 14 acre wetland includes a detailed review of mine plans and reclamation schedules, site reconnaissance, and summaries of geologic, geotechnical, and hydrologic features. The final plan calls for partially backfilling an open mine pit, while blending the original lake into the 5.2-5.6 ha wetland at the shallow end. A water control structure will be installed to permit water level fluctuations and banks will be graded to a 3:1 slope to allow development of shrubs and wildlife habitat. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1558 AUTHOR: Adair, S.E., J.L. Moore, and C.P. Onuf PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Distribution and status of submerged vegetation in estuaries of the upper Texas coast SOURCE: Wetlands 14(2):110-121. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, WFOWL PGENUS: HALODULE, RUPPIA, THALASSIA, VALLISNERIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report documents current submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) distributions along the upper Texas coast; examines relationships of species compositon and distribution with environmental changes and properties; and compares current distribution patterns with those from the early 1970's. Aerial photographs were compared, vegetative cover maps were drawn, and the Matagorda and Galveston Bay complexes were sampled for vegetation and water quality parameters. Halodule wrightii and Ruppia maritima were the most abundant SAV species, the amounts of each increasing with increased salinity and tended to dominate the lower intertidal and upper subtidal zones. Current trends indicate a reduction in the total area of vegetated bottom in the northern gulf coast with the greatest loss being in the Galveston Bay Complex. Only one bay in this complex has any SAV meadows remaining; whereas, there has actually been an increase of vegetated bottom in the Matagorda Bay Complex. The authors suggest shorefront development, channelization, barrier island destruction, dredging, Hurricane Carla (1961), chemical spills, and wastewater discharges are the principal agents causing SAV reduction in Galvaston Bay. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 3 AUTHOR: Adams, D.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1963 TITLE: Factors influencing vascular plant zonation in North Carolina salt marshes SOURCE: Ecology 44(3):445-456. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: CUT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, ASTER, SCIRPUS, LIMONIUM, SALICORNIA, BORRICHIA, FIMBRISTYLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes salt marsh vegetation and its relationship to sea level at 7 sites along the lower coast of NC. Statistical analyses were performed on vegetation and soil samples; comparisons of 10 marsh plant species are presented in tables. Species in the low marsh consisted of Spartina alterniflora, Salicornia perennis, Limonium carolinianum, and Juncus roemerianus. The high marsh species association was Aster tenuifolius, Distichlis spicata, Spartina patens, Fimbristylis castanea, and Borrichia frutescens. Salinity, soil Ph, water table depth, and water nutrient concentrations were measured to determine the relationship between these environmental conditions and salt marsh succession. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 5 AUTHOR: Adams, D.D., D.A. Darby, and R.J. Young PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh development site, James River, Virginia SOURCE: Appendix F: environmental impacts of marsh development with dredged material - sediment and water quality. Volume II: substrate and chemical flux characteristics of a dredged material marsh. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 495 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R2-US3, R1-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, R2-EM2 RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report is the second of a 2-volume study of sediment characteristics of a dredged material marsh at Windmill Point, James River, VA. Substrate sediment studies and physical/chemical transport characteristics of the marsh development site and a natural marsh are compared. The natural marsh substrate was more acidic and slightly more oxidized, with finer, more organic sediments that had a higher cation exchange capacity. Water quality studies included measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved nutrients. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 4 AUTHOR: Adams, D.D., D.A. Darby, and R.J. Young PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh development site, James River, Virginia SOURCE: Appendix F: environmental impacts of marsh development with dredged material: sediment and water quality. Volume I: characteristics of channel sediments before dredging and effluent quality during and shortly after marsh habitat development. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 79 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R2-US3, R1-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, R2-EM2 RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes sediment and water quality at the Windmill Point Marsh development site, James River, VA. River bottom sediments were fine-textured and poorly sorted. Sediments were described in terms of temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, water, volatile solids, particle size, minerals, and cation exchange capacity. Channel sediment characteristics and chemical quality of effluent leaving the marsh development site were studied during dredged material disposal (for marsh substrate), during dewatering, and 3.5 months after dredging (before planting). Baseline data are examined in detail to evaluate potential detrimental effects on successful marsh development and to assess the presence of pollutants. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 6 AUTHOR: Adams, S.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Investigation of environmental enhancement needs and alternatives for the Loxahatchee Slough/Canal 18 Basin, Florida SOURCE: Pages 1-16 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Community Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes 3 alternative water management plans for the environmental enhancement of Loxahatchee Slough and the Northwest Fork of the Loxahatchee River, Martin and Palm Beach Counties, FL. These areas have been severely altered by drainage activities and subsequent saltwater intrusion. A computerized simulation model, developed to test the applicability of the management plans, was based on analysis of the hydrological characteristics of the study areas. Flood control, water supply, water quality, and environmental preservation and enhancement are focal points of the plans. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 7 AUTHOR: Adamski, J.M., and M.F.P. Michalski PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Reclamation of acidified lakes--Middle and Lohi, Sudbury, Ontario SOURCE: Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 19:1971-1983. STATE: ONTARIO, CANADA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: MOUGEOTIA, OOCYSTIS, SELENASTRUM, PERIDINIUM, DINOBRYON, CRYPTOMONAS, RHODOMONAS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the addition of chemical neutralizing agents to supplement the natural buffering capacity of 2 acidified lakes: Middle and Lohi, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Calcium hydroxide was the primary treatment chemical; calcium carbonate was applied after initial treatment with calcium hydroxide was complete. Substantial reductions in heavy metal content were recorded following chemical neutralization. Lime demand also decreased and pH increased. Chlorophyll concentrations were low and small nutrient additions may eventually be necessary to enhance productivity. Results indicated that combined calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate treatment is a simple, effective, and relatively inexpensive water management tool for reclaiming acidic lakes of the Precambrian Shield. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 8 AUTHOR: Adamus, P.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Wetland evaluation technique for bottomland hardwood functions SOURCE: U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Environ. Res. Lab., Corvallis, OR, Draft Rep. 74 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., R.-..., E2-FO., RIPAR RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents a wetland evaluation technique for bottomland hardwoods on river floodplains in the Mississippi Valley Alluvial Plain, Gulf Coastal Plain, and South Atlantic Coastal Plain. This procedure includes an assessment of social significance and wetland functions: groundwater discharge, flood flow alteration, sediment stabilization, sediment/toxicant retention, nutrient removal/transformation, production export, and finfish, shellfish, and wildlife habitat. Also included in the report are discussions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's bottomland hardwood initiatives, relationship of this assessment technique to other assessment methods, the importance of bottomland hardwoods to wetland functions, and implementation of the technique. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 9 AUTHOR: Adamus, P.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Criteria for created or restored wetlands SOURCE: Pages 369-372 in D.D. Hook, ed. The ecology and management of wetlands, vol. 2. Timber Press, Portland, OR. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., L.-..., R.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses criteria for determining the effectiveness of wetland replacement (i.e., in attempting to answer the question of whether or not new or restored wetlands are as "good" as the wetlands they replace). Failure to successfully create or recreate most natural wetland conditions and functions is weighed against benefits of mitigation for at least some of the losses. The author's wetland evaluation technique is presented and discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1001 AUTHOR: Ailstock, M.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A review of beach prisms: their application for wetlands creation under moderate to high energy conditions SOURCE: Pages 7-16 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: STABIL WETLAND TYPE: R2-US2, R1-US2 RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper evaluates effectiveness of using beach prisms to stabilize a sand spit at the mouth of forked creek, a small tributary of the Magothy River, Anne Arundel County, MD. Beach prisms are modular, precast, preassembled erosion control systems that function as permeable, detached breakwaters, and effect deposition of sediments suspended in the water column. Sediments are first deposited behind the prisms and eventually out in front as the shoreline profile becomes modified to a gradual run-up configuration. A net accretion of coarse sand sediments was observed both above and below mean low water behind the prisms after 9 months. Accreted sediments were not stable and planting of Spartina was recommended to minimize loss of accumulated material during storm events. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1531 AUTHOR: Ales, J.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Status report for coastal wetlands conservation and restoration programs as of March 1, 1993 SOURCE: Department of Natural Resources Coastal Restoration Division. Baton Rouge, LA. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, SPOIL, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E1.-..., E2.-... RESPONSE: ECON, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report lists wetland restoration and creation projects proposed by 1993 in various areas along the Louisiana coast. Project descriptions, location maps, and project status are listed. Initiation and completion dates or proposed dates for each pending project are given for planning, cost sharing, feasibility, permitting, monitoring plan, design, landrights, operation and maintenance plan, contracting, construction, operation and maintenence, and monitoring. Many of the projects covered in the 1993 report are different from those covered in the 1994 report. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1530 AUTHOR: Ales, J.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Status report for coastal wetlands conservation and restoration program as of March 1, 1994 SOURCE: Department of Natural Resources Coastal Restoration Division. Baton Rouge, LA. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, SPOIL, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E1.-..., E2.-... RESPONSE: ECON, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report lists wetland restoration and creation projects proposed by 1994 in various areas along the Louisiana coast. Project descriptions, location maps of proposed projects, and project status are listed. Initiated and completion dates or proposed dates for each pending project are given for planning, cost sharing, feasibility, permitting, monitoring plan, design, landrights, operation and maintenance plan, contracting, construction, operation and maintenence, and monitoring. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 10 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Planting techniques to stabilize reservoir shoreline at Lake Wallula, Oregon/Washington SOURCE: Pages 1-3 in Environmental and water quality operational studies. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Info. Exchange Bull. Vol. E-83-3. STATE: OR, WA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, L2-US2, PO-SS1, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SALIX, CAREX, PHALARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes planting techniques used to stabilize a sandy beach subject to wind and wave action along the shoreline at Lake Wallula, OR/WA. Ten woody and 15 herbaceous plant species were transplanted in monotypic plots along 3 elevational contours on the beach. A 1.2 m high snow fence was erected in front of the plots in an attempt to still any wave action. Four plots each of willow fascines, willow mats, and reed rolls were tested. All 3 techniques have been successively used for stream bank stabilization in other studies; however, the techniques failed at Lake Wallula. The revised technique was a willow/fence combination using much earlier season willow stock and willow switches planted upright to avoid smothering by shifting sand. This modified technique resulted in 75-100% survival and 135-138% cover increase. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 11 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H.,E.J. Clairain, R.J. Diaz, A.W. Ford, L.F. Junt, and B.R. Wells PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations-- Bolivar Peninsula Marsh and upland habitat development site, Galveston, Texas: summary report SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-15. 73 pp. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, MAMMALS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, MYRICA, QUERCUS, RHUS, PANICUM, CYNODON, CROTON, ANDROPOGON, TAMARIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This summary report describes habitat development on dredged spoil material at Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston, TX. Plantings of marsh grasses and upland vegetation were successful after 2 1/2 years. Plants were protected from wind, waves, and grazing animals. A sandbag dike was constructed, but consideration of more cost-effective alternatives was recommended. Elevation was the most important determinant of marsh grass success. Smooth cordgrass thrived best at elevations below mean high tide; saltmeadow cordgrass thrived best above mean high tide. Preliminary observations indicated that development of this marsh was associated with increases in benthic organisms, insects, and fish; bird diversity and activity in the planted areas also increased. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 12 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H., and C.V. Klimas PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Reservoir shoreline revegetation guidelines SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech Rep. E-86-13. 87 pp. STATE: SD, OK, TX, OR, WA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-US4, PO-SS1, L2-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, HUSE, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: SALIX, CAREX, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS, POLYGONUM, DESCHAMPSIA, SAGITTARIA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PANICUM, ROSA, CORNUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report examines the feasibility of establishing vegetation on shorelines subjected to varying water levels at Lake Oahe, SD; Lake Wallula, OR/WA; and Lake Texoma, OK/TX. Guidelines for developing vegetation include site planning, site preparation, planting methods, costs, postplanting operations, monitoring, and maintenance. This report focuses on reduced costs of vegetation establishment and specialized planting techniques. Results and problems from each site are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1305 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H., G.J. Pierce, and R.V. Wormer PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Considerations and techniques for vegetation establishment in constructed wetlands SOURCE: Pages 405-415 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., E.-... RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses techniques and considerations for developing wetlands. The authors focus on hydrologic variables, substrate, vegetation (herbaceous macrophytes), sources of plant materials, planting methods, and water level management. One can determine the species and method of planting by understanding the relation among hydrology, substrate, and vegetation as well as other environmental conditions. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 13 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H., and J.W. Webb PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Influence of breakwaters on artificial salt marsh establishment on dredged material SOURCE: Pages 18-35 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, E2-US. RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Spartina alterniflora was planted on dredged material dikes on Theodore Disposal Island, Mobile Bay, AL. Sprigs planted in exposed areas without protection from waves were washed out in 1 month. Subsequent plantings were protected by 2 breakwater systems; those behind the floating tire breakwater had a 55.7% survival rate, the fixed breakwater a 24.3% rate, and no breakwater a 4.0% rate. Fertilized and unfertilized plant survival rates were not significantly different. Survival of transplants spaced at 1.0 m was 34.3%; at 0.5 m spacing, survival was 21.8%. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1238 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H., and J.W. Webb PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Erosion control with saltmarsh vegetation SOURCE: Coastal Zone 83(2):735-748. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: SPOIL, PLANT, STABIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: In 1981 and 1982 Spartina alterniflora sprigs were planted in a 1.7 ha area along the shore of a dredged material island in Mobile Bay, AL to determine the techniques effectiveness for erosion control. Planted sites were: 1) left unprotected from wave action; 2) placed behind a fixed breakwater; or 3) placed behind a floating-tire breakwater. Wave-break designs and costs are detailed. Two sites with wave-breaks were fertilized; no significant response in cordgrass growth was observed. Sprig mortality rates after 2 months were: 1) almost 100% on the unprotected areas; 2) 75.7% behind fixed breakwaters; and 3) 64% and 44.3% behind floating-tire breakwaters. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 14 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H., J.W. Webb, and S.O. Shirley PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Wetlands development in moderate wave-energy climates SOURCE: Pages 943-955 in R.L. Montgomery and J.W. Leach, eds. Dredging and dredged material disposal. Vol. 2. Proc. Dredging '84 Conf., Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses marsh grass (Spartina alterniflora) establishment techniques used to stabilize erodible areas of Theodore Island, a dredged material island in Mobile Bay, AL. Some of the experimental plots had previously washed out due to wave action after 2 or 3 planting attempts using bare-rooted, single-stemmed sprigs. Various treatments using mats, tires, plant wrappings, and bare-root plants were used. Three techniques appeared promising for erosion control at a reasonable cost: 1) plant rolls; 2) burlap bundles; and 3) plants sprigged in slits of 1.1 kg/m2 paratex mat. These treatments were 1.5-7 times more expensive than conventionally planted single-stemmed transplants, but had 2-3.3 times more plant survival after 5 months. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1232 AUTHOR: Allen, J.A., and H.E. Kennedy, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Bottomland hardwood reforestation in the Lower Mississippi Valley SOURCE: U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Natl. Wetland Res. Cent., Slidell, LA and U.S. For. Serv., South. For. Exp. Stn., Stoneville, MS Publ. 28 pp. STATE: MO, KY, TN, MS, AR, LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: QUERCUS, CARYA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, DIOSPYROS, ACER, PLATANUS, LIQUIDAMBAR CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes techniques landowners can use to reestablish bottomland hardwood forests in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Site preparation needs, criteria for species selection, seeding/planting techniques,and monitoring requirements are discussed. In 1989 average costs for direct seeding were $40-$60/acre; planting seedlings costs were $80-$120/acre. Appendix A lists 20 hardwood species suitable for restoration along with species specific information: soil types for best growth; flood tolerance; time of seed dissemination; suitability for direct seeding; timber production; waterfowl food; deer/turkey food; and additional comments. Appendix B lists several seed/seedling sources by state. KEYWORDS: bottomland hardwoods/reforestation/lower Mississippi Valley/ technique/bottomland hardwood forests/Mississippi =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1182 AUTHOR: Allen, J.A., J.T. Teaford, E.C. Pendleton, and M. Brody PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Evaluation of greentree reservoir management options in Arkansas SOURCE: Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:471-480. STATE: AR STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, L.-..., RIPARIAN RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: TAXODIUM, NYSSA, QUERCUS, CARYA, LIQUIDAMBAR CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of the long-term impacts of various flooding schedules on vegetation, using a bottomland hardwood forest succession simulation model. The site is Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge in southern Arkansas at the confluence of the Ouachita and Saline Rivers. About 22,000 acres are managed as a greentree reservoir. Three forest types predominate: cypress/ tupelo; overcup oak/water hickory; and sweetgum/nuttall oak/willow oak. The application of FORFLO, a model developed at the National Wetlands Research Center, is described in detail. Results presented in this paper are the averages of 50 possible outcomes, and approximate what is most likely to occur barring unusual conditions. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 15 AUTHOR: Ambrose, R.E., C.R. Hinkle, and C.R. Wenzel PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Practices for protecting and enhancing fish and wildlife on coal surface-mined land in the southcentral U.S. U.S. Fish Wildl SOURCE: Serv. FWS/OBS-83-11. 229 pp. STATE: AR, LA, OK, TX STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CUT, FERT, FIRE, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-FO., PO-SS., PO-AB., R.-..., L.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: ECON PGENUS: PINUS, QUERCUS, POPULUS, CARYA, ILEX, CEPHALANTHUS, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report is a handbook on the best current practices used to minimize disturbances and adverse impacts of surface mining on fish and wildlife resources of the southcentral U.S. Topics include: 1) planning for various fish and wildlife needs, 2) protecting resources during mining; 3) reclamation techniques to enhance fish and wildlife resources; and 4) examples of regional reclamation planning. Reclamation techniques include seeding, planting, stabilizing banks, creating impoundments, stocking fish, developing islands, and providing nesting habitat, cover, and food plots. Risks, limitations, approximate costs, and maintenance and management requirements of each practice are provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 16 AUTHOR: Amen, R.D., G.E. Carter, and R.J. Kelly PUBL. YEAR: 1970 TITLE: The nature of seed dormancy and germination in the salt marsh grass Distichlis spicata SOURCE: New Phytol. 69:1005-1013. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: DISTICHLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses seed dormancy and germination in salt marsh grass (Distichlis spicata) collected from Southport, NC. The dormancy of Distichlis seeds was broken by a brief (4 weeks) low-temperature (4 degrees C) period after ripening. Localized scarification and nitrate also were effective agents in breaking dormancy and promoting seed germination. The pericarp and/or testa are impermeable to organic plant-growth regulators, but not to water or inorganic salts. Gibberellic acid and kinetin are ineffective in breaking dormancy and do not affect germination. Abscisic acid, however, effectively inhibits stratified and scarified seeds. Dormancy and germination appear to be hormonally controlled. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1002 AUTHOR: American Fisheries Society--Western Division PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: The best management practices for the management and protection of western riparian stream ecosystems SOURCE: am. Fish. Soc., Western Div., Orem, UT. 45 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR, PO-EM., PO-SS., PO-FO. RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents best management practices for western riparian stream ecosystems and addresses seven primary impacts: livestock grazing, mining, water development and irrigation, road construction, agriculture and urbanization, and timber harvest. Information includes damages caused by various impacts, planning management schemes, designing habitat restoration or protection measures, regulations involved in protecting riparian stream ecosystems, and management practice techniques. Practices useful for wetland creation/restoration projects include tailing pond construction in mined areas, mine pond reclamation, enhancement of channelized streams, stream revegetation techniques, and restoration of riparian habitats. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 17 AUTHOR: Amoros, C., G. Pautou, and J. Bravard PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: The reversible process concept applied to the environmental management of large river systems SOURCE: 1987. . Environ. Manage. 11(5):607-617. STATE: FRANCE STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes ecological succession and reversible processes in terms of river system restoration. Case studies (in France) include: 1) a braided section of the Upper Rhone River; and 2) a meandering section of the Lower Ain River. Both stability and reversible processes influence the recovery capacity (without human action) of ecosystems. The probability of ecosystem regeneration (on various temporal and spatial time scales) and cost of restoration (with human action) can be estimated by evaluating the degree of reversibility and the energy inputs required to reverse system changes. The preservation of pioneer and transient short-life stages within large river systems is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1190 AUTHOR: Anderson, B PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Deep tillage aids tree establishment in riparian revegetation projects in arid southwest SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 6(2):84-87. STATE: AZ, CA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: RIPARIAN, R2-..., R3-..., PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: POPULUS, SALIX, TAMARIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes an experimental project to investigate the effects of deep tilling on riparian tree establishment in a 125 acre area along the Lower Colorado River, and on a less arid site on the Kern River. Plants in holes that were tilled to the water table exhibited about 3 times the growth in height of trees planted in shallow-tilled holes at the same site. Advantages of planting trees that have an opportunity to root deeply and establish direct connection with the water table are described. The amount and rate of irrigation to increase its effectiveness and reduce costs are also discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 18 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., J. Disano, D.L. Brooks, and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Mortality and growth of cottonwood on dredge-spoil SOURCE: Pages 438-444 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., PO-FO1, RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study that reintroduced Populus fremontii along the Lower Colorado River in Imperial County, CA. Riparian trees were planted on a 30 ha site to determine growth under a variety of tillage and irrigation conditions. Trees were placed in augered tilled holes, 1.2 and 3 m deep, with time-release fertilizer. All trees were irrigated with 121 l of water/day for 150 days; after that time, different groups of trees were subjected to various irrigation patterns. The average growth rate of the trees was 0.007 m/day. The fastest growth of 0.014 m/day occurred during august-October; the slowest growth occurred in the 90 days following planting. Relationships between growth and irrigation and growth and tillage are discussed. A list of planting recommendations is included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1194 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., W.C. Hunter, and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Status changes of bird species using revegetated riparian habitats on the Lower Colorado River from 1977 to 1984 SOURCE: Pages 325-331 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA, AZ STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, NGBIRDS, WFOWL PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Two dredge-spoil sites were revegetated on the Lower Colorado River with native riparian trees. Another site (Cibola National Wildlife Refuge, south of Blythe, CA) was cleared of exotic saltcedar and revegetated with native shrubs. Sites were censused for birds through all phases of revegetation. Bird species were grouped by natural history characteristics to determine changes in the types of species occurring during the development of revegetation sites. Most species responded positively within 2 years after planting, including some sensitive species. This study is the first of its kind to document changes in bird use of artificially established native riparian habitats. (AA-Mod) KEYWORDS: birds/habitat/proceedings/California/restoration/dredge spoil/ revegetation/bird use/saltcedar/Tamarix chinensis/revegetated riparian habitats/lower Colorado River/status/riparian/riparian habitats/trees/shrubs/protection/management =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1193 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., and S.A. Laymon PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Creating habitat for the yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americana) SOURCE: Pages 468-472 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA, TX, AZ STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, NGBIRDS PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Yellow-billed cuckoos (a declining species) require dense willow and cottonwood stands for nesting and foraging. Restoration of cuckoo habitat along the Rio Grande River (Presidio, TX), on the Lower Colorado River, CA/AZ, and on the Kern River Preserve near Weldon, CA is described. Salix and Populus were planted in patterns conducive to the development of dense riparian stands. Data concerning survival rates and the associated decreases in survival and vigor for plants exposed to browsing, competition from weeds, and salinity are presented. Cuckoo use began in 2nd year on the Colorado River site and in the 3rd year on the Kern River Preserve. KEYWORDS: habitat/proceedings/California/restoration/Kern River/insects/ revegetation/birds/wildlife/yellow-billed cuckoo/Coccyzus americana/riparian habitats/lower Colorado River/South Fork Kern River/cottonwood/Populus fremontii/willow/Salix spp./southern California/creating habitat/riparian/trees/salinity/protection/ management =============================================================================== NUMBER: 20 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian revegetation: an approach to mitigating for a disappearing habitat in the southwest SOURCE: Pages 481-487 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65. STATE: AZ, CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, VEG, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: ATRIPLEX, PHORADENDRON, SUAEDA, LYCIUM, TAMARIX, CERCIDIUM, PROSOPIS, SALIX, POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a riparian revegetation project along the Colorado River. Planning for mitigation included: 1) use of baseline wildlife data; 2) thorough data analysis; 3) use of predictive models; 4) site preparation, equipment needs, and costs; 5) implementation of design (labor requirements); and 6) monitoring. Site preparation included removal of salt cedar (an undesirable exotic) and backhoeing or augering a hole for each tree to be planted. Because root penetration to the water table is impeded by layers of dense soil, this process ensures that roots of new vegetation gain access to the water table. Birds were the primary test group because of their more visible response to habitat changes. Revegetation of 400 ha in the Lower Colorado River Valley required 10 years (3 for clearing and planting, 7 for monitoring) and cost $3.5-4.5 million. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 22 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Revegetation for wildlife enhancement along the Lower Colorado River SOURCE: U.S. Dept. Interior, Bur. Reclam., Boulder City, NV, Contract No. 7-07-30-V0009. 215 pp. STATE: AZ, CA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R3-..., PO-FO1, PO-SS1, RIPAR RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, REPT, VEG, ECON PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS, TAMARIX, CERCIDIUM, PROSOPIS, SUAEDA, PHORADENDRON, ATRIPLEX, SALSOLA, BASSIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes revegetation efforts to enhance wildlife habitat along the Lower Colorado River. All 3 revegetation sites are near Palo Verde, CA. Two sites were barren dredge spoil; the third was on the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge, Yuma County, AZ. Bird populations had been censused on the latter area for 3 years prior to clearing the site; bird communities before and after clearing are compared in detail. Willow, cottonwood, quailbush, inkweed, smotherweed, and honey mesquite were planted on the refuge site; salt cedar was cleared. Avian community structures and density changes, reptile populations, small mammals in revegetated areas, costs of reintroducing native vegetation, irrigation systems, soil analyses, and tree growth and survival are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 21 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Avian use of revegetated riparian zones SOURCE: Pages 626-631 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: SPOIL, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R2-..., PO-SS1, RIPAR RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, VEG PGENUS: POPULUS, SALIX, ATRIPLEX, SUAEDA, TAMARIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of avian densities on a revegetated portion of the Lower Colorado River in CA. Populus fremontii, Salix gooddingii, and Atriplex lentiformis were reintroduced on 3 10-30 ha sites. Avian transects were established on barren dredge-spoil and a previously mixed salt cedar/willow stand cleared of salt cedar. Avian variables were numbers of permanent resident insectivores, visiting insectivores, and granivores. Tables compare avian densities at each site. Avian colonization occurred on the revegetated site after 17 months and on the cleared site after 5 months. The clearing of salt cedar from an area has little deleterious effect on bird populations. Dead trees and trees with snags should not be removed because they are important habitat components for several bird species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 19 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian revegetation as a mitigating process in stream and river restoration SOURCE: Pages 41-79 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA. STATE: CA, AZ STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, CUT WETLAND TYPE: R.-US5, PO-FO., PO-SS., RIPAR RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: TAMARIX, ATRIPLEX, PROSOPIS, CERCIDIUM, POPULUS, SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the revegetation of desert riparian systems, with the focus on a case study along the Colorado River near the U.S./Mexico border. Plans were developed for: 1) elimination of the exotic salt cedar; and 2) maximum growth and survival of native plants. Preliminary studies included analyses of vegetation, avian habitat, and rodent habitat. Collection of data was followed by 3 years of revegetation experiments. Salt cedars were removed by clearing, burning, and root-ripping to 30 cm below the surface. Deep tillage improved growth and survival of planted cottonwoods and willows. Avian response to revegetation is described in detail by season. Revegetation costs are evaluated in detail, including cost/acre, cost/tree, labor, management, equipment, material and supplies, and monitoring. An outline for mitigation planning is presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 23 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., R.D. Ohmart, and J. Disano PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Revegetating the riparian floodplain for wildlife SOURCE: Pages 318-331 in R.R. Johnson and J.F. McCormick, Tech. Coord. Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-12. STATE: CA, AZ STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: TAMARIX, POPULUS, SALIX, ATRIPLEX, PHORADENDRON, SALSOLA, BASSIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of wildlife value of riparian vegetation along the lower reaches of the Colorado River. The first phase, begun in 1973, focused on describing wildlife habitat vegetation characteristics. From this information, a model for revegetating riparian areas for wildlife was developed. Three successional vegetative communities were established simultaneously on 1 study area. The early stage was dominated by annuals that developed rapidly and had high wildlife value. This stage quickly offset losses from land clearing. The second stage (shrubs) persisted without watering and also offset initial losses from land clearing. Trees dominated the third stage; as they matured, their full value to wildlife was realized. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1269 AUTHOR: Anderson, E.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Economic benefits of habitat restoration: seagrass and the Virginia hard-shell blue crab fishery SOURCE: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9:140-149. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3 RESPONSE: ECON, SHELLF PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The author proposes a model predicting the economic benefits of restoring eelgrass in the Chesapeake Bay. The author assumes cessation of pollution and total restoration of seagrass in the bay. The model is applied to estimate the economic benefits and their distribution that might result from increased hard-shell blue crab production. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 24 AUTHOR: Anderson, J.W., R.G. Riley, and R.M. Bean PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Recruitment of benthic animals as a function of petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the sediment SOURCE: J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 35:776-790. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: M2-UB. RESPONSE: INVERT, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses results of 3 field installations, consisting of clean and oiled sediment in fiberglass trays placed in the intertidal zone of Sequin Bay, WA, to determine rates of hydrocarbon depuration and recruitment of benthic invertebrates. Individual compounds and hydrocarbon classes were quantified using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy techniques. Rates of depuration were monitored up to 290 days in surface-oiled, coarse sediments and in finer substrate mixed with oil; rates were much higher in surface-oiled sediments. At initial concentrations of 5,000-6,000 ppm (surface-oiled) and 700 ppm (sediment-oiled), no substantial inhibition of recruitment of benthic organisms was observed. Detailed results are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 25 AUTHOR: Andersson, G., H. Berggren, and S. Hamrin PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Lake Trummen restoration project. III. Zooplankton, macrobenthos, and fish. SOURCE: Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 19:1097-1106. STATE: SWEDEN STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes preliminary effects of the Lake Trummon (southern Sweden) restoration project on zooplankton, macrobenthos, and fish. Macrophyte vegetation had been removed and nutrient-rich sediments (the cause of algal blooms) were pumped out of the lake to adjacent land. Changes in species composition, abundance, and biomass of communities following restoration are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 26 AUTHOR: Andrews, N.J., M. Penko, M.D. Mattson, and D.C. Pratt PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: The establishment of cattails on a northern Minnesota peatland SOURCE: Minnesota Dept. Nat. Resour. and Minnesota Energy Agency, Minnesota Peat Program, St. Paul. 79 pp. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB4 RESPONSE: VEG, HUSE, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes experiments to establish cattail as a commercial biomass crop on northern MN peatlands. The study area was in an abandoned rice paddy near Zim and was prepared by diking, removing shrubs, and rotovating the soil. Cattail rhizomes were planted at a rate of 25/m2. Fertilizer was applied . Numerous graphs and charts depict standing crop, shoot density, soil chemistry, height classes, tissue analysis, and substrate/fertilizer conditions. Maximum aboveground and total standing crop for cattail plants averaged 738-1,534 g/m2 compared to natural stands of 950-1,360 g/m2. Seeded plots resulted in 551 g/m2 maximum aboveground standing crop and natural cattail seeded areas produced 672 g/m2. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 27 AUTHOR: Andrews, N.J., and D.C. Pratt PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Energy potential of cattails (Typha spp.) and productivity in managed stands SOURCE: J. Minnesota Acad. Sci. 44:5-8. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST, EXPERIMENT ACTION: FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses biomass production of cattails grown on peat in experimental paddies at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul. Yields of plants grown on peat were generally 20-30% lower than that reported for natural established stands. Maximum shoot weight occurred in August, whereas maximum belowground biomass was reached in October. Fertilizer applications of 25-100 kg/ha K did not significantly increase total production. Differences in initial nutrient content of peat had more of an effect on production than amount of fertilizer added. Significant differences in yield were obtained by increasing the planting rate from 12-48 rhizomes/plot. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 28 AUTHOR: Anonymous PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Build your own bog to neutralize acid mine drainage SOURCE: Coal Age (June):77. STATE: WV STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report summarizes the work of West Virginia University researchers investigating the use of bogs to neutralize acidic waters from coal mines. Tub Run Bog was found to have an average pH of 3.0 near the input of acid-laced waters from a coal mine; 30-60 ft from the input the pH was approximately 4.5. Sulfate reducing bacteria, requiring anaerobic conditions and supplies of sulfate and organic carbon compounds, are responsible for the neutralization action of the bog. The creation of bogs for this purpose is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1504 AUTHOR: Anonymous PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Restoration work starts at Lake Pontchartrain's LaBranche Wetlands SOURCE: World Dredging Mining and Construction 30(4):14 and 27. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: SPOIL, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article briefly discusses the Bayou LaBranche Marsh Creation Project. Approximately 254 acres of intermediate marsh are to be created by pumping 2.5 million cubic yards of dredged material into the target area. Marsh vegetation will be planted after substrate settling and compaction. A brief history of the area along with legislation and funding which made this project possible is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1111 AUTHOR: Apfelbaum, S.I., M. Leach, and R. Baller PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Report propagation results for Carex spp., other wetland species SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 7(1):38-39. STATE: WI STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, LAB, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: CAREX, ACORUS, SPARGANIUM, IRIS, ECHINODORUS, ALISMA, RUMEX, ANGELICA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes seed germination studies of several species of Carex under controlled conditions. Germination of seed collected in 1988 was compared with that of seeds collected in 1987 and kept in cold storage for 1 year. Plant heights and number of perennating stems were compared. Seeds of Carex lacustris, C. stricta, and C. vulpinoidea had higher germination rates when fresh. Sedge seed production and viability were greatest from wetlands where prescribed burning was used, although seed production declined for 1 growing season after burning. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 29 AUTHOR: Apple, L.L., B.H. Smith, J.D. Dunder, and B.W. Baker PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The use of beavers for riparian/aquatic habitat restoration of cold desert, gully-cut stream systems in southwestern Wyoming SOURCE: Pages 109-116 in D.L. Archer, ed. Proceedings of the Bonneville Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Bonneville Chap. Am. Fish. Soc., Salt Lake City, UT. STATE: WY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: STOCK WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-SS1, PO-FO1, RIPAR RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG PGENUS: SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of beavers to restore and reestablish degraded riparian and aquatic habitats at several sites in western WY. One study area was fenced to exclude livestock grazing, one was left unfenced, and several other areas were fenced and placed under grazing management systems. Beaver were reintroduced to the fenced areas; beavers returned on their own to the unfenced area. Aspen trees were delivered to sites to provide large materials for stable dam building. The newly built beaver dams are trapping sediment, reducing stream velocity, elevating the water table, and reducing the effects of seasonally fluctuating water table levels. This process is encouraging willow development and improving riparian and aquatic habitat. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1239 AUTHOR: Arnold, C.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The Arcata Marshes: a case study in wetland restoration SOURCE: Coastal Zone 85(1):562-577. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT, WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT, LFORM, SOIL, STOCK WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-..., E2-EM., E2-..., L2-... RESPONSE: VEG, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, HUSE, FISH, SUCCESS PGENUS: CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes a series of wetland restoration projects implemented by the City of Arcata, CA, in cooperation with the state and many local organizations. Phase I (1981) involved restoring a former landfill to a 3 acre freshwater marsh and 22 acre recreational lake. This area will be used to polish secondarily treated effluent before it enters Arcata Bay. Once restored, recreational use increased to about 93,000 visitor days/year and 160 bird species were observed in the area. Phase II (1981) involved restoring a salt marsh by breaching a dike and dredging channels to increase tidal circulation. Phase III involves restoring a highly degraded lumber mill site to increase estuarine habitat. All 3 phases involved foot trail construction for public access. Phase I and possibly III also involved adding picnic tables, blinds, fencing, signs, etc. to enhance visitor use. Costs for all phases is expected to be $675,550 plus an enormous input of volunteer work. The area will be maintained by the city. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 30 AUTHOR: Ashe, D.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Fish and wildlife mitigation: description and analysis of estuarine applications SOURCE: Coastal Zone Manage. J. 10(1/2):1-52. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of fish and wildlife mitigation, with emphasis on its use as a tool in estuarine management. The statutory basis for fish and wildlife mitigation is discussed and a framework for evaluating the conceptual integrity of potential mitigation efforts is presented. This conceptual framework is applied to a series of alternative approaches to estuarine mitigation and to policy emerging within the federal regulatory regime. Preferable alternatives of effective mitigation policy (i.e., approaches consistent with ecosystem objectives and involving predictable outcomes) are indemnification (using a mitigation bank framework), upland transformation, and restoration of previously altered habitats. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 31 AUTHOR: Athanas, C. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetlands creation for stormwater treatment SOURCE: Pages 61-66 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB. RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, LEERSIA, TYPHA, ALISMA, ELEOCHARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of the use of wetland creation for stormwater treatment and discusses research being conducted at several wetland stormwater basins by the University of Maryland. Artificial wetlands are receiving increasing attention for treating stormwater runoff, but little direct evidence is available to support their ability to perform this function. However, indirect evidence suggests that these wetlands may be useful tools in improving water quality of stormwater runoff. The University of Maryland is addressing this issue, as well as vegetative aspects of artificial wetland creation. An important factor influencing the natural development of wetland vegetation may be the presence of buried seed or other propagules in the substrate. Preliminary evidence indicates the artificially established vegetation may decrease the number of volunteer species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 32 AUTHOR: Atkins, K. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Biotic response to drawdown and reflooding in a clay settling pond SOURCE: Pages 169-187 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, REPT, AMPHIB, MAMMALS, SHOREB, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG, SOIL PGENUS: AESCHYNOMENE, AMARANTHUS, AMBROSIA, ANDROPOGON, BACCHARIS, BIDENS, CASSIA, CHENOPODIUM, COLOCASIA, CONYZA, CYNODON, CYPERUS, DIGITARIA, ECHINOCHLOA, ECLIPTA, ERECHTITES, EUPATORIUM, HETEROTHECA, INDIGOFERA, IPOMOEA, LANTANA, LEPIDIUM, LUDWIGIA, MIKANIA, PANICUM, PASPALUM, PHYTOLACCA, PLUCHEA, RHYNCHELYTRUM, RUELLIA, SALIX, SCHINUS, SCIRPUS, SCOPARIA, SETARIA, TYPHA, URENA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper summarizes the biotic resources found in a clay settling pond in Polk County, FL. Dewatering of the pond initiated a rapid vegetative response; reflooding of the system occurred 11 months later and subsequent biological changes were noted. The study site has many attributes of natural wetland systems and provides important habitat for a variety of wetland species. The area is dominated by wetland plants with wind- dispersed seeds (e.g., cattail and willow). Seventy species of birds, 8 species of mammals, and 10 species of reptiles and amphibians were observed at the study site. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1003 AUTHOR: Atkins, K. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A qualitative assessment of wetlands reclaimed as natural system habitat SOURCE: Pages 17-36 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-EM1, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, SUCCESS PGENUS: SCIRPUS, QUERCUS, TYPHA, THALIA, ELEOCHARIS, FIMBRISTYLIS, JUNCUS, PANICUM, SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, POLYGONUM, BACOPA, MICRANTHEMUM, NAJAS, PASPALUM, INDIGOFERA, AESCHYNOMENE, FRAXINUS, GORDONIA, ILEX, LIQUIDAMBAR, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, PINUS, DIOSPYROS, JUNIPERUS, CORNUS, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, PERSEA, RHUS, LUDWIGIA, SPARTINA, CARPINUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents a qualitative habitat assessment of three international minerals and chemical corporation wetland reclamation projects in Polk and eastern Hillsborough Counties, FL. The phosphate-mined wetlands were reclaimed primarily by natural system capping (overlaying phosphatic waste clays with sand tailings), grading, seeding, mulching (spreading organic soil from donor wetland), fertilizing, and planting or transplanting woody plants. The three study areas have been evolving for 6 months to 6 years. Site inventories documented the presence of 212 plant species, 76 bird species, 10 mammals, 10 reptiles, 6 amphibians, and 5 fishes (species lists included in paper). Each study site attracted a diversity of wildlife species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1453 AUTHOR: Atkinson, R.B., J.E. Perry, E. Smith, and J. Cairns, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Use of created wetland delineation and weighted averages as a component of assessment SOURCE: Wetlands 13(3):185-193. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: COMPARISON, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study uses vegetation as an indicator for early site conditions in created forested wetlands. A moisture modifier system was presented to allow plot-wise comparison of vegetation and hydrology. Seventy-six plots along two transects in the reference wetland and 106 plots along seven transects in the created wetland were established as permanent sampling locations. Vegetation was identified and classified into indicator status categories and modified importance values for each species was calculated as the sum of relative cover and relative frequency. Weighted averages were also calculated using the relative cover estimates and indicator status. Soil samples taken from three upland areas, three reference wetland areas, and six created wetland areas indicate that all sites except those from the reference wetland areas lacked any field indicators of hydric soil, according to the Federal Manual hydrology criterion. KEYWORDS: created wetlands/wetlands/assessment/vegetation/site conditions/ wetlands creation/comparison/reference wetlands/delineation/ indicator status/Section 404/weighted average/monitoring scheme/ mid-Atlantic region/creation/monitoring =============================================================================== NUMBER: 33 AUTHOR: Atlantic Waterfowl Council PUBL. YEAR: 1959 TITLE: An illustrated small marsh construction manual based on standard designs SOURCE: Vermont Fish Game Serv., Montpelier. 153 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-SS., PO-FO. RESPONSE: WFOWL, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This manual presents small marsh construction designs, based on requirements for NY State, for use in wetland development for waterfowl. Topics include: 1) marsh site selection; 2) small marsh survey; 3) marsh design; and 4) small marsh construction. Techniques include: 1) determining water levels and runoff coefficients; 2) designing and constructing spillways; 3) installing water control structures; 4) grading and seeding, 5) applying lime and fertilizer; 6) using mulch; and 7) estimating construction costs. Diagrams of various designs are included to illustrate techniques. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1004 AUTHOR: Auble, G.T., D.B. Hamilton, J.E. Roelle, J. Clayton, and L.H. Fredrickson PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A prototype expert system for moist soil management SOURCE: Pages 137-143 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc. Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a computer program that suggests management regimes for seasonally flooded manmade impoundments. The objectives of such management is to provide hydrologic conditions and food for migrating waterfowl. Planning problems, prototype limitations, program description, and hardware/software requirements are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 34 AUTHOR: Austin, C.B., and A. Thorhaug PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: The economic costs of transplanting seagrasses: Thalassia SOURCE: Pages 69-75 in R. Lewis and D. Cole, eds. Proceedings of the fourth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: THALASSIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a method for estimating the costs of restoring beds of Thalassia. Estimates are based on a transplantation project in South Biscayne Bay, Dade County, FL. Costs per seed handled for each transplantation phase (collection, nursery, and planting) are incorporated in a cost model. Three sets of variables are considered in this process: 1) seed mortality and growth rates; 2) size of the area to be planted, density of vegetative cover desired, and time required to reach desired density; and 3) monetary costs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 35 AUTHOR: Babcock, W.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Tenmile Creek--a study of stream relocation SOURCE: Colorado Div. Wildl. Spec. Rep. No. 52. 22 pp. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: R3-UB1 RESPONSE: FISH, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes the relocation of Tenmile Creek as a result of the construction of Interstate 70 through Tenmile Canyon near Frisco, CO. One of the goals of the project was to mitigate for loss of fish habitat. The channel was excavated and fish habitat structures were installed. The creek was monitored for several years after construction; streamside revegetation efforts were not very successful, but fish populations were increasing. Water chemistry parameters are provided for several sites along the reconstructed stream. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1207 AUTHOR: Baca, B.J., T.E. Lankford, and T.G. Ballou PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Propagation of woody wetland vegetation for in-kind mitigation SOURCE: Pages 1-9 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: SC, FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, E2-FO3, PO-SS1, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: ACER, AMPELOPSIS, BACCHARIS, CEPHALANTHUS, GELSEMIUM, HIBISCUS, LEUCOTHOE, LIGUSTRUM, LUDWIGIA, LYONIA, QUERCUS, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, VITIS, ANNONA, BIGNONIA, CAMPSIS, CLETHRA, CYRILLA, DIOSPYROS, FORESTIERA, MANY, TAXODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A total of almost 70 woody wetland species were collected in South Carolina and Florida to determine which species could successfully by propagated from cuttings. Names listed in the PGENUS field were rated "excellent" (for production from cuttings) for the first set of alphabetized names and "good" for the second set (plus Kosteletzkya, Parthenocissus, Rhizophora, Stillingia, Wisteria, and Zanthoxylum), excluding Taxodium. The following were rated "poor": Avicennia, Betula, Carya, Conocarpus, Cornus, Ficus, Gordonia, Fraxinus, Juniperus, Kalmia, Laguncularia, Liquidambar, Magnolia, Morus, Myrica, Nyssa, Persea, Pinus, Platanus, Pluchea, Populus, Quercus (not Q. phellos), Sapium, Taxodium, and Ulmus. Criteria for categorization, collection techniques (and timing), planting medium, and growing conditions are discussed as well as possible reasons for success or failure for some species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1208 AUTHOR: Bacchus, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Complications arising from the incorporation of a muck layer into created wetlands SOURCE: Pages 10-23 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, WFOWL, MAMMALS, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, HYDRO, ECON PGENUS: ACER, CARYA, CELTIS, FRAXINUS, GORDONIA, ILEX, LIQUIDAMBAR, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, TAXODIUM, CANNA, ELEOCHARIS, IRIS, PANICUM, PONTEDERIA, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, SPARTINA, THALIA, CYPERUS, JUNCUS, LUDWIGIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Many FL State regulatory agencies require the transfer of a muck layer from the wetland being impacted to the mitigation site as part of the permit process. Problems resulting from this procedure are discussed using examples from a wetland mitigation project adjacent to Lake Telfer, Orlando. Construction and monitoring procedures for this created wetland are discussed. A lack of diligent follow up maintenance (weeding) and the presence of an abundant seed source for cattails and primrose willow (undesirable species) in the muck were the 2 primary problems. Construction/monitoring costs for the 5.1 ha created wetland were $444,813 which included an unexpected $60,000 for cattail removal. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1291 AUTHOR: Bacon, C.G. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian silviculture - Active riparian management for multiple resources. SOURCE: Pages 99-102 in Society of American Foresters National Convention Proceedings. Spokane, WA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, CUT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article briefly discusses the manipulation of riparian zone vegetation to regain or enhance many potential benefits. The importance of riparian vegetation is discussed and several examples of riparian management and research are given. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1474 AUTHOR: Bacon-Blood, L. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Making mud: dredge may pump new life into marsh SOURCE: Times-Picayune (State Ed), New Orleans, LA. March 30, 1994. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article briefly discusses the marsh creation project on Bayou LaBranche as an effort to restore the previously fertile habitat. Sediment from Lake Pontchartrain is being pumped into a 487 acre section of eroding marsh protected with retention dikes. The area will be planted with marsh grasses after the sediment settles and drys. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1187 AUTHOR: Bagley, F. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Studies of wetlands created to treat acid mine drainwater may lead to ecological refinements SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 7(1):37-38. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, SUCCESS, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a 3 year project undertaken by the Maryland Bureau of Mines and Pennsylvania State University to study, redesign, and enlarge 9 previously constructed wetlands designed to treat acid mine waste. The project includes design and monitoring of new wetlands, evaluation of bacterial and vegetative components of mine drainage wetlands (under controlled conditions in lab and greenhouse), research on bacterial, algal, and plant mechanisms, and optimizing effectiveness of wetlands for treating mine drainage. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1199 AUTHOR: Baird, K.J., and J.P. Rieger PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: A restoration design for least Bell's vireo habitat in San Diego County SOURCE: Pages 462-467 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SEED, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS, PLATANUS, BACCHARIS, ARTEMISIA, AMBROSIA, ANEMOPSIS, PLUCHEA, HELIOTROPIUM, HETEROTHECA, URTICA, GALIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Highway construction plans in San Diego Co., CA required 7 acres of successful mitigation prior to construction (5.2 acres of vireo nesting habitat and 1.8 acres of vireo foraging habitat). Success was defined as either a vireo pair nesting on the mitigation site or no statistically significant differences between parameters on the site and those in functioning vireo habitat. Construction was tentatively scheduled to begin in the 3rd year. This paper describes procedures for developing a specific habitat restoration model. Mean percent cover, density, abundance, species composition, and expected mortality rates for vegetation were used to determine the specifications for restoration design. A mix of seedlings and transplanted mature trees and Baccharis glutinosa shrubs was used to obtain the structural diversity required by nesting vireos within the 2 year time frame. (AA-Mod) KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1005 AUTHOR: Baker, J.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Recovery of salt marsh vegetation from successive oil spillages SOURCE: Environ. Pollut. 4(3):223-230. STATE: WALES STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, PUCCINELLIA, SPERGULARIA, ARMERIA, TRIGLOCHIN, GLAUX, SALICORNIA, JUNCUS, AGROSTIS, FESTUCA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of field experiments involving successive oilings of three types of salt marsh vegetation on the coast of Wales in 1968. Dominant plants were Spartina anglica (lower marsh), Puccinellia maritima (mid marsh), and Juncus maritimus (upper marsh). Recovery from up to four oilings was generally good, but considerable changes in recovery and species dominance resulted from 8-12 oilings even after 5 years, indicating that recovery was likely to be slow. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 36 AUTHOR: Baker, J.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Responses of salt marsh vegetation to oil spills and refinery effluents SOURCE: Pages 529-542 in R.L. Jeffries and A.J. Davy, eds. Ecological processes in coastal environments. Blackwell Sci. Publ., London. STATE: GREAT BRITAIN, WALES STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, OENANTHE, AGROSTIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the responses of salt marsh plants to oil spills. Effects of single spills are listed in a table that displays date, locality, oil type, observations, and references. Plant responses to experimental successive spillages were examined on the North Gower Coast, South Wales. The tolerance of different species to oil spills and growth stimulation following oil pollution are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 37 AUTHOR: Baldwin, W.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1967 TITLE: Impoundments for waterfowl on South Atlantic and Gulf coastal marshes SOURCE: ages 127-133 in J.D. Newsom, ed. Proceedings of the marsh and estuary management symposium. Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. STATE: TX, LA, MS, AL, FL, GA, SC, NC, VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CUT, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: FISH, WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: CLADIUM, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, ECHINOCHLOA, SPARTINA, TYPHA, NAJAS, POTAMOGETON, ZANNICHELLIA, DISTICHLIS, NYMPHAEA, GYROTHECA, POLYGONUM, BRASENIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of the use of impoundments to provide waterfowl habitat within coastal marshes from VA to TX. Manipulation of water levels, culture of aquatic plants, regulation of salinity, and control of undesirable plants and carp are briefly discussed for 4 marsh classifications: 1) regularly flooded salt marshes; 2) irregularly flooded salt marshes; 3) salt meadows and salt flats; and 4) coastal fresh marshes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1290 AUTHOR: Ball, J.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Influence of subsequent flooding depth on cattail control by burning and mowing. SOURCE: Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 28:32-36. STATE: CANADA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: CUT, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study experimentally compares fire and mowing as two means of mimicking natural control of cattails in areas where wildlife is a major concern. In addition, three different mowing implements were compared to identify the most cost effective means of mowing. Mowing and burning was conducted while the marsh was still frozen to allow for easier mobility. The marsh was flooded subsequent to the mowing and burning operations. The study plots were assessed for regrowth at the end of the growing season. It was found that both means of cattail control were effective if the subsequent flooding was deep. However, the mowing technique proved more effective if the subsequent flooding was shallow. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 38 AUTHOR: Banner, A. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Revegetation and maturation of restored shoreline in the Indian River, Florida SOURCE: Pages 13-42 in R. Lewis and D. Cole, eds. Proceedings of the fourth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, R1-US2 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, SHOREB, FISH PGENUS: SPARTINA, HALOPHILA, HALODULE, RUPPIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the restoration of severely disturbed shoreline (sterile sand substrate) in a shallow cove along the shore of the Indian River, FL. Alternating segments of shoreline were planted with mangroves, cordgrass, or both. Unplanted sections served as controls. Accretion of organic matter (especially in areas planted with Spartina) was monitored. Spartina plantings flourished, as did Ruppia interspersed with Halophila and drift algae. The seagrasses attracted various invertebrates (mostly detritus consumers), fish, and wading birds. Mangrove plantings were not as successful; colonization rates are presented in a series of tables. KEYWORDS: revegetation/Florida/black mangroves/mangroves/Spartina/ seagrasses/invertebrates/fishes/wading birds/birds/infauna/ sediment/red mangroves/technique/restored shoreline/Indian River, Florida/Spartina alterniflora/white mangroves/Avicennia nitida/ Rhizophora mangle/Laguncularia racemosa/egrets/herons/ proceedings/restoration/coastal/vegetation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 41 AUTHOR: Banner, A PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Coastal restoration in south Florida SOURCE: Florida Bar J. 51(8):571-575. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes selected problems and solutions concerning coastal restoration in south FL. General concerns include: 1) filling wetlands to provide for boating access or residential and commercial development; and 2) dredging wetlands for fill materials on adjacent lands or for navigational purposes. Lack of public appreciation for wetlands indicates silent approval of wetland destruction without returning benefits to the public. Court procedures for handling unauthorized dredge and fill activities are described. General cost/benefit problems are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 39 AUTHOR: Banner, A. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Mitigation under the Corps regulatory program SOURCE: Pages 396-399 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65. STATE: FL, MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This summary of mitigation actions under the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regulatory program provides an overview of mitigation options and activities. Mitigation is generally used to enhance water retention, circulation, or quality and to improve substrate characteristics, thus promoting the growth of beneficial or desirable plants. Restrictions to permit mitigation actions include: 1) work must be accomplished on site; 2) the applicant must be able to make beneficial use of the property; and 3) actions must be self-sustaining and permanent. Several case studies of mitigation projects in FL are described. Methods of handling mitigation cases are discussed briefly. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 40 AUTHOR: Banner, A PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Florida Keys environmental mitigation trust fund SOURCE: Pages 155-165 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the development of the Florida Keys Environmental Trust Fund, which provides for the creation/ restoration of wetlands to compensate for those lost to dredge and fill violations where direct restoration is not possible. Objectives of the fund are "...enhancement, restoration, or replacement of marine and wetland habitat in the Florida Keys to compensate for the destruction of such habitat at the Port Largo development." General guidelines are described. Actions include removal of fill material, channel construction, and culvert replacement. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1006 AUTHOR: Banner, A., and J. Moulding PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Mitigation management of an impounded brackish water marsh SOURCE: Pages 37-47 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, SHOREB, HYDRO, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, POLYSTICHUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration plans for the Sykes Creek Marsh on Merritt Island, Brevard County, FL. The 2,000 acre marsh was isolated from the adjoining Banana River Lagoon by construction levees in the mid-1950's and was managed for mosquito control. As a result, the marsh lost its historic functions as a spawning and nursery ground for marine invertebrates and fishes, and as a source of detritus for the adjacent estuarine ecosystem. Restoration plans include installing gated culverts through the levees to allow water and fish exchange between marsh and estuary. As water levels were lowered to concentrate forage fishes for wood storks, resuspension of fine material exerted a heavy oxygen demand on the water column, resulting in fish kills. Reconnection of the marsh with the estuary is expected to ultimately flush out these particles. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1282 AUTHOR: Barkhouse, H.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Management related study of man-made wetlands located in coastal regions of the maritime provinces, Canada SOURCE: Pages 82-96 in W.R. Whitman, and W.H. Meredith, eds. Waterfowl and Wetlands Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium on Waterfowl and Wetlands Management in the Coastal Zone of the Atlantic Flyway. Delaware Coastal Management Program, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Dover, DE. STATE: CANADA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2.-... RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, INVERTS, VEG, HYDRO, SUCCESS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes detailed wildlife and habitat information obtained from 34 freshwater wetlands in the coastal regions of the Maritime Provinces, Canada. These data were used to develop a "desired" value to correspond with the habitat and wildlife factors being studied and express specific objectives in terms of habitat conditions and wildlife values. Comparisons of these values provide information to the strengths and weaknesses of the habitat and wildlife factors being studied. Management action is derived by analyzing and comparing these values. KEYWORDS: coastal wetlands/wetlands/waterfowl/symposium/proceedings/ wildlife/man-made wetlands/habitat/Maritime Provinces,Canada/ National Wildlife Areas/natural wetlands/coastal zone/management/ coastal/Canada/waterfowl habitat/natural tidal marshes/tidal marshes/ marshes/wetlands management =============================================================================== NUMBER: 43 AUTHOR: Barko, J.W., and R.M. Smart PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Sediment-based nutrition of submersed macrophytes SOURCE: Aquatic Bot. 10:339-352. STATE: OK, NE STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: L2-UB3, L2-AB3, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: BACOPA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, PROSERPINACA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the capabilities of 4 submersed freshwater macrophyte species to mobilize nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from lake sediments dredged from branched Oak and Pawnee Reservoirs in NE and Keystone Reservoir in OK. N and P were readily mobilized from the sediments and concentrated in plant shoots at levels well above those required for growth. Mobilization of K from sediments was much less effective and may have limited growth; K is probably supplied to these plants primarily from the water. Considerable quantities of these nutrients are released to the water due to plant senescence and associated decay processes, representing an important mode of sediment-nutrient cycling in aquatic systems. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 42 AUTHOR: Barko, J.W., and R.M. Smart PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Effects of organic matter additions to sediment on the growth of aquatic plants SOURCE: J. Ecol. 71:161-175. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: ELODEA, HYDRILLA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, SAGITTARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper examines growth of 3 completely submerged plant species on sediments from Lake Washington, Seattle, WA. Growth of emergent species was generally less inhibited by the addition of 5% organic matter than that of submerged species receiving the same level of organic matter. Greater additions of organic matter severely inhibited Hydrilla and Potamogeton. Growth of all species was negatively correlated with mean dissolved organic carbon concentration in the interstitial water of the sediments. Growth inhibition may have resulted from accumulation of toxic, soluble organic carbon compounds during anaerobic decomposition. The role of organic accretion in sediments is discussed in relation to patterns of aquatic plant distribution and succession. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 44 AUTHOR: Barko, J.W., R.M. Smart, C.R. Lee, M.C. Landin, T.C. Sturgis, and R.N. Gordon PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Establishment and growth of selected fresh- water and coastal marsh plants in relation to characteristics of dredged sediments SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-2. 41 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, TRIGLOCHIN, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes a controlled condition laboratory experiment that determined the establishment and growth of several wetland plant species in relation to dredged sediment characteristics. Freshwater, brackish, and estuarine (salt marsh) plants were Scirpus validus, Cyperus esculentus, Distichlis spicata, Triglochin maritimum, S. robustus, Spartina alterniflora, and S. foliosa. Sediment substrates were clay, silty clay, and sand. Plant biomass and aerial density were monitored. Planting was by seeds and transplants. Except for Distichlis (which was successfully established from seed), plants were established more successfully from vegetative propagules. All types of propagules flourished on freshwater sediments, but transplants were more successful on estuarine sediments. Growth of plants in sand was nutrient-limited. The authors state that fine-textured sediments do not need to be fertilized in marsh creation projects. Effects of salinity in terms of limiting plant growth also are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 45 AUTHOR: Barkuloo, J. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Reclaiming Florida phosphate mined lands to wetlands SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Program. 13 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT PGENUS: POPULUS, SAGITTARIA, POTAMOGETON, QUERCUS, PINUS, CLADIUM, PONTEDERIA, NYSSA, ACER, POLYGONUM, TAXODIUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study investigated methods of establishing "equivalent" wildlife habitat that replaces but does not duplicate original wetland habitat. The study site is phosphate mined land on the Peace River Floodplain of west central FL. A 55 acre test site was excavated, creating 2 gently sloping stream channels and a 0.5 acre permanent pond to provide open water for aquatic life. One hundred and nineteen trees and 10,400 seedlings were planted in 26 plots. In addition, 2,300 seedlings were randomly planted at the site. Data collected on growth, vigor, and survival showed nearly 100% survival. The survival and growth of the plantings are related to tidal changes, ground water levels, precipitation, surface water flows, soil moisture, and water quality. Bird, mammal, fish, amphibian, and reptile species using the area were documented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 46 AUTHOR: Barnard, T.A., Jr., and W.I. Priest III PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Virginia's wetland mitigation/compensation policy: its evolution and current status SOURCE: Pages 327-333 in Wetlands of the Chesapeake. Conf. Proc., April 9-11, 1985, Easton, MD. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article defines the mitigation policy, describes its development, and discusses the management philosophy of mitigation as a compensation tool in managing the wetland systems of VA's Chesapeake Bay. General conclusions regarding compensation philosophy include lack of understanding of wetland systems and poor planning preparation for compensation projects. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1505 AUTHOR: Barrett, N.E., and W.A. Niering PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Tidal marsh restoration: trends in vegetation change using a Geographical Information System (GIS) SOURCE: Restoration Ecology 1:18-28. STATE: CT STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to evaluate the restoration of a tidal marsh. Tidal flushing was returned to a 21 ha valley marsh which had been impounded in the 1940's to create shallow-water waterfowl habitat. Salt marsh vegetation declined and was soon dominated by Typha and Phragmites by the creation of the impoundments. After re- establishing tidal flushing salt marsh plants began to displace the freshwater emergents. Base maps were created prior to dike construction of the impounded marsh and the restored tidal marsh condition, then vegetation type, dominance, and ranking was assigned to each base map. Comparisons and crosstabulation matrices of the trends in the pattern of vegetation recovery were then made. Complete restoration in the strictest sense (identical spatial recovery) occurred for only 28% of the vegetation types. Sixty-three percent of the original salt marsh vegetation recovered however regardless of the former spatial position. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 47 AUTHOR: Barroin, G. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Sediment treatment for phosphorus inactivation SOURCE: Pages 115-118 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters. Intl. Symp. on inland waters and lake restoration. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA 440/5-81-010. STATE: FRANCE STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: SOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses sediment treatment to restore a 0.35 ha experimental lake bordering the south shore of Lake Geneva, France. Aluminum sulfate was injected into the top layer of the sediment to improve its capacity to adsorb phosphorus. The prototype device designed for this purpose is described. Monitoring of water quality parameters and phytoplankton production indicated that the treatment significantly reduced the phosphorus in the lake even under anoxic conditions and reduced algal abundance for at least 4 years. No adverse long-term effects were observed, but the author recommends further research on this new technique. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 48 AUTHOR: Baskett, R.K. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Grand Pass Wildlife Area, Missouri: modern wetland restoration strategy at work SOURCE: Pages 220-224 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: MO STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB3 RESPONSE: WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration and management strategies for the Grand Pass Wildlife Area in west central MO. Construction of the Wildlife Area, principally aimed at improving waterfowl habitat, will consist of 9 miles of levees, 4 miles of water distribution canals, 45 control structures, and pumps to supply water for the Missouri River and remove water from the units. Water management will be capable in 25 separate impoundments, which will be managed for moist-soil plants and marsh habitat. Water management schedules are described and the preferred water depths and vegetation for waterfowl, shorebirds, and other nongame birds are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1581 AUTHOR: Baskin, Y. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: California's ephemeral vernal pools may be a good model for speciation SOURCE: Bioscience 44(6):384-388. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MONITOR WETLAND TYPE: P0-UB4 RESPONSE: VEG, INVERTS PGENUS: DOWNINGIA, POGOGYNE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes and compares vernal ponds, their diversity, similarities, and differences. The importance of these perenial ecosystems is emphasized in their ability to support endemic, rare, and endangered species. Attempts have been and are continuing to be made to understand species distribution in order to further protect these species and their ecosystems from urban and agricultural developement. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1514 AUTHOR: Bastian, R.K. and D.A. Hammer PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and recycling SOURCE: Pages 59-68 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: MANY, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of the historical, present, and future use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and recycling. Evaluations of experimental wetlands and initial wetlands used to treat wastewater in the United States and other countries are reviewed. Types of constructed wetland systems are described as well as how they remove contaminents. Considerations are also listed for wetlands to be used for experimental design or application. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1265 AUTHOR: Bastian, R.K., P.E. Shanaghan, and B.P. Thompson PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Use of wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment and disposal -- regulatory issues and EPA policies SOURCE: Pages 265-278 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Discusses EPA policies and other state/federal regulations governing the use of natural and constructed wetlands to treat municipal wastewater. Reference is made to many projects throughout the U.S. and Canada. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 49 AUTHOR: Bates, A.L., E. Pickard, and W.M. Dennis PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Tree plantings--a diversified management tool for reservoir shorelines SOURCE: Pages 190-194 in R.R. Johnson and J.F. McCormick, eds. Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-12. STATE: TN, AL, NC STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, L.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG PGENUS: TAXODIUM, PLATANUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the results of tree plantings along the shorelines of impoundments constructed by the Tennessee Valley authority at Mallard Creek (Lawrence County, AL), Birdsong Creek (Benton County, TN), Duck River (Humphreys County, TN), and Hiwassee Reservoir (Murphy County, NC). The primary purpose for establishing trees was control of mosquito populations. As vegetative succession is hastened from open herbaceous communities to woody, closed-canopy communities, mosquito populations are reduced and species composition changes to favor less aggressive species. Baldcypress plantings were most successful due to rapid growth rates and ability of seedlings to withstand prolonged flooding. Plantings also stabilize the shore and enhance wildlife habitat. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1412 AUTHOR: Bates, R.D. and J.M. Marcus PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Hydrologic modification and its effect on wetland function in the Santee Swamp, South Carolina SOURCE: Pages 283-290 in J.A. Kusler and S. Daly, eds. Wetlands and river corridor management. Charleston, South Carolina. STATE: SC STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, HYDRO, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the hydrological and water quality impacts of impounding a river swamp and examines the results of a survey conducted to determine water quality conditions in riverine, lacustrine, and palustrine habitats. Nine survey sites where selected. The physical and chemical characteristics of surface waters within the river, lake, and swamp habitats were studied. Multiple regression models were used to determine the cause-and- effect relationships between the hydrology and the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations of the Santee Swamp. Results of the study revealed the swamp water level is correlated with the water level of Lake Marion. When the water rises, as well as when there is low river flow or a constant lake stage, water movement out of the swamp is restricted. The swamp becomes anaerobic due to lack of water movement causing low levels of DO, high levels of total phosphorous, total iron, and total organic carbon. Manipulation of the hydrology through the management of the Lake Marion pool and upstream riverine discharges are suggested to maximize optimal water quality conditions in Santee Swamp. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 50 AUTHOR: Bauer, A.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: Simultaneous excavation and rehabilitation of sand and gravel sites SOURCE: Natl. Sand Gravel Assoc., Silver Spring, MD. 60 pp. STATE: IL, IN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., PO-UB1, PO-UB2, L2-US1, L2-US2, PO-US1, PO-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, HUSE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study provides an overview of sand and gravel mining and land reclamation techniques and procedures. Recommendations include incorporating reclamation considerations for grading, seeding, and planting with gravel mining operations. Two case studies are provided: 1) Lincoln Lakes near Lincoln, IL, and 2) Sansabar Estates, a floodplain 6 miles north of Indianapolis, IN. In each case, site analysis, operation analysis, master plan, stockpile plan, and development program (i.e., reclamation) are described and illustrated. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 51 AUTHOR: Bauer, A.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Manipulating mining operations to create wildlife habitats: a pre-mining planning process SOURCE: Pages 41-43 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-US1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the planning considerations necessary to enable gravel mining operations to develop productive postmining landscapes as well as to efficiently mine the resource. When reclamation plans are formulated before mining is initiated, the best (and most cost-effective) results may be obtained. It is emphasized that the creation of new, productive landscapes cannot be created by chance. Earth materials for land shaping, overburden distribution, earth moving equipment, and mining procedures are discussed. End use criteria may include desired water depths, lake edge and bottom configurations, specific sand and gravel deposit materials required for a specific environment, and special landforms. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 52 AUTHOR: Baumann, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Mechanisms of maintaining marsh elevation in a subsiding environment SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. 89 pp. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO2 RESPONSE: HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis examines marsh elevation, inundation regime, and seasonality of sedimentation for a coastal wetland in the Barataria Basin, LA. Mean elevation of the saline marsh was slightly higher than local mean water level. Seasonality of sedimentation has switched from a Mississippi River flood, spring- dominated situation to a storm-related, winter and hurricane season-dominated situation in the basin. Sedimentation rates compared to the rate of sea level rise indicated that present sedimentation processes are not sufficient to maintain marsh elevation, resulting in the continued deterioration of wetlands in the Barataria Basin. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 53 AUTHOR: Baumann, R.H., and R.D. Adams PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Creation and restoration of wetlands by natural processes in the Lower Atchafalaya River system: possible conflicts with navigation and flood control objectives SOURCE: Pages 1-24 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, E2-EM1, R1-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The Atchafalaya River in LA is creating new wetlands in the Atchafalaya Bay Delta and restoring wetlands in adjacent marshes. This process was documented by examination of LANDSAT images. During 1973-1980, area trends shifted from wetland losses of 421 ha/year to wetland gains of 66 ha/year. A direct relationship between suspended sediment influx and wetland creation/restoration exists. Other important factors in this process are river discharge, wetland location, wind direction, and tidal stage. Navigation and flood control projects are discussed in terms of their potential effects on this natural creation process. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1295 AUTHOR: Bavor, H.J., D.J. Roser, P.J. Fisher, and I.C. Smalls PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Performance of solid-matrix wetland systems viewed as fixed-film bioreactors SOURCE: Pages 646-656 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: AUSTRALIA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: MODEL, LAB, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, MYRIOPHYLLUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses wastewater treatment performance of solid- matrix constructed wetlands in Richmond, Australia. A mathematical model was developed based on first order kinetics and by treating the systems as fixed-film bioreactors. The systems consisted of seven trenches, each 100 m long, 4 m wide, and 0.5 m deep. Two trenches were planted with emergent macrophytes (cumbungi in one trench and bulrush in the other) with gravel as the substrate. One trench contained parrot feather, a floating macrophyte. Two systems contained sections of cumbungi planted in gravel, unplanted gravel, and open water. Finally two control systems; one containing only open water and the other containing only gravel. The model was designed to predict the removal of suspended solids, BOD, nitrogen, phosphorous, and fecal coliforms with respect to loading, detention time, and temperature. Detention time of two to ten days allowed for effective removal of BOD, suspended solids, and total nitrogen. Fecal coliforms were also significantly reduced, however phosphorous removal was low. The system consisting of the floating macrophytes was the least effective treatment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 54 AUTHOR: Bays, J.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Zooplankton/trophic state relationships and the potential for prediction of ecosystem structure in reclaimed Florida lakes SOURCE: Pages 17-32 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of nutrient loading models for predicting trophic state during the process of lake creation or restoration. The relationships between trophic state, fish biomass, and zooplankton in 39 FL lakes are described. As trophic state increases, so does the percentage of microzooplankton, fish biomass, and proportion of rough fish (e.g., gizzard shad, gar) to sport fish (e.g., bass, bluegill), whereas the percentage of macrozooplankton decreases. Plans for lake restoration should include trophic state prediction for 1) a range of densities for various zooplankton species and 2) an estimation of fish production, species composition, and harvest potential. Lake ecosystem function is reflected in nutrient cycling, microzooplankton, and algal blooms. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 55 AUTHOR: Beaman, B. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Patterns of plant community structure and vegetational zones on spoil islands in Sarasota Bay and Charlotte Harbor, Florida SOURCE: New College, Div. Nat. Resour., Sarasota, FL. 69 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS3, E2-FO3, E2-FO4, E2-EM., E2-SS., E2-FO., E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, CASUARINA, BATIS, SALICORNIA, SESUVIUM, SPARTINA, PASPALUM, CYNODON, BACCHARIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes vegetative succession on spoil islands created by dredging in Sarasota Bay and Charlotte Harbor, FL. Four major plant communities are discussed: 1) a pioneering community of strand plants on open beaches and spits; 2) a community of mangroves in the intertidal zones of leeward shores, from mangrove seedlings in the first community; 3) a community at the storm tide zone dominated by the Australian pine; and 4) an open, sandy upland area community consisting of herbaceous plants and shrubs. Factors affecting succession of plant communities on spoil islands include: 1) distance from island to established community; 2) presence of pines that limit diversity of plant community; 3) availability of soil water; 4) elevation and topography; 5) soil nutrients; and 6) animal life. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1007 AUTHOR: Bedish, J.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: Studies of the germination and growth of cattail in relation to marsh management SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Iowa St. Univ., Ames. 83 pp. STATE: IA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB3 RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, HYDRO, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, LEERSIA, BIDENS, SAGITTARIA, ALISMA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis presents results of greenhouse and laboratory experiments on the germination and growth of cattail. Field studies on the effects of soil moisture and water depth were conducted on mud substrate along the edge of Goose Lake, Hamilton County, IA. A 1 inch water depth provided optimum moisture conditions for seed germination, growth of plants produced from rhizome shoots, and vegetative reproduction. Either the overwintering rhizome shoot or a portion of a plant base (culm) was needed to produce a new cattail plant. Artificial propagation of cattail by planting rhizomes was economically unsound because of the need for muskrat control and fencing, as well as labor involved in obtaining and planting rhizomes. The thesis also includes a literature review of the importance of cattail to marsh animals. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 56 AUTHOR: Bedish, J.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1967 TITLE: Cattail moisture requirements and their significance to marsh management SOURCE: Am. Midl. Nat. 78(2):288-300. STATE: IA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, POLYGONUM, SAGITTARIA, ALISMA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of seed germination tests on the hybrid cattail Typha latifolia x angustifolia in the laboratory and at Goose Lake near Jewell, Hamilton County, IA. Seeds in greenhouse tests required flooding for germination, but no differences in percent germination were detected between water depths of 1 inch and 6 inches. Germination was reduced 50% by storage of seed for 1 year at room temperature. The fastest rate and amount of growth were recorded for plants in 1 inch of water. No germination of artificially established seed occurred in the field, possibly due to an unknown inhibiting factor present in the marsh for several years. Management implications are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 57 AUTHOR: Beeman, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Techniques for the creation and maintenance of intertidal saltmarsh wetlands for landscaping and shoreline protection SOURCE: Pages 33-43 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, E2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SPOROBOLUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the creation and maintenance of vegetated estuarine shoreline areas between Duval and Palm Beach Counties, FL. Planting success was achieved when the following procedures were implemented: 1) construction of an energy barrier along the shore between mean high water and mean low water (shore slope was 5-15 degrees); 2) construction of a berm at the upper edge of the slope (20-25 degrees for this upper tidal zone); 3) plantings zoned from water to upland as they would occur naturally; and 4) plantings of large plugs at a density of 1 plant/ft2. A long-term management program would be beneficial for the maintenance of healthy vegetation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 58 AUTHOR: Beeman, S., and R. Bullard PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Plants on shorelines SOURCE: Pages 149-153 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., E1-AB., PO-EM. RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper is an overview of 1 approach to shoreline stabilization and erosion reduction at several sites in eastern and central FL. The approach focuses on establishment of littoral marshes on gently-sloping shorelines and construction of coquina or concrete revetments to support plantings of intertidal or aquatic plants on high-energy shorelines. These techniques have proven to be at least as successful as traditional bulkhead designs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 59 AUTHOR: Beeman, S., and L. Greenfield PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Monitoring of two artificial waterway systems in Jupiter, Florida SOURCE: Pages 37-46 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E1-UB. RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, SESUVIUM, DISTICHLIS, PASPALUM, SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA, BATIS, BORRICHIA, TYPHA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article summarizes the results of revegetation efforts at artificial waterways in Jupiter, FL. Spartina alterniflora and Rhizophora mangle proliferated initially; populations then stabilized to comprise 55% of the total plant community. The establishment of proper elevations relative to tidal fluctuations was a significant factor in successful wetland establishment. Fauna in these artificial waterways and marshes were similar to those in nearby natural areas. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, nutrients, and pH were measured regularly. Heavy metals and protein content were measured in Spartina. The permeability and ion exchange capacity of sediments also were monitored. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 60 AUTHOR: Bell, A.L., E.D. Holcombe, and V.H. Hicks PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Vegetating stream channels--a multipurpose approach SOURCE: Soil Conserv. 40(5):16-18. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS., PO-FO. RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the vegetative treatment of stream channels after channel modification for flood prevention and watershed protection. To minimize disturbance of natural vegetation, excavations were done on alternate sides of the channel. The completed stream/channel cross section was then divided into several areas that required different vegetative treatments. The channel bottom was planted for stabilization, whereas channel cut slopes were planted for erosion control as well as food and cover for wildlife. The crown of the dredged material deposit was planted with various grasses; the backslope was planted with a grass mixture and clusters of selected woody plants for wildlife food and cover. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 61 AUTHOR: Belsky, J. PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: An oil spill in an alpine habitat SOURCE: Northwest Sci. 49(3):141-146. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-ML1, PO-SS3, PO-SS4, PO-SS. RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: CAREX, LUETKEA, HIERACEUM, CASSIOPE, PHYLLODOCE, TSUGA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the vegetational damage caused by a spill of 7,000 gal of No. 2 diesel fuel into an alpine meadow near Mt. Baker, WA. Most of the herbaceous plants in the Carex nigricans and Phyllodoce empetriformis-Cassiope mertensiana association were killed; woody species were severely damaged, but survived. Root systems of plants escaped major damage, possibly due to the oil flowing over the water-saturated soil surface. Within 1 year after the spill, heathers, sedges, and mosses were invading the area. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 62 AUTHOR: Benner, C.S., P.L. Knutson, R.A. Brochu, and A.K. Hurme PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Vegetative erosion control in an oligohaline environment: Currituck Sound, North Carolina SOURCE: Wetlands 2:105-117. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, E2-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, PANICUM, FIMBRISTYLIS, TYPHA, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES, AMMOPHILA, IVA, DAUCUS, SIUM, PTILIMNIUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes long-term shoreline changes resulting from planting marsh plants in the oligohaline environment of Currituck Sound, NC. Vegetation was planted to dampen wave energy and reduce erosion. Species were selected for their tolerance of low salinities, height, rigidity, and structure for transplanting. Sprigs were planted in rows perpendicular to the shore 0.6 m apart and 30.5 m soundward. The average annual shoreline position retreated 1.6 m in the planted area during 8 years and retreated 2.1 m/year in the unplanted area. In the eighth year of monitoring, the planted shoreline retreated 0.2 m. Twenty marsh plant species had invaded the study site by Fall 1981. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1221 AUTHOR: Berg, K.M., and J.A. Prokes PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Diversification in wetland mitigation: a case study - Coppercreek Development Project SOURCE: Pages 2-15 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: MI STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: SEED, LFORM, SOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS., PO-EM1, PO-AB., PO-OW. RESPONSE: SUCCESS, WFOWL, AMPHIB, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, ECON PGENUS: CAREX, LEERSIA, ECHINOCHLOA, ELYMUS, AGROSTIS, POA, JUNCUS, PENTHORUM, LOBELIA, LYTHRUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Development of a 4.4 acre wetland, Farmington Hills, Oakland Co., MI was required as mitigation for the loss of 2.2 acres of wetland to residential/golf course development. The persistent emergent and wet meadow complex was to be replaced with a persistent emergent/shrub/open water wetland. The mitigation site was excavated to establish the required hydrology. Peat material from the impacted wetland was used and the area was seeded with native and non-native herbaceous species. Ongoing monitoring will include the qualitative assessment of vegetation establishment and wildlife use. Length of monitoring is not given. Costs, to date, had exceeded $250,000. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1262 AUTHOR: Berger, J.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Ecological restoration in the San Francisco Bay Area: a descriptive directory and sourcebook SOURCE: Restoring the Earth, Berkeley, CA. 213 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT, WQUAL, EROSION ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-..., R.-..., L2-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This book is divided into 8 chapters; 4 deal directly with the restoration of wetlands. EAch chapter has one in-depth report and several brief summaries of projects related to the chapter's topic. Each report and summary includes: location; starting date; status; site description; purpose; procedures used; results; monitoring; future plans; support; budget; volunteer needs; and a person to contact for further information. Appendices include: a list of restorationists; restoration programs; restoration inventories and references; volunteer opportunities; how to create a restoration data base; and a list of native plant and seed sources. KEYWORDS: restoration/San Francisco Bay/wastewater/marsh restoration/ monitoring/salt marshes/freshwater wetlands/brackish marshes =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1428 AUTHOR: Berger, J.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: The Kissimmee riverine-floodplain system SOURCE: Pages 477-496 in S. Maurizi and F. Poillon, eds. Restoration of aquatic ecosystems. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO ACTION: HYDRO, STOCK WETLAND TYPE: E2.-..., R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: WFOWL, FISH, VEG, HYDRO, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the effects of hydrological changes for flood control on the Kissimmee riverine-floodplain system, its wildlife and wetlands. Extensive restoration efforts have begun consisting of filling drainage canals, expanding Everglades National Park, treating agricultural wastewater with cattail marshes, restoring the Kissimmee River to its meandering river channel, and restoring a more natural flow regime to the park. Politics leading up to the restoration of the Kissimmee River in 1985 are discussed. A demonstration project was initiated with the construction of the notched weirs to reflood 1300 acres of drained wetland. Positive results increased support to restore the remaining wetlands. Four broad goals which served as guidelines for Kissimmee River restoration work included: 1) natural and free energies of the river system should be used for restoration, 2) natural ecological functions should be restored, 3) maintain and restore physical, chemical and biological integrity of the river system, and 4) restoration of lost environment. Five critical evaluation criteria were also developed for appraising alternate methods to restore the Kissimmee. A committee was set up to develop a resource management plan to address issues for restoration as well as evaluate their implementation by state, federal, and local governments. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1417 AUTHOR: Bernstein, G. and R.L. Zepp, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Evaluation of selected wetland creation projects authorized through the Corps of Engineers section 404 program SOURCE: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Annapolis, MD. 79pp. STATE: MD, VA, DE STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., PO.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report evaluates the success or failure of wetland mitigation projects authorized and completed under the Section 404 program of the Clean Water Act in the Baltimore, Norfolk, and Philadelphia Districts. Success was based on the fulfillment of compensatory mitigation found on-site according to the specifications of the permit or mitigation plan. Results indicated 74% of the 62 projects as failures, 15% were successes, and 11% were not judged as they were still under construction. Only 59.2 acres of wetlands were created out of 95.15 acres which were required by permit to be created. Detailed discussions by each district are given. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1121 AUTHOR: Best, G.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Natural wetlands - southern environment: wastewater to wetlands, where do we go from here? SOURCE: Pages 99-120 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publ., Inc., Orlando, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-FO., PO-SS., PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, SOIL PGENUS: SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, HIBISCUS, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, TYPHA, BACOPA, DISTICHLIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of the use of wetlands for wastewater treatment research conducted in Florida. It includes responses of biota to nutrient loading (heavy metal accumulation), wastewater treatment efficiency, long-term treatment potential of wetlands, and management recommendations. Specific examples are cited from Orlando, Orange County, Gainesville, Clermont, Waldo, Kennedy Space Center, Apalachicola, and Wildwood. Effects of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Mn) on vegetation are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 63 AUTHOR: Best, G.R., and K.L. Erwin PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Effects of hydroperiod on survival and growth of tree seedlings in a phosphate surface- mined reclaimed wetland SOURCE: Pages 221-225 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TAXODIUM, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, PERSEA, ACER, FRAXINUS, PLATANUS, ULMUS, ILEX, NYSSA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses survival and growth of tree seedlings planted in a phosphate surface-mined reclaimed wetland in southwest Polk County, FL. Several wetland, transitional, and upland species were planted, including cypress, sweet gum, loblolly bay, red maple, ash, sycamore, elm, holly, black gum, and red bay. Overall survival after 3 growing seasons was 72%, with highest survival of ash (99%), black gum (90%), and sycamore (84%) and lowest survival for loblolly bay (23%) and holly (41%). Growth rate data were indicative of seedling stress: species showing the greatest rate of survival also had the greatest increase in mean height. Growth rates of cypress seedlings were higher in shallow water (less than 20 cm) than in deep water. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 64 AUTHOR: Beule, J.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Control and management of cattails in south- eastern Wisconsin wetlands SOURCE: Wisconsin Dept. Nat. Resour., Madison, Tech. Bull. No. 112. 39 pp. STATE: WI STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SOIL, SEED, BIOCIDE, CUT, FIRE, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: FISH, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, SPARGANIUM, SCIRPUS, CAREX, SAGITTARIA, SALIX, LEERSIA, LYTHRUM, PHALARIS, VERBENA, CYPERUS, CERATOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, LEMNA, UTRICULARIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents results of experiments used to create openings in large blocks of monotypic cattail (Typha spp.) Stands at Eldorado Marsh Wildlife Area and Horicon Marsh in southeastern WI. Cattail stands were subjected to various treatments of covering, crushing, cutting, scraping, fire, or herbicides. Occurrence and density of various marsh plant species over a 6-year period are presented in tables. Data on bird use of the habitat created by cattail control measures indicated that the openings provided additional temporary habitat for a variety of waterfowl and marsh birds. Management guidelines for cattail control included the use of herbicides and cutting for deep water zones; cutting stems below the water on ice and crushing for intermediate zones; and crushing, herbicides, and soil excavation in shallow water zones. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1281 AUTHOR: Bhamidimarri, R., A. Shilton, I. Armstrong, P. Jacobson, and D. Scarlet PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: the New Zealand experience SOURCE: Water Science Technology 24(5):247-253. STATE: NEW ZEALAND STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the treatment of wastewater for secondary treatment and pathogen removal in constructed wetlands located in New Zealand. The author briefly discusses three types of constructed wetlands and gives an example of each type. The three types of wetland configurations are surface-flow wetlands, subsurface-flow wetlands, and vertical-flow wetlands. The fundamental mechanism for biodegradation in all three types of wetlands is the diffusion of waste components into the biofilms on the submerged stems and root systems. Performance data from the three examples are given. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 65 AUTHOR: Bilby, R.E., and G.E. Likens PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Importance of organic debris dams in the structure and function of stream ecosystems SOURCE: Ecology 61(5):1107-1113. STATE: NH STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R3-UB1, R3-RB2 RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the effects of organic debris dams on streams of the Hubbard Brook Valley, NH. Removal of organic debris dams from a 175 m stretch of a second-order stream increased output of dissolved organic carbon by 18%, export of fine particulate organic carbon by 632%, and export of coarse particulate organic matter by 138%. Debris dams contained nearly 75% of the standing stock of organic matter in first-order streams, 58% in second-order streams, and 20% in third-order streams. Thus, organic debris dams are extremely important components of the small stream ecosystem. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1608 AUTHOR: Bingham, D.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Wetlands for stormwater treatment SOURCE: Pages 243-262 in D.M. Kent, editor. Applied wetlands science and technology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: WQUAL, HUSE, HYDRO, MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Wetlands are starting to be constructed as an economical, efficient method to treat stormwater runoff due to tightening Clean Water Act (CWA) regulations. Stormwater characteristics are described in terms of their hydrologic characteristics and pollutant characteristics in the form of suspended solids, nutrients, pathogens, organic enrichment, toxic pollutants, and salt. The mechanisms in which constructed wetlands decrease flow rates and velocities and romove pollutants are described. Data reveiwed from fifteen constructed wetlands and eleven natural wetlands indicated constructed wetlands had higher removal rates and lower variability. Although there is no general design criteria at this time, guidelines are offered based on existing treatment wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 66 AUTHOR: Birkitt, B. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Considerations for the functional restoration of impounded wetlands. SOURCE: Pages 44-59 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL PGENUS: BATIS, SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Management plans are being developed for impounded marsh and mangrove areas along Florida's East Coast. These areas were impounded for mosquito control; management plans include maintenance of mosquito control as well as restoration of some natural wetland functions (e.g., fisheries). Primary restoration objectives are: 1) maintenance or reestablishment of wetland vegetation; 2) restoration of estuary-marsh water flows (tidal exchange) and biotic exchange; and 3) water quality improvement. Most changes are expected to occur through water level manipulation (i.e., seasonal opening of impoundments, lowering of impounded water levels, improved water circulation, and occasional overflooding of the marsh area). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 67 AUTHOR: Bishop, R.A., R.D. Andrews, and R.J. Bridges PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Marsh management and its relationship to vegetation, waterfowl, and muskrats SOURCE: Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 86(2):50-56. STATE: IA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: SCIRPUS, TYPHA, SAGITTARIA, PHRAGMITES, BIDENS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents data on emergent vegetation, muskrat, and waterfowl breeding populations on 4 marshes in north-central IA under various controlled water level regimes over an 8-year period. Blue-winged teal populations responded more closely than mallards to changes in percent area containing emergent vegetation. Waterfowl populations were not totally dependent on vegetative conditions of the marsh; spring water levels on surrounding private lands, flyway-wide breeding habitat, and population status influenced breeding populations. Muskrat populations were directly related to habitat quality and fall water levels. A cycle of 5-7 years between complete drawdowns was recommended for the most beneficial waterfowl management program. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1483 AUTHOR: Bitter, S.D. and K.J. Bowers PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Wetland mitigation and stream restoration SOURCE: Public Works 124(11):50-51. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses principles involved in stream restoration and wetland mitigation. The authors recommend planning, designing, and constructing for the fundamental wetland components as wetlands are static systems which result in the inability to plan for all biotic and abiotic components. Considerations should include analyzing all parts of the system, setting achievable goals, and involving the expertise of a multi-disciplinary team. The main principles in wetland and stream restoration are understanding hydrology, soils, and vegetation. Monitoring and maintaining the system long after completion will aid in insuring success. Finally sustainable design and construction points are addressed. KEYWORDS: wetland mitigation/mitigation/restoration/regulation/wetlands/ technique/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 69 AUTHOR: Bjork, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1972 TITLE: Swedish lake restoration program gets results. SOURCE: Ambio 1(5):153-165. STATE: SWEDEN, TUNISIA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, CUT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, L2-..., L2-AB3, L2-AB4, L1-..., L.-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, HUSE, WQUAL PGENUS: CHARA, POTAMOGETON, MYRIOPHYLLUM, PHRAGMITES, CAREX, SCHOENOPLECTUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes 3 lake restoration projects in Sweden: Lake Trummon near Vaxjo, Jarla Lake near Stockholm, and Hornborga Lake. Experience gained from sediment pumping, aeration, and removal of vegetation is described. Lake Trummon was subject to sewage pollution and, at times, total oxygen deficiency; restoration focused on suction-dredging a layer of black mud that covered the well-consolidated sediment (prepollution). In Jarla Lake, the hypolimnion was aerated without disturbing thermal stratification. Hornborga Lake was restored from a shallow, drained area dominated by monocultures of reeds, sedges, and willows to a combination of open water and emergent marsh and submergents such as Chara, Potamogeton, and Myriophyllum. Plans for restoring the Lake of Tunis (in Tunisia) also are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1008 AUTHOR: Bjork, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: European lake rehabilitation activities. SOURCE: Proc. Lake Protect. Manage. Conf., Madison, WI, UnPubl. Pap. 23 pp. STATE: SWEDEN, GERMANY, POLAND, AUSTRIA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: SOIL, HYDRO, CUT WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1 RESPONSE: INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: CAREX, EQUISETUM, NUPHAR, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of European lake restoration activities with respect to historical development, geographical distribution, and application of restoration techniques. Lakes undergoing restoration have usually been damaged by sewage discharge and water-level lowering. Restoration techniques include removing nutrient-rich water with pumps or siphons, aerating the lake, removing sediments by dredging, constructing settling ponds, treating water with aluminum sulphate, raising water levels, and cutting emergents to create mosaics of small open water areas within dense stands to provide a more diverse wildlife habitat. Success of these various techniques are discussed in relation to case studies. Costs of some restoration projects are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 68 AUTHOR: Bjork, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Recovery and restoration of damaged lakes in Sweden SOURCE: Pages 110-133 in J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks, eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems. Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville. STATE: SWEDEN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-..., L2-AB3, L2-AB4 RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, HUSE, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, UTRICULARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the recovery and restoration of damaged lakes in Sweden. Two case studies are described in more detail: the shallow lakes Hornborga and Trummen. Lake Hornborga was irreversibly damaged by dewatering. Dense growths of reeds and sedges were cut and the lake bottom was cultivated before the water level was raised and before submerged plant communities could effectively replace emergent vegetation. The waterfowl habitat value of the lake was eventually restored. Lake Trummen was irreversibly damaged by a long history of sewage pollution. Restoration of the lake was necessary before any recovery would be evident from sewage treatment or diversion. Restoration techniques, planning, and costs are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1476 AUTHOR: Bjork, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Development and degradation, redevelopment, and preservation of Jamaican wetlands SOURCE: Ambio 20(7):276-284. STATE: JAMAICA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: R1.-... RESPONSE: WFOWL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the past, present, and future development of the Black River Lower Morass and its holistic view of wetland use. Recent interest in mining peat as an energy source has resulted in concern over protection and restoration of existing wetlands prior to actual mining. Carbon dating was used to investigate how various peat species growth in river drainages has changed in correlation to climate change, sea level rise, and man's influence. Restoration and preservation efforts are underway to prevent or minimize future peat extraction effects on wetlands. Complete exemption of swamp forests, mangroves, and other wetland areas has been recommended. Monitoring and regulatory measures will be set up in catchment areas. Ecological peat mining is actually expected to enhance and create wetlands in the future thus providing habitat for aquatic organisms and attracting waterfowl. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 70 AUTHOR: Bjork, S., L. Bengtsson, H. Berggren, G. Cronberg, G. Digerfeldt, S. Fleischer, C. Gelin, G. Lindmark, N. Malmer, F. Plejmark, W. Ripl, and P.O. Swanberg PUBL. YEAR: 1972 TITLE: Ecosystem studies in connection with the restoration of lakes SOURCE: Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 18:379-387. STATE: SWEDEN STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: SOIL, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, SHOREB, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: ISOETES, MYRIOPHYLLUM, SELENASTRUM, CAREX, CALAMAGROSTIS, PHRAGMITES, UTRICULARIA, POTAMOGETON, CHARA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses 2 projects that are part of the lake restoration research program at the University of Lund, Sweden. The research concerns comparative studies of the ecosystems before, during, and after intervention at the Lake Trummen project in southcentral Sweden and the Lake Hornborga project between the Great Lakes Vanern and Vattern. Neither restoration project is complete, but some current results are presented. Lake Trummen restoration involved dredging sediment and treating water with aluminum sulphate. Lake Hornborga restoration will involve mechanical treatment and water level manipulation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1432 AUTHOR: Blair, C. PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Successful tidal wetland mitigation in Norfolk, Virginia SOURCE: Pages 463-477 in H. S. Bolton and O. T. Magoon, eds. Coastal wetlands. American Society of Civil Engineers. New York, NY. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, FISH, INVERTS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses and evaluates the success of a created tidal wetland as mitigation for the deposition of dredged material on marshes. The new site in Monkey Bay was graded to elevations at MHW levels and the area was sloped with four lateral ditches to provide drainage. The site was broadcast with 19-5-12 slow release fertilizer and Spartina alterniflora seedlings and transplants were used to vegetate the new marsh. Studies were done after several years to compare the created marsh with a natural control marsh. The greater range of elevations in the man-made marsh provided a more diverse habitat than the natural marshes. Fish and invertebrate populations were favorably comparable to that of the natural marsh with the exception of the absence of fiddler crabs at Monkey Bay, possibly due to lower level of sediment organics. The conclusions reveal the created wetland is a viable, productive wetland although it does not reproduce all the functions of a natural marsh. However, future comparisons in several years are expected to result in greater similarities between Monkey Bay and the natural wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 71 AUTHOR: Blake, L.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Liming acid ponds in New York SOURCE: New York Fish Game J. 28:208-214. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares various liming methods used to treat 22 ponds and lakes in NY. Size of ponds varied from 1-204 acres. Lime was applied by boat or helicopter during various months of the year. Cost-benefit data indicated that liming is an effective and economically feasible management tool to counteract the adverse impact of acid precipitation and maintain selected fisheries. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 72 AUTHOR: Blomberg, G.E.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Duck use of gravel pits near Ft. Collins, Colorado SOURCE: Pages 162-169 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: WFOWL PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ECHINOCHLOA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, RANUNCULUS, ANACHARIS, NAJAS, POTAMOGETON, ZANNICHELLIA, CHARA, NITELLA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes gravel pit characteristics that relate to duck use in several gravel mined areas in Fort Collins, CO. Three characteristics identified as most significantly affecting duck use were: 1) surface area of ponds; 2) mean bank height-to-surface area ratios; and 3) mean density index of submerged food plants. Recommendations for gravel pit management include discussions of pond or lake size, substrate, planting considerations, carp control, bank slope (should be a 1:10 slope or less), water depth (need more areas 0.3-1 m deep), and creation of islands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 73 AUTHOR: Bloom, S.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Multivariate quantification of community recovery SOURCE: Pages 141-151 in J. Cairns, Jr., ed. The recovery process in damaged ecosystems. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., MI. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., PO-..., E.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the use of multivariate quantification as a technique for determining community recovery from change. The mathematical procedures employed by this technique are available as computer packages. Quantitative biotic information that can be evaluated includes number of species, species composition, and number of individuals per species in a given sample size. "Before and after" perturbation data are converted to a representation of the distance to recovery through time. Recovery, successional transitions, and existence of multistable states can be quantified. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 74 AUTHOR: Blumer, K. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: The use of wetlands for treating wastes--wisdom in diversity SOURCE: Pages 182-201 in M.A. Drew, ed. Environmental quality through wetlands utilization. Coord. Counc. Restor. Kissimmee River Valley Taylor Creek-Nubbin Slough Basin, Tallahasee, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: PHALARIS, TYPHA, NYMPHAEA, LEMNA, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, LEERSIA, BIDENS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses modification of artificial wetlands used for treating farm wastes in the Kissimmee River Basin, FL. The previous systems consisted of linear configurations of a marsh-pond and a meadow-marsh-pond. Data collected from these systems suggest that the retention of phosphorus and nitrogen per unit area is greater when a variety of ecocomponents are used in a sequence than if only 1 type of system in used. Practical applications may include providing ponds to alternate with marsh wetlands or designing wetlands with island meadows. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1572 AUTHOR: Blumm, M.C. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: The Clinton wetlands plan: no net gain in wetlands protection SOURCE: Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law 9(2):203-242. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reviews new reforms and proposals under the Clinton wetlands plan of 1993. Proposals intended to protect wetlands include reversing the one-percent proposal for Alaska's wetlands, redefining the exception for de minimas discharge of dredge materials, extending the 404 regulation to include pilings placement, rejecting wetlands categorization, and retracted the Bush administrations proposal for a new manual for wetland deliniation, and regionalized the Nationwide permit 26 to make it sensitive to local conditions. Regulatory flexibility and incentives for landowners was increased by requiring the Corps of Engineers (COE) to develop an expanded appeal process allowing public participation, limiting decision time of individual permits to ninety days, and expanding the Wetlands Reserve Program. Finally, state and local wetlands regulation responsibilities were increased, conditions were subjected to mitigation banking, and a sequencing of mitigation proceedures was adopted by the COE and Environmental Protection Agency. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1593 AUTHOR: Bodle, M.J., A.P. Ferriter, and D.D. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: The biology, distribution, and ecological consequences of Melaleuca quinquenervia in the Everglades SOURCE: Pages 341-355 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors. Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: BIOCIDE, MODEL, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS3, E2-... RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: MELALEUCA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the invasion, physiology, and control efforts of the Melaleuca tree in the Evergaldes. This introduced species threatens to displace areas of saltgrass communities, mangrove forests, and wetland prairies due to its amazing adaptability and reproductive potential. Currently biological, chemical, mechanical, and physical erradication methods are being used to eliminate stands of Melaleuca. The authors advise further state and federal regulations and public awareness to aid in impeding the spread of Melaleuca into the wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1289 AUTHOR: Bolis, J.L., T.R. Wildeman, and R.R. Cohen PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: The use of bench scale permeameters for preliminary of metal removal from acid mine drainage by wetlands SOURCE: In Proceedings of the National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining Reclamation. Durango, CO. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB. RESPONSE: WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents a method of metal removal from acid mine drainage by filtering the drainage through constructed wetlands. Mine drainage from the National and Quartz Hill Tunnels near Central City were used in the permeameter testing to evaluate the efficiency of metal removal and change in pH over time. In addition, an upflow versus a downflow configuration was evaluated as well as different initial substrate conditions. Finally, loading rates were determined. In all treatments, nearly 100% of the copper, iron, manganese, and zinc was removed from the mine drainages after filtration through the permeameters. However, manganese removal declined during the final eight weeks of the experiment. This process also proved effective in all treatments for increasing the pH. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 76 AUTHOR: Bonance, R.T. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Selected biological, physical, and chemical aspects of stream diversions; a consequence of surface mining SOURCE: M.A. Thesis, Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 106 pp. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R3-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis examines 6 surface mine stream diversions and 5 control portions of streams in the Galum and Panther Creek watersheds, Perry County, IL. These relocated (diverted) streams vary in age from 2 months to over 10 years. Restoration efforts varied from none to construction of riffles, pools, and meanders. High diversity of macroinvertebrates was associated with riffles, substratum diversity, vegetation, and detritus. Water quality differences were associated with adjacent land use. Fish diversity generally increased with stream size. Recommendations for stream construction include locating the channel through heterogeneous substratum and establishing riparian vegetation rapidly. Water carrying capacity of channels is discussed in detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 77 AUTHOR: Bongiorno, S.F., J.R. Trautman, T.J. Steinke, S. Kawa-Raymond, and D. Warner PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: A study of restoration in Pine Creek salt marsh, Fairfield, Connecticut SOURCE: Pages 11-23 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: CT STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: IVA, BACCHARIS, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, LIMONIUM, PHRAGMITES, SOLIDAGO, ATRIPLEX, ASTER, LACTUCA, PLUCHEA, ELYMUS, JUNCUS, MYRICA, ACNIDA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A 30 ha salt marsh near Fairfield, CT, was cut off from normal tidal flow by a dike. After 11 years, upland plants had invaded to a significant extent. This study examined vegetative response for 3 growing seasons following a breaching of the dike. As normal tidal flow was restored, woody shrubs, Phragmites, and other nonmarsh plants decreased dramatically. After 1 year, 12 nonmarsh species were no longer found at the site. The percentage of bare ground was 49% before restoration and decreased to 22.6% in the third growing season following the restoration of normal tidal flow. The marsh quickly became dominated by Salicornia, Spartina, and Distichlis. The total number of shrubs declined from 194 to 6 in 3 years following the breaching of the dike. KEYWORDS: restoration/salt marshes/marshes/Connecticut/proceedings/wetlands/ wetlands restoration/wetlands creation/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/succession/Spartina patens/Distichlis spicata/upland plants/dike/plants/tidal marsh/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1009 AUTHOR: Bontje, M.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The application of science and engineering to restore a salt marsh, 1987 SOURCE: Pages 267-273 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC. STATE: NJ STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS., E2-FO., E2-UB3 RESPONSE: FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration of a 63 acre site adjacent to the New Jersey Turnpike in Secaucus. The tidal marsh consisted of dense stands of Phragmites communis. The renovated marsh consists of 15% channels/mud flats, 10% dry berms, and 75% Spartina meadows. Comparisons with an unmitigated site, similar to the original marsh, revealed that the mitigated marsh contained twice as many bird species and 7 times as many birds. Benthic invertebrate diversity was twice as high and numbers tripled in the renovated marsh, compared to the unmitigated site. The same techniques historically used by wildlife managers can be effectively applied to environmentally distressed urban sites. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 78 AUTHOR: Boody, O.C., IV PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Physico-chemical analysis of reclaimed and natural lakes in central Florida's phosphate region SOURCE: Pages 339-350 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares the physical and chemical characteristics of reclaimed and natural lakes in central FL's phosphate region. Reclamation consisted primarily of leveling and shaping the mined areas. Spoil piles were contoured for uplands; the remaining void became the lake. Lake stratification did not occur in natural systems, but reclaimed systems started stratifying in late January or early February and remained stratified until late October or early November. Reclaimed lakes did not have a uniform bathymetry, as did natural lakes. PH was highly variable, with lows of 4.2 for reclaimed lakes and 5.3 for natural lakes. Conductivity and light attenuation also was variable among both natural and reclaimed lakes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 79 AUTHOR: Boody, O.C, IV, C.D. Pollman, G.H. Tourtellotte, R.E. Dickinson, and A.N. Arcuri PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Ecological considerations of reclaimed lakes in central Florida's phosphate region SOURCE: Final report, vol. I and II. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, Publ. No. 03-018-029. Vol. 1. 92 pp.; Publ. No. 03-018-030. Vol. 2. 540 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: TYPHA, HYDRILLA, PANICUM, EICHHORNIA, PASPALUM, HYDROCOTYLE, NELUMBO, NAJAS, PASPALIDIUM, ALTERNANTHERA, ELEOCHARIS, COLOCASIA, BRACHIARIA, POLYGONUM, LEERSIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The 2 volumes of this report consist of extensive baseline data on the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of 12 reclaimed and 4 natural lakes in central FL's phosphate region. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were the primary physico- chemical differences between reclaimed and natural lakes. Smoother bottoms and shallower conditions of natural lakes prevented the persistent stratification common in reclaimed lakes. Biological productivity of reclaimed lakes was within the extremes represented in natural lakes. Reclaimed lakes physically connected to natural stream habitats had larger fish populations than isolated lakes. Recommended design features for reclaimed lakes are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 80 AUTHOR: Boone, C.G., and R.E. Hoeppel PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Feasibility of transplantation, revegetation, and restoration of eelgrass in San Diego Bay, California SOURCE: U.S.Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Misc. Pap. Y-76-2. 46 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the feasibility of using several methods of eelgrass (Zostera marina) transplantation, restoration, and revegetation on a proposed 8 acre dredged material site in San Diego Bay, CA. Results of a literature survey of current eelgrass transplant methods are summarized. The authors recommend the turion and plug methods for transplanting eelgrass. Techniques and costs are compared. A preliminary pilot transplant study was recommended before implementation of the field program. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1115 AUTHOR: Boone, J., E. Furbish, K. Turner, and S. Bratton PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Clear plastic: a non-chemical herbicide SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 6(2):94. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LAB, BIOCIDE, CUT, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the use of plastic sheets to control the spread of Phragmites in eastern marshes. Anchoring, placement, transport, sun-induced deterioration and temperatures beneath the plastic are discussed. Plastic is recommended as a viable control alternative especially in areas where the use of herbicides is not feasible. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 81 AUTHOR: Boreman, J. PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Effects of stream improvement on juvenile rainbow trout in Cayuga Inlet, New York SOURCE: Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103(3):637-641. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: R.-UB1 RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares standing crops of juvenile rainbow trout in altered areas of Cayuga Inlet, NY, with those in natural prime trout habitat. Stream alteration consisted of 11 pool diggers and 16 bank cribs within a 1.5 km study area. No differences in biomass, average weight, or number of trout were observed between altered and natural areas. Trout comprised a greater percentage of the total fish biomass in bank crib sections compared to pool digger sections. The author also discusses standing crops of sculpins and minnows in relation to altered pools. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 82 AUTHOR: Born, S.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Lake rehabilitation: a status report SOURCE: Environ. Manage. 3(2):145-153. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: SOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of lake rehabilitation techniques used in the U.S. and Europe to curb the influx of nutrients, sediment, or other problem sources. The most successful techniques to date have been the diverting of waters outside of a lakes's drainage basin and the use of wastewater treatment. In-lake techniques that appear to be the most useful include: 1) dredging to alter physical characteristics (depth, morphology, water circulation patterns) or to remove nutrient-rich or polluted sediments; and 2) nutrient inactivation. Aeration may prove to be effective for selected rehabilitation projects; however, costs are relatively high. Examples of successful applications of these various techniques are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1010 AUTHOR: Bottone, P.J., and R.A. Mattson PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Preliminary report on transplanting of the benthic green algae Caulerpa prolifera SOURCE: Pages 63-74 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, VEG, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of an algal transplanting project in Tampa Bay, FL. It was designed and implemented in conjunction with maintenance dredging of the MacDill Air Force Base Entrance Channel. Twenty cm square mats of the benthic green alga, Caulerpa prolifera were installed on centers of approx. 0.3 m, 0.6 m, and 1.0 m. Persistence and survival of transplanted material was 85%-90% 10 days after transplanting. Five months later, survival was 100% on 0.3 m centers, 79% on 0.6 m centers, and 72% on 1.0 m centers. Results suggest that transplanting this alga is feasible and cost-effective. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 83 AUTHOR: Bouldin, D.R., D.J. Lathwell, E.A. Goyette, and D.A. Lauer PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Changes in water chemistry in marshes over a 12-year period following establishment SOURCE: New York Fish Game J. 20(2):129-149. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB3 RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study provides an overview of specific changes in water chemistry in 20 artificial marshes in NY over a 12 year period following establishment. The key variable was the inorganic carbon content of the water, which was correlated with changes in types of marsh vegetation. Emergent vegetation is especially important in shallow marshes, where it accumulates large amounts of organic matter during the growing season. Emergents decompose during winter. After several years, enough organic carbon accumulates so that rate of decay of submerged aquatics exceeds the rate of photosynthesis. Thus, the water of shallow marshes usually contains large amounts of inorganic carbon. Water chemistry is primarily dependent on the ratio of surface area of depths less than 2 ft to surface area of depths greater than 2 ft. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 84 AUTHOR: Boule, M.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Wetland creation and enhancement in the Pacific Northwest SOURCE: Pages 130-136 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources: proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: WA, OR STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., L.-..., R.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes several elements in the design of wetland creation or mitigation projects, including: 1) determination of baseline conditions and potential impacts; 2) identification of mitigation goals, opportunities, and constraints; 3) development of conceptual design alternatives; 4) assessment of potential benefits and costs; 5) selection of a preferred alternative; 6) development of detailed design plans; 7) implementation of construction management; and 8) establishment of project monitoring. Five major elements of project design also are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1611 AUTHOR: Boumans, R.M, and J.W. Day, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Effects of two Louisiana marsh management plans on water and materials flux and short-term sedimentation SOURCE: Wetlands 14(4):247-261. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION, HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-EM1 RESPONSE: SOIL, HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Water and material fluxes as well as short-term sedimentation and soil parameters were measured on two managed marshes to evaluate the effects of management practices on them. Each managed marsh was compared to an unmanaged marsh in close proximity. A two-phase water management approach was implemented each year at the Fina-Laterre Marsh Management Area (Fina) and once every 3-4 years at the Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge (Rockefeller). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1011 AUTHOR: Bourne, G.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Flooded fallow rice fields and the structure of bird communities SOURCE: Pages 75-87 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: GUYANA, SOUTH AMERICA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares bird species diversity (BSD) of flooded and unflooded fallow rice fields in Guyana, South America. A 3 year old flooded fallow field had the highest BSD, whereas an unflooded 3 year old field had the same BSD as a 6 month old flooded field. A 6 month old unflooded field had the lowest BSD. Aquatic birds accounted for 76%-83% of BSD in flooded fields and 0%-27% of diversity in unflooded fields. Although vegetation diversity was the best predictor of community BSD, aquatic bird diversity was predicted by percent of area flooded and water depth. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1012 AUTHOR: Bowers, J.K. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Johns Hopkins University non-tidal wetland mitigation area SOURCE: Pages 314-317 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: SALIX, IMPATIENS, BIDENS, CYPERUS, TYPHA, GLYCERIA, EPILOBIUM, POLYGONUM, POA, CAREX, LEERSIA, ACER, ECHINOCHLOA, PHALARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the creation of an approximately 2.5 ha nontidal emergent wetland as in-kind replacement for a wetland drained and covered with earth to accommodate an intramural field and community recreation area at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Predevelopment conditions are summarized and design and construction of the wetland are described. Site preparation included constructing a berm to retain water, installing inlet and outlet structures for water flow, grading and compacting slopes, transplanting plants and soil from the impacted wetland, and seeding slopes for erosion control. The wetland will be monitored for the next 2 years to determine plant survival rates and germination of the seed bank and root stock. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1013 AUTHOR: Bowers, K. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Non-tidal, emergent wetland tranplant SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 6(1):41-42. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: TYPHA, CAREX, JUNCUS, IMPATIENS, ECHINOCHLOA, PHALARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the creation of a 0.4 ha mitigation wetland near Johns Hopkins University, MD. Soil and plants from a wetland that was filled, were used at the new wetland site. The new wetland was graded and connected to a small tributary stream by a perforated pipe measuring 15 m in diameter. The pipe is buried under small riprap and allows water to seep out over the wetland area. Side slopes were seeded with grasses for erosion control. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 85 AUTHOR: Boyce, J.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Soil-plant relationships in dredged material marshes with particular reference to heavy metal and nutrient availability SOURCE: Pages 496-511 in P.A. Krenkel, J. Harrison, and J.C. Burdick, III, eds. Proceedings of the specialty conference on dredging and its environmental effects. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York. STATE: NY, VA, NC, GA, FL, AL, CA, TX, MD STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1, E2-AB1, PO-EM1, E2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA, IVA, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, BORRICHIA, ULVA, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, TRIGLOCHIN, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of dredged material as a substrate for salt and freshwater marshes along U.S. coasts. Topics include: 1) establishment of plants on dredged material; 2) water quality; and 3) uptake of heavy metals by marsh plants. Preliminary results of habitat development projects indicate that Spartina alterniflora can be established over large portions of the intertidal zone and several other species of salt grasses establish well in the upper reaches of the intertidal zone. The high fertility of estuarine systems may be a result of coupling of the marsh and adjacent mud flat through passing of nutrients across the mud flat. Research on heavy metal uptake thus far indicates that plants may concentrate mercury. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 86 AUTHOR: Boyd, M.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Salt marsh faunas: colonization and monitoring SOURCE: Pages 75-83 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll. Publ., La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, E2-AB1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, WFOWL, REPT, AMPHIB PGENUS: SPARTINA, ULVA, ENTEROMORPHA, VAUCHERIA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents preliminary findings on colonization and establishment of animal species at a restored marsh on Humboldt Bay. Findings are compared to data from a marsh on San Francisco Bay. Molluscs, polychaetes, crustaceans, insects and arachnids, fish, birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles were studied. Species composition and population density (particularly for key species) are critical components in salt marsh fauna establishments. Some sampling techniques are described. General establishment of salt marsh fauna can be monitored by noting which species are present and combining this with data on population density of gastropods and biomass of polychaetes. Optimum monitoring frequency also is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 87 AUTHOR: Bradley, B.O., and A.H. Cook PUBL. YEAR: 1951 TITLE: Small marsh development in New York SOURCE: Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 16:251-266. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM2, PO-EM., PO-AB3, L2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, MAMMALS, WFOWL PGENUS: ELEOCHARIS, TYPHA, SPARGANIUM, POTAMOGETON, CAREX, JUNCUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses development of permanent shallow water ponds, 1-20 acres in size, to provide habitat for wildlife (primarily waterfowl and muskrats) on privately owned farmlands in NY during the late 1940's. Topics include a discussion of muskrat management, the Soil Conservation District's program of promoting farm pond development in NY through the use of Pittman-Robertson funds, and brief case histories of 6 typical sites developed through this program. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 88 AUTHOR: Branch, W.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Design and construction of replacement wetlands on lands mined for sand and gravel SOURCE: Pages 173-179 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds. Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour., University Park. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: FISH, WFOWL, VEG, HUSE, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: SALIX, QUERCUS, ACER, TAXODIUM, LONICERA, POA, PANICUM, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, SETARIA, PELTANDRA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes the design and construction of a 5 ha nontidal freshwater wetland on an abandoned and unrestored sand and gravel pit along the Patuxent River in MD. Spoil piles and outlet obstructions were removed to allow for flood energy dissipation. Bare soil was impounded, limed, fertilized, and planted with woody shrub seeds and grass clumps to control erosion. Wildlife habitat was enhanced by constructing islands, installing nesting boxes, and designing irregular shoreline configurations. Total cost of the project was 190,000, including a water level control device. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1529 AUTHOR: Breber, P. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The misguided policy of draining esturarine wetlands for agriculture: the case of Goro, Po Delta, Italy SOURCE: Landscape and Urban Planning 27:1-5. STATE: ITALY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E1-EM1, E2-EM1, R3.-... RESPONSE: FISH, SHELLF, HUSE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the consequences of converting productive delta estuaries to agriculture through draining and diking. The history of Goro is reviewed in terms of their use of the marshes for consumption and commercial gain. Eighty-eight small farms were created by draining 1300 ha of marshland between 1954-1955. Local inhabitants have since sold the farmland to outsiders and have turned back to their previous livelihoods in the remaining wetlands. Although they are currently culturing Black mussels and Manila clams, the lagoon and marshes are threatened by pollution from agricultural runoff and discharge from canning factories upstream. Restoration of wet meadows upstream from Goro is currently underway. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 89 AUTHOR: Breckenridge, R.P., L.R. Wheeler, and J.R. Ginsburg PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Biomass production and chemical cycling in a man-made geothermal wetland SOURCE: Wetlands 3:26-43. STATE: ID STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: EGERIA, POTAMOGETON, CERATOPHYLLUM, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study evaluates biomass production and chemical cycling in an artificial wetland in southcentral ID near the UT border. Geothermal water was used to create the wetland system, which consisted of an upper pond, lower pond, and an algal pond. Cooled geothermal effluent flowed into the upper pond (submergent vegetation) and was then pumped through a series of pipes to the emergent-dominated lower pond and into the algal pond. Soils and water were sampled for 11 elements and pH. Biomass production of reeds, cattail, and bulrush was recorded. Disadvantages of this method were accumulated concentrations of elements and a need for additional manipulation of flow rate, wetland size, and evapotranspiration control. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1467 AUTHOR: Breeding, S. and J. Miller PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Wetland restoration software package under development at WES environmental laboratory SOURCE: The Wetlands Research Program Bulletin 3(2):9-10. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of a software system, Wetland Evaluation Techniques for Environmental Restoration (WETER), for wetland restoration projects. It is composed of individual modules that may be used together or separately which consider all aspects of a wetland ecosystem. Modules include planning, design, implementation, monitoring, and management aspects of wetland creation or restoration depending on the objectives or functions desired. Field review for the first version of WETER is expected by the end of FY 94. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 90 AUTHOR: Breedlove, B.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Wetlands reclamation: a drainage basin approach. SOURCE: Pages 90-99 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares current restoration approaches to wetland reclamation in the phosphate region of central and northern FL, with a broader drainage basin perspective. Reclamation decisions can be developed through the consensus of regulatory, industrial, academic, and environmental consulting groups, based on technically valid evaluation and design criteria. The authors recommend a drainage basin approach to wetland evaluation and reclamation design. Some guidelines for this approach include evaluating the hydrologic position of the premining wetland in the basin or region and determining wetland functions and values. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1119 AUTHOR: Breedlove, B.W., J.H. Exum, F.P. Lindrum, and T.H. Wallis PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Creation of an urban wildlife sanctuary SOURCE: Pages 214-217 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds. Urban wetlands: Proceedings of the national wetland symposium, Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-FO2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB. RESPONSE: FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, AMPHIB, REPT, HUSE PGENUS: TAXODIUM, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, SAURURUS, GORDONIA, PINUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a plan for the construction of a 76 acre wildlife sanctuary, including wetlands, in a large office park in southeast Orlando, FL. Manmade ponds, extensive plantings of native vegetation, maintenance of wildlife corridors, and control structures at outfall sites (set at elevations which allow Taxodium-dominated systems to flood at natural depths and frequencies) are included in the plan. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1280 AUTHOR: Breen, P.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: A mass balance method for assessing the potential of artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment SOURCE: Water Resources 24(6):689-697. STATE: AUSTRALIA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, GENERAL, HYDRO ACTION: LAB, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, VEG, CHEM, HYDRO PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes an experimental artificial wetland designed for wastewater treatment. The author developed a mass balance method for quantifying system performance, major nutrient storage components, and nutrient removal mechanisms. The system proved to remove high percentages of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous. Plant nutrient uptake was the major means of nutrient removal and the majority of the nutrients were found to be stored in plant biomass. The mass balance model was able to describe the performance of the overall system. The author noted that the upflow hydraulic design of the system was critical for the success of nutrient removal. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1314 AUTHOR: Brenchley-Jackson, J.L., T.C. Foin, and J.B. Zedler PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Modeling the effect of salinity and inundation on "Spartina" and "Salicornia" in southern California SOURCE: Pages 261-266 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, Technical Coordinators. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. "Wetlands and Riparian Ecosystems of the American West." STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a model used to predict relative abundances of Spartina foliosa and Salicornia virginica under a variety of salinity and inundation regimes, drought and flood conditions, and elevational and tidal states at the Tijuana Estuary in Southern Ca. In addition, it can be used to identify soil salinity and degree of inundation needed to maintain both species and to specify hydrologic changes that would have negative effects on both species. The model is based on years of observation and data collection at the estuary from which the Low Salinity Gap hypothesis was derived. The model will aid in testing the hypothesis, however further improvements need to be made. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1487 AUTHOR: Brenner, E.K., F.J. Brenner, S. Brovard, and T.E. Schwartz PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Analysis of wetland treatment systems for acid mine drainage SOURCE: Journal of the Pennsylvannia Academy of Science 67(2):85-93. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: CASE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: PLANT, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper analyzes the overall effectiveness of a wetland created to treat acid mine drainage after a seven-year study. Two wetland systems were constructed with two interconnected wetlands each layered with crushed limestone, mushroom compost and planted with Typha. Water and Typha were collected and sampled monthly from 1985-1991 at both entry and discharge points. Monitoring results indicate a limited effectiveness of wetlands in reducing heavy metals, especially manganese. Approximately 82.4% of the iron and 98.6% of the manganese in the system was not precipitated or taken up by Typha. Heavy metals tended to accumulate in the substrate as a result of the inability of iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria to accommodate precipitated heavy metals. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1383 AUTHOR: Brenner, F.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Evaluation and mitiation of wetland habitats on mined lands SOURCE: Pages 181-184 in D.H. Graves, ed. 1986 Symposium on mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamaiton. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This brief report discusses wetland evaluation and mitigation based on principles to guide the mining industry as well as regulatory agencies. The Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) is used for determining habitat value of wetlands based on the following categories: 1) high value unique wetlands, 2) high value scarce wetlands, 3) high to medium value wetlands, and 4) medium to low value wetlands. Developmental severity impact is broken into four categories: 1) operations variables, 2) physical and chemical variables, 3) biological and ecological variables, and 4) public interest variables. The author proposes the principal species affected by the disturbance of the wetland be the prime consideration in mitigation. In additon, wetland systems be developed to a successional stage suitable for wildlife as soon as possible. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 91 AUTHOR: Brenner, F.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Surface mine reclamation: an opportunity for wetland development SOURCE: Pages 338-343 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: PA, MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB., PO-EM., PO-FO., PO-SS., PO-UB. RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, CERATOPHYLLUM, CEPHALANTHUS, CORNUS, ERAGROSTIS, QUERCUS, ACER, ECHINOCHLOA, SPARTINA, BETULA, ELEOCHARIS, NELUMBO, TAXODIUM, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, POTAMOGETON, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of wetland development on surface coal mines, particularly in the eastern and midwestern U.S. A case history of wetland development on 2 mine sites in northwestern PA also is discussed. Wetlands along with treatment and slurry ponds may be converted into productive wetlands with little additional cost. Twenty-two ha of wetlands were established on the 2 mine sites in PA at approximately the same cost that would have been incurred if the land was returned to approximately original contour according to current regulations. During the first year, over 30 wildlife species used these wetlands, including 5 species of concern in PA. The author discusses reclamation techniques and their value to wildlife for the case history study and in general terms for various wetland developments on mined lands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1292 AUTHOR: Brenner, F.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wetland assessment, evaluation and mitigation procedures SOURCE: Pages 249-260 in S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and R.W. Tiner, Jr., eds. Wetlands Ecology and Conservation: Emphasis in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Easton, PA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: SUCCESS, SHOREB, WFOWL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides criteria for evaluating wetlands which include their values as wildlife habitat, hydrologic features, and their value to the ecology of the region in general. The author provides a guide for assigning a numerical index to the wetlands based on the above features in addition to aesthetics and economic feasibility. The evaluation procedure allows one to determine the severity of impact as well as provides a framework for mitigation decisions and procedures. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1279 AUTHOR: Brenner, F.J., and B.A. Sterner PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: First year evaluation of mitigated wetlands on two mine sites in western Pennsylvania SOURCE: Pages 133-138 in Proceedings of the 1988 mine drainage and surface mine conference sponsored by Bureau of Mines and office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, April 17-22, 1988, Pittsburgh, PA. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: VEG, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses two different procedures for site construction, establishment of vegetation, and evaluation of mitigated wetlands on two coal mine site in western Pennsylvania. The two procedures included transplanting wetlands from different sites and wetlands receiving supplemental plantings. Wetlands at both mine sites created by each procedure proved to have good survival and growth of vegetation. The author notes that the cost of these procedures was approximately equal to restoring the sites to approximate original contour. In addition, the mitigated wetlands were used by over 40 species of wildlife. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 92 AUTHOR: Brice, J.R., and O.C. Boody, IV PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Fish populations in reclaimed and natural lakes in central Florida's phosphate region: a preliminary report SOURCE: Pages 359-372 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares the fish population structure of 12 reclaimed lakes and 4 natural or unmined lakes in central FL's phosphate region. Only 3 reclaimed lakes exhibited fish assemblages greater than or equal to the natural lakes. These lakes were the oldest systems (>10 years). Fish species not uniformly represented in the remaining reclaimed lakes included rough fish (gar, bowfin) and catfish (various species). Although fish species diversity generally exhibited a positive relationship with lake age and flow-through systems, not all systems evaluated followed these trends. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1517 AUTHOR: Brinson, M.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A hydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands SOURCE: Technical Report WRP-DE-4, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. 101 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of hydrogeomorphic characteristics to classify wetlands rather than wetland functions or vegetative cover. The three major characteristics which make up the Brinson classification system are geomorphic setting, water source, and the hydrodynamics of a system. Indicators of ecological significance used in conjunction with hydrogeomorphic characteristics include water and soil characteristics, color (platinum units), pH, and nutrient status. Examples of profile development for various wetlands are provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1489 AUTHOR: Brix, H. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands: system design, removal processes, and treatment performance SOURCE: Pages 9-22 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: LEMNA, ELODEA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, EICHHORNIA, ISOETES, LOBELIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article reviews various types of macrophyte-based wastewater treatment systems. Removal processes using macrophytes for suspended solids, BOD, nitrogen, phosphorous, and pathogen removal are described. Macrophyte-based wastewater systems may be classified as: 1) free-floating macrophyte systems using water hyacinth or duckweed as the dominant macrophye, 2) rooted emergent macrophyte-based systems using surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow, or vertical subsurface flow systems dominated with Scirpus, Typha, or Phragmites, 3) submerged macrophyte-based systems dominated by Elodea, Isoetes, or Lobelia, and 4) multi-stage macrophyte-based systems which use a combination of the above methods. The system used is dependent on the climate, effluent quality required, wastewater characteristics, etc. Suggestions to improve or intensify treatment performances using a multi-stage design are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1302 AUTHOR: Brix, J. and H.H. Schierup PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Danish experience with sewage treatment in constructed wetlands SOURCE: Pages 565-573 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: DENMARK STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview man-made wetlands designed for treating wastewater at 25 facilities in Denmark. All the Danish systems were designed as horizontal subsurface flow systems, and most were constructed to treat domestic sewage. The design of the systems consisted of plastic-lined excavations filled with one meter of soil and a surface slope of 1-5%. Original soil at the individual sites was used at the majority of the facilities, however a few facilities were constructed with gravel or sand. In addition, bed dimensions varied from site to site. Eight to twelve inlet and effluent quality control analyses were performed at each site annually. BOD removal was rated as good and total N and total P removal was rated as poor. Despite poor TN and TP removal, the authors concluded that the performance of the systems was satisfactory for most sites since no requirements for nutrient removal were set. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 93 AUTHOR: Broadfoot, W.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1967 TITLE: Shallow-water impoundment increases soil moisture and growth of hardwoods SOURCE: Proc. Soil Sci. Am. 31(4):562-564. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R2-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: LIQUIDAMBAR, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS, CELTIS, POPULUS, CARYA, GLEDITSIA, ACER, DIOSPYROS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses an 8 year experiment on the effect of water impoundment early in the growing season on soil moisture supply for hardwoods on the Mississippi River floodplain near Greenville, MS. Impounding winter and spring rainfall until 1 July significantly increased soil moisture and radial tree growth. In early July, average moisture per 30 cm of soil was 19.5 cm for the flooded area and 13 cm for the control area. Oxygen in the water was depleted after 15 days of dry weather, but was quickly replenished by rain. An extended period of no rain could cause oxygen supplies to become critical and may explain why timber varies greatly in its ability to withstand extended flooding. In this study, showers producing less than 1 cm of rainfall were able to replenish oxygen supplies. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 94 AUTHOR: Broadfoot, W.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Water table depth and growth of young cottonwood SOURCE: U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note SO-167. 4 pp. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the results of an experiment examining growth of cottonwood cuttings under the following conditions: 1) no water table (control); 2) water table 2 ft from the surface; 3) water table 1 ft from the surface; and 4) water table at the soil surface. The 2 ft deep water table was best for growth; however, where the water table was high into the root zone and the soil was saturated, death of juvenile cottonwoods was likely to occur at the end of the second growing season. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1309 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Selection and evaluation of sites for constructed wastewater treatment wetlands SOURCE: Pages 307-317 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM, HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides guidelines for selecting and evaluating sites for the construction of wetlands for the treatment of wastewater. Factors to be considered and investigated for site selection include land use, geological, geotechnical, hydrological, regulatory, and other environmental factors that could effect the wetland system. The article provides general methodologies for the consideration of each factor. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1493 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Staged, aerobic constructed wetlands to treat acid drainage: case history of Fabius impoundment 1 and overview of the Tennessee Valley Authority's program SOURCE: Pages 157-165 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM, STOCK WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Design and construction guidelines are made based on constructed wetlands results of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Twelve operational wetlands were constructed to treat acid mine drainage, nine of which meet water discharge limitations. Aerobic multi-staged wetlands were designed to treat 4.0 to 11.0 GDM of Fe. Water depth ranged from 15 to 30 cm with deep pockets to provide aquatic habitat. Vegetation was planted and Gambusia were stocked to prevent mosquito breeding problems. Bat houses and various bird houses were constructed to attract wildlife and study the use of bats for mosquito control. A case study of one of the impoundments is provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 97 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Man-made wetlands for acid mine drainage control SOURCE: Paper Presented at Eighth Annu. Natl. Abandoned Mine Lands Conf., Billings, MT, Aug. 10-15. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, EQUISETUM, PHILONOTES, UTRICULARIA, POTAMOGETON, CAREX, SAGITTARIA, ECHINODORUS, CYPERUS, BIDENS, POLYGONUM, LEERSIA, ALISMA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the construction of a wetland to mitigate effects of acid seepage from a coal slurry disposal pond at the Tennessee Valley Authority's Fabius Coal Preparation Facility, Jackson County, AL. Existing woodlands were cleared and sandbag dikes were set up to create a number of small impoundments. Plants from nearby acid seeps were transplanted to the construction site. Mosquitofish and fathead minnows were stocked (for mosquito control). Within 3 weeks of completion of the wetlands, water quality monitoring showed significant improvement. Total cost of the system was $28,000. Major research needs include determining design criteria and longevity of a functioning system. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 96 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Constructed wetlands for acid drainage control in the Tennessee Valley SOURCE: Pages 173-180 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: TN, AL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CUT, FERT, FIRE, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, CAREX, ELEOCHARIS, EQUISETUM, UTRICULARIA, SPARGANIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of 11 wetlands constructed by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in Jackson County, AL, and Roane County, TN, to treat acid mine drainage. Design, construction, operation, maintenance, and monitoring are discussed. Design, construction, and operation costs of a typical impoundment were $40,000. Overall, artificial wetlands are a preferred alternative to conventional methods of treating acid drainage from coal mines. Treatments for pH and for removal of manganese and iron are no longer needed at six of TVA's constructed wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 95 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Treatment of acid drainage from coal facilities with man-made wetlands SOURCE: Pages 903-912 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publ., Orlando, FL. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, FERT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: SPHAGNUM, POLYTRICHUM, HYPNUM, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, EQUISETUM, PHILONOTES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Northeast AL was the site for construction of an artificial marsh/ pond wetland system used to treat acid drainage from coal facilities that were negatively impacting aquatic systems and drinking water supplies. Channeling, diking, and creating impoundments provided conditions necessary for planting. After completion of the wetland system, dissolved oxygen increased to nearly 8.0 mg/l, total iron decreased to 1.1 mg/l, total magnesium averaged 2.8 mg/l, and total suspended solids were 2.8 mg/l. The use of slurry lake water significantly lowered pH levels. Construction costs were approximately $28,000. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1252 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Treatment of acid drainage with a constructed wetland at the Tennessee Valley Authority 950 Coal Mine SOURCE: Pages 201-209 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, STABIL, SEED, FERT, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: ECON, WQUAL, INVERT, SUCCESS, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ACER, BIDENS, CHARA, ECHINOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS, ERECHTITES, EUPATORIUM, HYPERICUM, JUNCUS, LUDWIGIA, PANICUM, PLUCHEA, SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: An impoundment built in 1975 at the Tennessee Valley Authority 950 Coal Mine (near Flat Rock, Jackson Co., AL) to receive acid mine drainage was converted to an emergent wetland in 1986 to improve water quality and maintain compliance with state and federal regulations. The impoundment was regraded, sludge was removed, riprap/erosion control fabric installed, seeded with grasses and planted with cattails and woolgrass. The area was fertilized and limed. Total construction costs were $41,200; annual upkeep is less than $3,700. Pre-wetland construction maintenance costs are also given. Other plants listed in PGenus established naturally within 1 year. Changes in macroinvertebrate species composition are summarized. Water quality standards were met from November 1986-June 1988. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 98 AUTHOR: Brookes, A. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Recovery and adjustment of aquatic vegetation within channelization works in England and Wales SOURCE: J. Environ. Manage. 24:365-382. STATE: ENGLAND, WALES STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, HYDRO ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: R.-AB2, R.-AB3, R.-EM2, PO-EM1, R.-UB3, R.-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: NASTURTIUM, RANUNCULUS, APIUM, OENANTHE, BETULA, ELODEA, CALLITRICHE, MENTHA, APIUM, ALISMA, NUPHAR, MYRIOPHYLLUM, SPARGANIUM, SAGITTARIA, MYOSOTIS, VERONICA, CLADOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper assesses short-term recovery of aquatic vegetation following channelization at 7 sites in southcentral England in terms of standing crop and species composition. Recovery depended on plant rhizomes still present in the bed of the channel after construction, on species present in the unaffected channel upstream, and also on morphological variables changed during construction, most notably the width, depth, and grain-size composition of the substrate. Vegetation surveys at an additional 22 sites in England and Wales, channelized for up to 24 years, indicated that destruction of the original substrate, significant changes of width or depth, and removal of bankside vegetation may have long-term effects on aquatic vegetation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 99 AUTHOR: Brooks, R.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Optimal designs for restored wetlands SOURCE: Pages 19-29 in J.E. Burris, ed. Treatment of mine drainage by wetlands. Pennsylvania St. Univ., University Park, Contrib. No. 264. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., PO-EM1, R4-... RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: TYPHA, SPHAGNUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes several optimal designs for restoring or creating wetlands to treat acid mine drainage. Wetland diversity on 36 surface mine sites in western PA is being studied in terms of wildlife habitat relationships. Several considerations for design include: 1) site suitability; 2) wetland use in addition to water quality improvement; and 3) wetland size. Varying pond shapes and meandering natural systems are recommended. Sheet flow through aquatic vegetation is essential. Diagrams and a question/answer discussion session are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1175 AUTHOR: Brooks, R.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wetland and waterbody restoration and creation associated with mining SOURCE: Pages 117-142 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II. Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS, PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA, CAREX, NYSSA, PONTEDERIA, EUPATORIUM, SAGITTARIA, FRAXINUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, TAXODIUM, GORDONIA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS, SPHAGNUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes wetland creation and restoration on lands mined for coal, phosphate, and sand and gravel. An overview of the nature and extent of mining nationwide is provided. Specific recommendations for wetland creation and restoration on each type of mined land include: 1) coal- area, water depth, slope, soils, shoreline configuration, upland soils, hydric soils, vegetation and fauna; 2) phosphate- basin morphometry, soils, vegetation, emergent marshes, forested wetlands and fauna; and 3) sand and gravel- basin morphometry and soils. Research needs and recommendations for planning and implementation are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 100 AUTHOR: Brooks, R.P., J.P. Hepp, and J.B. Hill PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetland creation opportunities on coal mined lands SOURCE: Pages 181-184 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper identifies key morphometric, vegetation, and water quality parameters that contributed to biotic diversity during studies of established and newly-created palustrine wetlands on coal-mined lands in western PA. Topics include erosion and sedimentation control, abatement of mine drainage, wildlife and fisheries habitat, and landscape enhancement. Guidelines for wetland creation are proposed that enable land managers to plan, construct, and assess success with realistic technical, regulatory, and economic constraints. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 101 AUTHOR: Brooks, R.P., and R.M. Hughes PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Guidelines for assessing the biotic communities of freshwater wetlands SOURCE: Pages 276-282 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings of the national wetland symposium: mitigation of impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes assessment guidelines for the quantitative field sampling of biotic communities for effective assessment and comparison of wetlands. Guidelines include selection of reference wetlands; sampling logistics; sampling biotic communities; sampling of vertebrates, invertebrates, and vegetation; hydrologic sampling; and morphometric sampling. Data analysis, costs, and recommendations are included. KEYWORDS: freshwater wetlands/wetlands/reference wetlands/function/values/ biotic communities/technique/proceedings/symposium/wetlands mitigation/impacts/losses/mitigation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1151 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Creation and restoration of tidal wetlands of the southeastern United States SOURCE: Pages 37-72 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I. Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: GA, NC, SC, VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE, CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL, HABITAT, EROSION, HYDRO ACTION: PLANT, SEED, FERT, LFORM, HYDRO, SOIL, SPOIL, CONTAM, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, E2-SS. RESPONSE: SUCCESS, SOIL, VEG, FISH PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, MYRICA, IVA, BACCHARIS, HALODULE, ZOSTERA, BORRICHIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides information on coastal wetland creation and restoration in VA, SC, NC, GA, including: regional wetland characteristics; functions; extent of tidal wetland creation and restoration; factors affecting success or failure; project designs; seeding and transplanting; management; monitoring; research needs; and bibliographic references. The appendix includes profiles of 8 projects: Virginia Wetland Bank (Goose Creek); Virginia Vegetative Erosion Control Project (Chesapeake Bay); NC Phosphate Project Area II (Pine Knoll Shores); dredge spoil sites (NC); Winyah Bay (SC); Buttermilk Sound (GA); Kings Bay (GA). Information on each project includes: wetland type; location; age; size; project goals; judgement of success; significance; reports; and contacts. KEYWORDS: wetlands creation/restoration/wetlands/southeastern United States/ creation/tidal wetlands/technique/tidal marsh/marsh creation/ wetlands restoration/status =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1423 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Creation and Restoration of tidal wetlands of the Southeastern United States SOURCE: Pages 37-72 in J.A. Kusler and M. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C. STATE: VA, NC, SC, GA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This chapter addresses tidal wetland creation techniques, planning, and implementation of creation and restoration projects in the tidal marshes of the Southeastern United States. Functions of tidal marshes are listed in three categories: 1) fish and wildlife values, 2) environmental quality, and 3) socio-economic values. Creation and/or restoration goals include: 1) dredged material stabilization, 2) shoreline erosion control, 3) mitigation of impacted natural stands, and 4) research. Planting Spartina is a primary technique used in shoreline stabilization and coastal restoration. Special considerations in restoration projects include the extent of the intertidal zone, severity of the wave climate, salinity of tidal water, and excessive foot or vehicular traffic near the plant site. The author recommends further study of Spartina species for propagation and planting. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 102 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., C.E. Craft, and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Creation and development of brackish-water marsh habitat SOURCE: Pages 197-205 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R4-..., R.-... RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares growth of 3 species of Spartina and Juncus roemerianus transplanted at different elevation zones near South Creek, a tributary of the Pamlico Estuary, NC. The site was previously used as borrow pits or undisturbed uplands by the phosphate mining industry. A 2.5 ha area was graded to various elevations and a dendritic pattern of creeks was installed. Greenhouse grown seedlings of S. alterniflora were planted along drainage creeks (15-21 cm MSL), S. cynosuroides and J. roemerianus from 21-37 cm, and S. patens from 37-43 cm. Growth was variable the first year because of acid soil. The soil was limed over 25% of the area, transplanted, and fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus. After 4 years, aboveground standing crop was greater for S. alterniflora in the created marsh compared to a nearby natural marsh, whereas standing crop of the other 3 species was less. KEYWORDS: wetlands creation/habitat/wetlands/wildlife/brackish-water marsh habitat/proceedings/elevation/vegetation/biomass/soil/ fertilization/intertidal/marshes/monitoring/cr eation/ transplanting =============================================================================== NUMBER: 104 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Planting marsh grasses for erosion control SOURCE: Univ. North Carolina, Sea Grant Coll. Program, Publ. UNC-SG-81-09. 11 pp. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This pamphlet describes the use of salt marsh grasses for erosion control along the coast of NC. It includes discussions of site suitability, plant establishment procedure, transplanting methods, and some species descriptions with the focus on smooth cordgrass, giant cordgrass, and American beachgrass (bermudagrass). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 103 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Establishing brackish marshes on graded upland sites in North Carolina SOURCE: Wetlands 2:152-178. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes an experiment to establish 3 Spartina species on a brackish, graded upland marsh in Bond Creek, adjacent to the Pamlico River Estuary, NC. The experimental site was part of a phosphate mining operation requiring compensation for marsh disturbance. A series of borrow pits was constructed and graded to elevations between 0.06-0.43 m msl. Field-dug plants of Spartina alterniflora, S. patens, and S. cynosuroides and greenhouse-grown seedlings of S. alterniflora were planted. Correct elevation for each species was most critical for planting success. Results were compared to conditions present in a nearby natural marsh. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1014 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Tidal salt marsh restoration SOURCE: Aquatic Bot. 32:1-22. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, PUCCINELLIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of tidal salt marsh restoration and summarizes information available from various restoration projects throughout the world. Recovery of marshes after human perturbation such as dredging, discharges of wastes, and spillage of petroleum products or other toxic chemicals is often slow under natural conditions and can be accelerated by planting. Factors that affect successful revegetation include elevation of the site in relation to tidal regime, slope, exposure to wave action, soil chemical and physical characteristics, nutrient supply, salinity and availability of viable propagules of the appropriate plant species. Further research is needed to determine the success of marsh restoration and creation in terms of ecological functions, including the faunal component. KEYWORDS: wetlands restoration/salt marshes/marshes/habitat/restoration/ intertidal/estuaries/ values/fishes/birds/wildlife/losses/ wetlands creation/vegetation/technique/ecological function/ function/North Carolina/Spartina alterniflora/fauna/marsh restoration/coastal/primary production/disturbance/creation/ perturbation/dredging =============================================================================== NUMBER: 105 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Creation of brackish-water marsh habitat SOURCE: Pages 319-331 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the feasibility of converting a 0.4 ha upland site to brackish-water marsh adjacent to an estuary near Aurora, NC. Soils were phosphorus deficient and fertilization with phosphorus and nitrogen was essential for satisfactory establishment and growth of Spartina spp. Broadcast application and incorporation of fertilizer before transplanting was the most practical fertilization method for large areas. Fall seeding in the greenhouse was necessary for spring transplants of J. roemerianus. Transplanting on a new surface graded to the proper elevation accelerated first stages of marsh plant community succession. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1237 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Creating brackish-water marshes for possible mitigation of wetland disturbance SOURCE: Pages 350-369 in J. Hernandez, ed. A healthy economy in a healthy environment: proceedings of the first annual Carolina environmental affairs conference. Environ. Stud. Counc., Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hills. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, FERT, SEED WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, WQUAL, VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes experiments conducted in NC (Pamlico Sound near Aurora) to develop techniques for creating brackish coastal marshes in an attempt to mitigate for wetlands lost as a result of phosphate mining. The study sites were graded, disked, and fertilized. Greenhouse grown (from seed) seedlings (Spartina alterniflora, S. cynosuroides, S. patens, and Juncus roemerianus) were planted on the sites in June 1980 (Site 1) and April 1982 (Site 2). Data were collected on Site 1 to determine plant species: 1) elevational distribution; 2) response to fertilizer; and 3) correlation of zonation to tide levels. Elevational requirements for Site 1 species were: 1) S. alterniflora- 0.09-0.40 m; 2) S. cynosuroides- 0.21-0.43 m; 3) S. patens- 0.21-0.40 m; and 4) J. roemerianus- 0.06-0.30 m. Other results are included. Plant growth measurements were taken on Site 2. Spartina establishment and growth was enhanced by applying N and P fertilizers. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 106 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Long-term growth and development of transplants of the salt-marsh grass Spartina alterniflora SOURCE: Estuaries 9:63-74. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the long-term sampling of Spartina alterniflora transplants along eroding estuarine shorelines in NC. The effects of transplant spacing (45, 60, and 90 cm) were tested; 45 and 60 cm spacings were more successful on sites near the lower elevation limits of Spartina. Differences between the planted sites and natural marsh were apparent at first, but decreased over time. Annual production and decomposition of the belowground standing crop were nearly equal. After 10 years, the artificial marsh was self-sustaining, successful in shoreline erosion control, and equal in primary productivity to the natural marsh. KEYWORDS: transplanting/salt marshes/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/North Carolina/biomass/marshes/natural marshes/vegetation/adjacent natural wetlands/function/values/ten-year study =============================================================================== NUMBER: 107 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., W.W. Woodhouse, Jr., and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The influence of duration-of-inundation on development of a man-initiated Spartina alterniflora Loisel marsh in North Carolina SOURCE: J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 94:259-268. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, ASTER, IVA, CYPERUS, VIGNA, SUAEDA, SABATIA, BORRICHIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This experiment records the growth responses of Spartina alterniflora to duration of inundation in the Cape Fear River Estuary, NC. Culms were planted in 15 plots in 4 zones perpendicular to the shoreline. In all 4 zones, standing crop increased from 56-100% 17 months after planting. Although this experimental planting was an almost pure stand of S. alterniflora over the first 17 months, the upper elevation zones became a mixed species marsh from the third to the twelfth growing season. Lower elevation zones remained dominated by S. alterniflora, which had spread 30 m toward the estuary's open water by the twelfth season. KEYWORDS: Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/marshes/North Carolina/values/ elevation/estuaries/duration-of-inundation/inundation/ man-initiated/salinity/monitoring =============================================================================== NUMBER: 108 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: An investigation of propagation and the mineral nutrition of Spartina alterniflora SOURCE: North Carolina St. Univ., Raleigh, Sea Grant Publ. UNC-SG-7314. 121 pp. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses propagation of Spartina alterniflora from seed and the relationship of mineral nutrients to growth of this species in estuaries of NC. A series of experiments was used to determine the best collection, storage, and seeding techniques for S. alterniflora. A short period of dry, cold storage increased percent germination. Direct seeding can be an effective method of establishing new stands on dredge spoil material. Seedlings can be expected to survive on the upper 20-50% of the elevational range of naturally occurring stands in a given area. N and P fertilizers enhanced the growth of seedlings and transplants artificially established on sandy dredge spoil. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 109 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., W.W. Woodhouse, Jr., and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Propagation of smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, from seed in North Carolina SOURCE: Chesapeake Sci. 15(4):214-221. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the germination and establishment of Spartina alterniflora at various estuarine sites, including dredged material areas, along the coast of NC (Oregon Inlet, Ocracoke, Beaufort, Surf City, Oak Island, and Snow's Cut). Successful seed germination and survival were attributed to a combination of techniques: 1) the storage of seeds at 2-3 degrees C, first in burlap sheets, then in estuarine or sea water over the winter; and 2) direct seeding between April and early June. Seedling survival was best in the upper 20-50% of the elevational range of naturally growing Spartina. In 1 growing season, aboveground standing crop produced from seeds may be similar to that of well-established marshes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1469 AUTHOR: Brostoff, W. and D. Clarke PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Monitoring marsh development on an island constructed of dredged material in South Carolina's Winyah Bay SOURCE: The Wetlands Research Bulletin 3(1):7-9. STATE: SC STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS, FISH PGENUS: SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the development and monitoring of an intertidal wetland island built up over 18 years with dredged material. Spartina alterniflora is the only species of vegetation on the younger sites, while Scirpus robustus makes up one-fifth of the vegetation along with Spartina at the older sites. Scirpus and Phragmites australis has also naturally recruited on elevated sediment mounds. After a topographic map is completed comparisons will be made of the 2-,5-, and 16-year old marsh zones. Studies are currently being done to monitor marsh use by transient/migratory fishes and crustaceans. Results will provide a better understanding of the ability of wetlands created from dredged materials to resemble the functions of natural wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1438 AUTHOR: Broussard, L.J. and D.M. Grouchy PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The use of structures and other techniques for wetland restoration and protection in coastal Louisiana SOURCE: Pages 236-238 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the thirteenth annual conference society of wetland scientists. New Orleans, LA. 990 pp. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E.-... RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The authors briefly describe wetland restoration and protection efforts in Louisiana to reverse or impede the erosion process threatening its coastlands. Techniques and/or structures used include freshwater diversion, sediment diversion, marsh management, sediment capturing, dredged materials, shallow bay terracing, shoreline protection, and revegetation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1566 AUTHOR: Brown, D.S. and S.C. Reed PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Inventory of constructed wetlands in the United States SOURCE: Water Science Technology 28(4):309-318. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, ECON, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: An inventory of subsurface flow (SF) and free water surface (FWS) constructed wetlands systems for wastewater treatment was conducted to gather information on the design and performance of these systems. Results indicate a majority of systems found in the Mississippi basin area; an equal number of SF and FWS systems, although SF systems are projected to outnumber FWS systems in the future; most systems treat less than 3800 m3/day; and FWS systems tend to be larger. Each of the constructed wetland types are further broken into three categories based on design or effluent groups. There seems to be no general consensus on length to width ratio, system configuration, depth or type of media, slope, vegetation type, or pretreatment. Amounts of NH3 in the effluent continue to be a limiting factor for both constructed wetland types. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 110 AUTHOR: Brown, M.T., F. Gross, and J. Higman PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Studies of a method of wetland reconstruction following phosphate mining SOURCE: Pages 24-45 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM1 RESPONSE: HYDRO, VEG, ECON PGENUS: NYSSA, TAXODIUM, LIQUIDAMBAR, POLYGONUM, EUPATORIUM, PANICUM, SESBANIA, INDIGOFERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Two methods were used to apply peat from existing wetlands to several phosphate mine sites. After 1 growing season, no wetland species survived on a control site with no applied peat. Sites with peat had good growth of wetland and transitional species; overall vegetative cover was 100%, compared to 30% for the no-peat control. Peat-mulched areas had greater plant biomass and species diversity. Germination, survival, and growth of wetland species might have been limited by short hydroperiods (74% of plots had hydroperiods of less than 30 days). Cost of peat-mulching varied from 5-12/m3 and was competitive with other methods. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1135 AUTHOR: Brown, M.T., H.T. Odum, F. Gross, J. Higman, M. Miller, and C. Diamond PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Studies of a method of wetland reconstruction following phosphate mining SOURCE: Cent. For Wetlands, Phelps Lab., Univ. Florida, Gainesville. 76 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, LFORM, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-EM. RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, HYDRO, CHEM, ECON PGENUS: NYSSA, TAXODIUM, LIQUIDAMBAR, POLYGONUM, ELEOCHARIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes an experimental project to quantify the establishment and survival of wetland plant species on areas spread with peat. The 10 experimental sites are located on Occidental Chemical Company's Reclamation Project SR-8 near White Springs, FL. Nyssa biflora, Taxodium distichum and Liquidambar styracifolia seedlings were planted. Data on physical parameters (pH of water and soil, elevation, peat depth, lake water levels) and project costs are included. Statistical methods were used to examine relationships between site characteristics and vegetation parameters. Numbers and types of plants that survived and grew were controlled by hydroperiod. Summary data is included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1015 AUTHOR: Brown, R.G., and J.R. Stark PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Comparison of ground-water and surface-water interactions in two wetlands SOURCE: Pages 77-80 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: MN, WI STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, EXPERIMENT ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-UB2, PO-FO4, PO-ML1, PO-EM1, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: HYDRO PGENUS: TYPHA, LARIX, PICEA, SPHAGNUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article compares hydrologic data from two wetlands near St. Joseph, MN, and Phelps, WI. The St. Joseph Wetland is a flat glacial outwash plain adjacent to a river; the Phelps wetland is a surface water depression area, part of the headwaters of a small stream. Hydrologic budgets were based on precipitation, surface water outflow, groundwater outflow, and change in storage. Ground- and surface-water interaction was evident at St. Joseph, but not at Phelps. Hydrologic differences between these two sites illustrate the importance of describing ground- and surface-water interaction prior to the development of a hydrologic budget. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 111 AUTHOR: Brown, R.L., and A.L. Hafenrichter PUBL. YEAR: 1948 TITLE: Factors influencing the production and use of beachgrass and dunegrass clones for erosion control: III. Influence of kinds and amounts of fertilizer on production. SOURCE: J. Am. Soc. Agronomy 40(8):677-684. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: AMMOPHILA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of experiments on the use of fertilizers to promote the growth of European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria) on coastal dunes in OR. Three inorganic fertilizers and 6 organic nitrogen fertilizers were applied in early spring to test plots over a 3-year period. Inorganic fertilizers were more effective than organic fertilizers for increasing rate of production. Ammonium compounds were more effective than sodium nitrate as inorganic sources of nitrogen. Single applications of fertilizer resulted in better production than split applications. Applications of 40 lbs/acre of nitrogen were necessary to increase production, but 80 lbs did not increase production enough to warrant the additional cost. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 112 AUTHOR: Brunori, C.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Examples of wetland creation and enhancement in Maryland SOURCE: Pages 306-313 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB., E2-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-FO4, E2-UB., PO-UB3 RESPONSE: FISH, WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, JUNCUS, LEMNA, SAGITTARIA, CAREX, POLYGONUM, ECHINOCHLOA, PHRAGMITES, HIBISCUS, PONTEDERIA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, PELTANDRA, ACORUS, POLYGONUM, LEERSIA, ALNUS, SALIX, ACER, FRAXINUS, ZIZANIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, ZANNICHELLIA, NAJAS, PINUS, SPARTINA, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses creation and enhancement of 3 wetlands in the Chesapeake Bay area, MD, and resulting wildlife use of the wetlands. The projects consisted of creation of a 28 ha nontidal pond, a 2.6 ha diked tidal-fresh marsh, and a 4 ha diked tidal- brackish marsh. Techniques included water level manipulation, herbicide treatment of Phragmites, and creation of islands, in addition to modifications by diking. Progress and modifications of each wetland plan are included. All projects were planned in the last 5 years and were completed within the last 2 years. Early monitoring indicated that waterfowl use of the areas has increased. Further plans for increasing this use include installation of nest boxes and maintenance of a 50:50 ratio of emergents to open water. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1278 AUTHOR: Bruns, D. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Restoration and management of ecosystems for nature conservation in West Germany SOURCE: Pages 163-185 in J. Cairns, Jr., ed. Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. Vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. STATE: WEST GERMANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, SOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS, WFOWL PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The author of this article is concerned with the loss of certain species and ecosystems in West Germany due to land development. The author suggests several restoration techniques and discusses their related problems. Examples of each technique are mentioned. The restoration techniques include transplantation, implantation (partial transplantation), natural colonization, regulation of the water regime, and reclamation of flooded gravel pits for lake development. Planning strategies for two case studies in the article are discussed to demonstrate the application of some of the restoration methods described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 113 AUTHOR: Brusven, M.A., F.J. Watts, R. Luedtke, and T.L. Kelley PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: A model design for physical and biotic rehabilitation of a silted stream SOURCE: Univ. Idaho, Water Resour. Res. Inst., Moscow, Res. Tech. Complet. Rep. Proj. A-032-IDA. 96 pp. STATE: ID STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL ACTION: HYDRO, MODEL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB3, R4-SB4, R.-..., R2-..., R3-... RESPONSE: INVERT, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the effects of stream alterations on sediment transport and insect communities in Emerald Creek, a tributary of the St. Maries River in northern ID. Instream alterations proved to be effective means for increasing sediment transport, thereby improving insect and fish habitat. Debris jam removal, channel diversion, and gabion deflectors caused flushing of fine sediment from runs and pools. Log-drop structures scoured pools, thereby increasing the pool-riffle ratio. Higher values of percent cobble, average sediment size, mean channel depth, and greater diversity and abundance of insects resulted from in-stream alterations. Flow models were used to predict effects on sediment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1222 AUTHOR: Bryan, H.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A saltwater wetland in northeastern Kentucky SOURCE: Pages 24-30 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: KY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1H0gx RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, FISH, INVERTS, REPT, AMPHIB PGENUS: CEPHALANTHUS, ALNUS, SALIX, ACER, SAGITTARIA, ALISMA, MIMULUS, ONOCLEA, CICUTA, BOEHMERIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A 1.5 ha wetland was created in 1987 near Vanceburg, Lewis Co., KY (just south of the Ohio River) as mitigation for the loss of an adjacent buttonbush slough to highway construction. A fallow cornfield was excavated, a hydraulic connection made with the impacted wetland, and muck transferred from the impacted to the new wetland. Fish, herptofauna, and macroinvertebrates were trapped and transferred from the impacted to the new wetland. Trees and shrubs (species not listed) were planted around the perimeter. Monitoring 1 year after construction showed an average vegetative cover of 85%; many juvenile fish and toad larvae were observed in the created wetland in the spring of 1988. An initial problem with high chloride levels was resolved by winter flooding and siltation which apparently sealed the bottom (and the source of chloride). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 114 AUTHOR: Buck, J.K., and R.J. Houston PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Direct revegetation of four coal waste sites in Pennsylvania--four approaches SOURCE: Pages 385-429 in C.L. Carlson and J.H. Swisher, eds. Innovative approaches to mined land reclamation. Southern Illinois Univ. Press, Carbondale. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This chapter includes 4 case studies; one of which dealt with wetland restoration. The Pennsylvania Power and Light Harwood Reprocessed Anthracite Waste Site, Luzerne County, PA, was selected for an experimental study on revegetation using fly ash as a major soil amendment. Fly ash and coal wastes were combined and analyzed for pH, lime requirements, nutrients, trace elements, and toxic elements. On the site, 200 tons of fly ash/acre were incorporated to a depth of 10 inches. Growth and diversity of plants on the fly ash site are compared to those in the soil-covered control plot. Chemical monitoring of soil and water is described. Costs are compared. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 115 AUTHOR: Buckley, F.G., and C.A. McCaffrey PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Use of dredged material islands by colonial seabirds and wading birds in New Jersey SOURCE: Appendix B: vegetation analysis. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-1. 226 pp. STATE: NJ STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US., E2-SS. RESPONSE: SHOREB PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, LONICERA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the vegetation on 21 selected dredged material islands along the Intracoastal Waterway, NJ. Eleven of these islands harbor colonial nesting birds. Vegetation maps indicate 14 major plant communities. Average frequency, percent cover, and height classes of dominant species were recorded. Mapping units were Phragmites, Phragmites-shrub, shrub, bare substrate, shrub/dense grassland, sparse grassland, dense grassland, dike, shrub-forest, intertidal areas, Lonicera, impounded water, and Lonicera-shrub. Plant succession was described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 116 AUTHOR: Bucknauage, M.J., and E.C. Aharrah PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Determination of the algal growth-limiting nutrients in stripmine ponds SOURCE: Pages 191-196 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, ANKISTRODESMUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses results of test alga (Ankistrodesmus faloatus) and natural phytoplankton assays used to determine algal growth limiting nutrients in 2 strip mine ponds in Clarion County, PA. Results indicated that phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient and nitrogen was a secondary limiter. The presence of bacteria influenced nutrient availability in one of the ponds, maintaining lower concentrations of algal growth. The authors discuss the various factors that determine bioavailability of chemical nutrients in aquatic systems. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1396 AUTHOR: Buckner, D.L. and R.L. Wheeler PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Construction of cattail wetlands along the east slope of the front range of Colorado SOURCE: Pages 126-131 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies, Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235pp. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: PLANT, SOIL, SEED, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, VEG, WFOWL, SHOREB PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the construction methods, results, possible problems, and recommendations of a constructed cattail marsh as part of a highway mitigation effort. The primary objective was to create habitat for Northern Harriers and Short-eared owls. A 12 acre site was selected on a previously drained wetland area. "Live topsoil" was used to treat less than five acres and the other seven acres were seeded with cattail from Boulder Reservoir wetlands. Three spreader berms were spaced evenly in the area to encourage even spreading of water. Sampling in the following year revealed 48 percent coverage by hydrophytes in the live topsoil areas and 77 percent coverage in the seeded areas. Wildlife surveys revealed a higher than expected number of birds during the development phase and the first season. The authors suggest creating appropriate hydrological features is the most critical aspect in the creation of wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1415 AUTHOR: Buffa, J. and D.I. Werner PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian habitat protection and reforestation in Panama and Costa Rica to enhance food production and wildlife SOURCE: Pages 441-444 in J.A. Kusler and S. Daly, eds. Wetlands and river corridor management. Charleston, South Carolina. STATE: PANAMA, COSTA RICA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, REPT, HUSE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the restoration attempts in riparian areas in South America to reverse the destruction of tropical rainforests, improve soil fertility, control soil erosion, and provide habitat for iguana production as food. Iguana ranching allows the farmers to use the existing forests as well as offering them incentives to plant new trees. Native trees are being grown in small nurseries to be planted along live fencerows to protect river banks as part of the "Iguana Project". One of the primary goals is to fill the gaps in the tree canopy cover of the riparian corridor to provide continuous canopy cover which will benefit iguanas, wildlife, and control soil erosion. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 117 AUTHOR: Bureau of Land Management PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Environmental assessment on state of reclamation techniques on phosphate mined lands in Florida and their application to phosphate mining in the Osceola National Forest SOURCE: U.S. Dept. Int., Bur. Land Manage., East. St. Office, Alexandria, VA. 82 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST, HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes current reclamation techniques that might be used on proposed phosphate mine sites in the Osceola National Forest, FL. Conventional methods such as lake construction; sand tailing, clay waste, and overburden fills; and several experimental methods are discussed. Conclusive data on reclamation of hardwood wetlands is lacking and sufficient technological capabilities do not exist to ensure reasonably successful reclamation for proposed mined sites in the National Forest. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 118 AUTHOR: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife PUBL. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: Fish and wildlife in man-made and man-modified aquatic environments SOURCE: Project MAR: the conservation and management of temperate marshes, bogs, and other wetlands 1(3):369-382. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of the use of created or restored wetlands by fish and wildlife (especially waterfowl). Sewage disposal lagoons, impoundments, farm ponds, gravel pits, irrigated land, fish ponds, and brackish coastal wetlands are discussed in terms of fish and wildlife potential and/or use. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 119 AUTHOR: Burgess, S.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Some effects of stream habitat improvement on the aquatic and riparian community of a small mountain stream SOURCE: Pages 223-246 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA. STATE: CANADA, QUEBEC STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB1, R2-UB2, R3-UB1, R3-UB3, RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the effects of a stream habitat improvement program on a spring-fed stream 105 km northwest of Montreal, Quebec. To increase trout biomass, habitat improvement techniques such as small rock dams and deflectors and instream cover (logs and rafts of alders) were used on 1 of 2 parallel (100 m) sections of the stream. The other section served as a control. Over the 2 years of this study, the improved section produced an average of 218% greater trout biomass, increases in all age classes of fish, and larger crayfish populations. Observations of mink and raccoon activity in the area are noted. Management implications for trout-producing streams are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1304 AUTHOR: Burgoon, P.S., K.R. Reddy, and T.A. DeBusk PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Domestic wastewater treatment using emergent plants cultured in gravel and plastic substrates SOURCE: Pages 536-541 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares the use of gravel and plastic substrates for growing emergent aquatic plants and wastewater treatment. Three substrates were used in the experiment: gravel with high specific surface area and low porosity, and two sizes of plastic media with low and medium specific surface area both with high porosity. The treatments were batch loaded with primary effluent. The gravel substrate with high specific surface area proved to be better at contaminant removal than the plastics. Similarly, plant growth was better in the gravel substrate than in the plastic substrates. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 120 AUTHOR: Burk, C.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Partial recovery of vegetation in a pollution-damaged marsh SOURCE: Univ. Massachusetts, Water Resour. Res. Cent., Amherst. 28 pp. STATE: MA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: LEERSIA, MARSILIA, ELODEA, POTAMOGETON, NUPHAR, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes a study of the vegetation of Arcadia Wildlife Sanctuary Marsh, at the mouth of the Mill River in Northampton, MA, during a period of recovery from oil and other industrial pollution. Quantitative studies revealed an increase in total cover and in diversity. The successional nature of marshes is noted; the relative resilience of marsh vegetation along polluted streams is in part attributable to the adaptation of dominant species to early stages of the hydrosere. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1016 AUTHOR: Burk, C.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Characteristics of the plant communities growing in the drawdown zone of Schoharie Reservoir in upstate New York SOURCE: Pages 274-281 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, L.-..., L2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: PHALARIS, SALIX, CAREX, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, SPIRAEA, BIDENS, GNAPHALIUM, THELYPTERIS, ONOCLEA, POPULUS, APOCYNUM, ANTHEMIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the wetland plant communities growing in the drawdown zone of Schoharie Reservoir, east-central NY. The reservoir experiences a summer/fall annual drawdown of 12-18 m. Flooding regime, aspect, slope, and elevation were important factors influencing plant growth in the drawdown area. The timing and extent of water supply withdrawal was one of the major factors controlling the distribution of plant species. Dense growth of numerous herbaceous plants in areas previously dominated by chufa resulted from a short full-pool period (10 days) and a lack of water in backwaters (22 days). Species composition of various elevation zones is described. Standing crop measurements of several species in different elevation zones are compared. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 121 AUTHOR: Burk, J. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: A four year analysis of vegetation following an oil spill in a freshwater marsh SOURCE: J. Appl. Ecol. 14:515-522. STATE: MA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: ACER, ALISMA, CAREX, CERATOPHYLLUM, DULICHIUM, ELEOCHARIS, ELODEA, EQUISETUM, LEMNA, LYSIMACHIA, NUPHAR, POLYGONUM, POTAMOGETON, SAGITTARIA, SALIX, SCIRPUS, SCUTELLARIA, SIUM, VERONICA, VITIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study documents the recovery of vegetation following an oil spill at Arcadia Wildlife Sanctuary at the mouth of the Mill River in Northampton, MA. The affected marsh vegetation had been studied for a year prior to the spill. For 2 years after the spill, total plant cover and number of species were reduced. Perennial species were initially less affected than annuals. Shifts in dominant species in different areas of the marsh are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1209 AUTHOR: Burney, J.L., Jr., S.T. Bacchus, and J.B. Lee PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: An evaluation of wildlife utilization in a man-made freshwater wetland system in central Florida, U.S.A. SOURCE: Pages 24-48 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-OW., PO-FO1, L2-... RESPONSE: INVERTS, FISH, AMPHIB, REPT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, SUCCESS PGENUS: SCIRPUS, TYPHA, CANNA, PANICUM, POLYGONUM, SAGITTARIA, ACER, FRAXINUS, ILEX, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, QUERCUS, TAXODIUM, JUNCUS, PONTEDERIA, THALIA, NITELLA, VALLISNERIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A 1200 acre wetland complex (deep marsh, mixed marsh, created hardwood swamp, littoral zone) was constructed on and adjacent to Lake Chipster near Orlando, FL, to polish tertiary treated wastewater from a nearby Orlando wastewater treatment facility. Wildlife species observed using the complex were documented from Spring 1987 (prior to the first release of wastewater into the wetland but after wetland construction had commenced) to Spring 1989. Visual/auditory observations and various trapping methods were used to determine species composition. KEYWORDS: wildlife/freshwater wetlands/wetlands/central Florida/Florida/ proceedings/wetlands restoration/restoration/wetlands creation/ macroinvertebrates/amphibians/birds/comparison/fishes/created wetlands/marshes/wildlife utilization/man-made freshwater wetland system/reptiles/mammals/reclamation/wastewater/diversity/aquatic macroinvertebrates/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1535 AUTHOR: Burroughs, J.T. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: New wetlands policy in California SOURCE: National Wetlands Newsletter 16(1):6-8. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reviews Governor Pete Wilson's California Wetlands Conservation Policy which attempts to increase the quality and quantity of wetlands in California. An estimated 30 to 50% increase in wetland acreage is expected by 2010. Elements of the policy include: 1) conducting a statewide inventory of wetlands, 2) state assumption of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act permitting programs with a pilot version of policy being implemented in the San Francisco Bay area, 3) endorsing and providing guidelines for mitigation banking, 4) endorsing wetlands acquisition, restoration, enhancement, and management through bond measures, and 4) creating and interagency task force to promote a forum for new ideas as well as sort through regulatory issues. Views and criticisms of the policy from opponents and proponets are also shared. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 122 AUTHOR: Burton, T.M., D.L. King, and J.L. Ervin PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Aquatic plant harvesting as a lake restoration technique SOURCE: Pages 177-185 in Lake restoration; proceedings of a national conference. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Washington, DC. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST, WQUAL ACTION: CUT WETLAND TYPE: L2-AB3, L2-AB4, PO-EM1, L.-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: CERATOPHYLLUM, MYRIOPHYLLUM, HYDRILLA, POTAMOGETON, ELODEA, CHARA, VALLISNERIA, EICHHORNIA, LEMNA, SPIRODELA, PHRAGMITES, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the advantages, disadvantages, ecological consequences, and costs of using aquatic plant harvesting as a lake restoration technique. This technique can work only where nutrient loading has been reduced to low levels (net loading of phosphorus less than 1 g/m2/year) and the lake supports dense stands of macrophytes. Floating species such as water hyacinths and emergent species such as cattail can produce more biomass and remove greater amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus than submerged macrophytes. Harvest can maintain recreational potential, for example, by reducing winter kill and keeping waterways open. Estimates of harvest for various plant species and locations are presented, as well as estimates of n and P removal by the plants. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 123 AUTHOR: Busch, W.D.N., and L.M. Lewis PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Wetlands and lake interrelationships SOURCE: Pages 519-524 in Proceedings, third annual conference of the North American Lake Management Society: lake and reservoir management. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA 440/5/84-001. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-..., PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM2, L2-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, CERATOPHYLLUM, CALAMAGROSTIS, CORNUS, FRAXINUS, PONTEDERIA, SPARGANIUM, ELODEA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of 2 Lake Ontario wetlands to determine vegetation responses to water level fluctuations. Historical habitat and vegetation conditions were examined through the use of aerial photographs of Campbell Marsh, Jefferson County, NY, and Sage Creek Marsh, Oswego County, NY. Contours and habitat types were digitized for detailed computer analysis, which revealed that vegetation types occur within distinct ranges in elevation, shifting and adjusting as water levels change. Area of habitat types for each marsh in 1958, 1966, and 1978 are provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 124 AUTHOR: Byerly, D.W., J.B. Maddox, C.S. Fletcher, and D.T. Eagle PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Reclamation of mined land in the Piney Creek watershed--an interim report SOURCE: Pages 267-275 in D.E. Samuel, J.R. Stauffer, and C.H. Hocutt, eds. Proceedings of a symposium: surface mining and fish/wildlife needs in the eastern United States. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-78/81. STATE: TN STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: PINUS, ROBINIA, ELAEAGNUS, LESPEDEZA, QUERCUS, MALUS, PRUNUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses effects of restorative measures applied to 174 ha of coal mined land within the Piney Creek watershed, Van Buren County, TN. Treatments, including planting of trees and shrubs, seeding grasses and legumes, fertilizing, liming, building silt-retaining structures, and plugging underground mines, resulted in improved vegetative cover and water quality. After 2 years, average manganese and sulfate concentrations had been reduced by about 30%, iron by 50%, and specific-conductance by 30%. Costs of reclamation are summarized. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 125 AUTHOR: Byron, G.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Man-made wetlands as a post-mining land use: regulatory issues and conflicts SOURCE: Pages 181-183 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds. Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour., University Park. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses laws and regulations concerning surface mining within 30.5 m of natural wetlands and the adverse hydrologic or water quality impacts of mining activity. Wetland construction should be designed to guarantee suitable water quality on a permanent basis for wildlife habitat. Future regulations regarding biological treatment should address questions relating to the pH and acidity of the final effluent, receiving water quality, maintenance of a sufficient water level to support vegetation, presence of seeps and discharges, use of biological treatment on the discharge area, and liability issues associated with the treatment system. Biological treatment using vegetation is a viable alternative for controlling acid mine drainage. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1522 AUTHOR: Cahoon, D.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Recent accretion in two managed marsh impoundments in coastal Louisiana SOURCE: Ecological Applications 4(1):166-176. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM2 RESPONSE: HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study compares two managed impoundments and two unmanaged reference sites to determine the rate of matter accumulation on the marsh surface. A two-phase water management scheme (drawdown and flood) was implemented on both of the managed impoundments for one year. Field plots were established and sampled on similar Spartina patens-dominated brackish marsh in the managed and unmanaged areas of the Fina LaTerre site and also on burned and unburned Spartina patens-dominated marsh in the managed and unmanaged areas of the Rockefeller Refuge site. In both unmanaged sites vertical accretion, bulk density, and organic and mineral accumulation was greater, although organic/mineral content was less in the unmanaged sites than the managed sites. Results suggest managed impoundments reduce the amount of sedimentation thus eventually resulting in a shorter life expectancy than unmanaged marshes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1277 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Restoration, reclamation, and regeneration of degraded or destroyed ecosystems SOURCE: Pages 465-484 in M.E. Soule, ed. Conservation Biology; The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Assoc., Inc.,Sunderland, MA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: HUSE, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, VEG PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The author of this article discusses an expandable management strategy for the recovery of damaged ecosystems as a result of human activity. He suggests three major determinations must be made after an ecosystem has been damaged before corrective action can be taken: the degree of change, the area in which change has occurred, and the ecological significance of the change. Next, one must decide on recovery goals. These might include restoration, rehabilitation, or enhancement. Another alternative might be to do nothing at all. Finally, one must determine criteria for degree of recovery and conditions for terminating management responsibilities. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 127 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Waterway recovery SOURCE: Water Spectrum 10(4):26-32. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., E.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides a brief overview of aquatic ecosystems and their general recovery characteristics. Factors that contribute to rapid recovery are described along with a rating system by which all factors are combined to produce a recovery index for a specific site. These factors include: 1) existence of nearby epicenters for providing "seed" organisms to reinvade a damaged system; 2) transportation of organisms to a new area; 3) chemical-physical environmental quality after pollution stress; and 4) management capabilities for direct and immediate control of the damaged area. The state of the art on restoration of communities, with some examples, is discussed briefly. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1017 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Management options for rehabilitation and enhancement of surface-mined ecosystems SOURCE: Minerals Environ. 5(1):32-38. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes four basic management options for surface-mined land: 1) restoration to original condition; 2) rehabilitation of some desirable characteristics; 3) development of alternative ecosystems that may be quite unlike the original but may be desirable for a variety of reasons; and 4) neglect or natural reclamation when evidence suggests that unaided natural processes will produce better results than human intervention. The author provides checklists so that essential information will be available in selecting the most suitable option and includes examples where the option was selected for a particular site. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 126 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Facing some awkward questions concerning rehabilitation management practices on mined lands SOURCE: Pages 9-17 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds. Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour., University Park. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discussed 7 major questions relating to rehabilitation management practices on surface-mined land. Criteria for determining the following are examined: 1) at what point is a self-maintaining system produced; 2) can an ecosystem be restored to its original condition; 3) when should only selected characteristics or qualities of the system be rehabilitated; and 4) when is rehabilitation not feasible? Planning for species selection, professional personnel requirements, and research opportunities are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 128 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr., J.S. Crossman, K.L. Dickson, and E. E. Herricks PUBL. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: The recovery of damaged streams SOURCE: Assoc. Southeast. Biol. Bull. 18(3):79-106. STATE: VA, PA, TN STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper examines biological recovery of streams in VA (Mill Creek, Clinch River, Roanoke River) and PA (Indian Creek and Little Scrubgrass Creek) damaged by acidic or caustic material. Short- term acute stresses elicited an immediate reduction in diversity and density of macroinvertebrates and fishes. Recovery was fairly rapid unless the materials contained residual toxicities, which resulted in the establishment of an interim, atypical community structure lasting as long as the toxicity persisted. The rate of recolonization of damaged areas seems to be dependent on: 1) the distance an area is located from the site of the original spill; and 2) the existence of undamaged tributaries. Reaches of the river further downstream were slower to recover; rate of recovery was faster below healthy tributaries. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 129 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr., J. Stauffer, Jr., and C.H. Hocutt PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Opportunities for maintenance and rehabilitation of riparian habitats: eastern United States SOURCE: Pages 304-317 in R.R. Johnson and J.F. Mccormick, eds. Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-12. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of the requirements for maintaining ecosystem quality in terms of: 1) baseline studies; 2) hazard evaluation; and 3) biological monitoring. Rehabilitation of riparian ecosystems is discussed. Several case histories demonstrate that rehabilitation of damaged aquatic systems can be achieved at reasonable cost. Tables displaying systems for rating the critical factors in ecosystem elasticity and inertia are included; demonstrations of the application of these concepts to fish data from the Monongahela and Susquehanna River Drainages are provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 130 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., and K. Dickson PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Recovery of streams from spills of hazardous materials SOURCE: Pages 24-42 in J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks, eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems. Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville. STATE: VA, MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper briefly describes the recovery of 2 streams (the Clinch and Roanoke Rivers, VA) damaged by hazardous materials (caustic wastes, sulfuric acid, ethylbenzene-creosote). Ecosystem characteristics related to the process of recovery include: 1) vulnerability to irreversible damage; 2) ability to recover (elasticity); 3) ability to resist displacement of structural or functional characteristics; and 4) resiliency--the number of times an ecosystem can recover from stress. Methods of determining each of these for a given ecosystem or site are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1210 AUTHOR: Caldwell, R.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Diversity and similarity indices: uses and value in the regulatory environment SOURCE: Pages 49-56 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: M.-..., E.-..., R.-..., L.-..., P.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Regulatory agencies often base the success of wetland creation or restoration projects on diversity and/or similarity indices (e.g., Shannon Diversity Index, Morisita Index). The author discusses the drawbacks associated with the use of these indices in comparing created/restored wetlands to reference (undisturbed/natural) wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1018 AUTHOR: California State Coastal Conservancy PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Los Cerritos Wetlands: alternative wetland restoration plans report SOURCE: California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, Unpubl. Rep. 133 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents four alternative plans for enhancing the Los Cerritos Wetlands, Long Beach, CA. Each alternative serves to: 1) increase amount of quality habitat required by the region's endangered wetland species; 2) increase relatively scarce habitats; 3) enhance populations of coastal dependent migratory waterfowl and shorebirds; 4) exhibit high predictability of success; 5) create mix of fresh and saltwater habitats; and 6) provide adequate buffers along development edges. Plans and alternatives preferred by various agencies are discussed. Appendices include reports on existing wetland resources, site constraints, and wetland enhancement criteria. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 131 AUTHOR: California State Coastal Conservancy PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Regional wetland restoration study: Los Angeles and Orange Counties. Final draft report SOURCE: California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, Unpubl. Rep. 78 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, CUT, FIRE, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-US3, E2-EM1, PO-EM1, PO-UB3, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: FISH, HUSE, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents wetland restoration site plan guidelines for Los Angeles and Orange Counties, CA. A regional assessment of historical and present wetlands and regional goals is included. Design criteria, performance standards, and other guidelines necessary to insure that individual restoration site plans have a "high predictability of success" are discussed. Topics include watershed management, adjacent land management and development, passive recreational and educational access, buffer zones, corridor development, migratory birds, endangered species, design of ponds, mosquito control, design of tidal areas, islands, and dikes and levees. Ten specific upland sites suitable for restoration are analyzed. Appendices include information on bird and fish use of regional wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 134 AUTHOR: Cammen, L.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Accumulation rate and turnover time of organic carbon in a salt marsh sediment SOURCE: Limnol. Oceanogr. 20:1012-1015. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of organic carbon in salt marsh sediment at several sites (natural marsh, unvegetated dredged spoil, and spoil planted with Spartina alterniflora) near Drum Inlet, NC. Both spoil areas accumulated organic carbon, but the annual accumulation rate was higher where Spartina was present. The turnover time for organic carbon in the natural marsh was calculated at 3.7-4.5 years. The main source of the carbon was probably a combination of detrital matter transported by tidal action and benthic algae. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 133 AUTHOR: Cammen, L.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Abundance and production of macroinvertebrates from natural and artificially established salt marshes in North Carolina SOURCE: Am. Midl. Nat. 96(2):487-493. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US., E1-UB. RESPONSE: INVERT PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study compares the abundance and production of macroinvertebrates in several salt marshes at Drum Inlet and Snow's Cut, NC. Marsh types were: 1) dredge material planted with Spartina; 2) bare marsh spoil; and 3) natural emergent marsh and creeks. Differences in elevation between Drum Inlet and Snow's Cut accounted for differences in faunal composition. The elevation of planted material increased due to sediment trapping by Spartina and estuarine fauna were gradually replaced by more terrestrial fauna such as insect larvae. Creek production was higher than that of emergent marsh. Initially, marsh creation may result in reduced secondary productivity, but eventually Spartina production will support detritus-based communities in the creek and estuary, resulting in a net gain in secondary productivity for the entire ecosystem. KEYWORDS: macroinvertebrates/North Carolina/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/ marshes/insects/macrofauna/wetlands creation/elevation/Drum Inlet,North Carolina/Snow's Cut,North Carolina/salt marshes/ dredge spoil/spoil/fauna/polychaetes/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 132 AUTHOR: Cammen, L.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Macroinvertebrate colonization of Spartina marshes artificially established on dredge spoil SOURCE: Est. Coastal Mar. Sci. 4(4):357-372. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: INVERT, SOIL, VEG, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study compares macroinvertebrate colonization on dredged material sites at Drum Inlet and Snow's Cut (on the Cape Fear River), NC. Samples were taken at unplanted plots (bare soil), artificially planted plots, and natural marsh areas at both sites. Sediment analysis of the sites revealed that the source of organic carbon was probably benthic microalgae and detritus. The turnover time for sediment organic carbon (3.7-4.5 years at Drum Inlet and 22.6-26.6 years at Snow's Cut) approximates the time taken for spoil plots to reach organic carbon concentrations equal to those of the natural marsh. Faunal distribution was affected by elevation, sediment particle size, proximity of spoil to natural marsh, and maturity of natural marsh faunal communities. KEYWORDS: colonization/Spartina/dredge spoil/salt marshes/macroinvertebrate colonization/Spartina marshes/North Carolina/marshes/spoil/Spartina alterniflora/fauna/biomass/species richness/elevation/dredging/ macrofauna/sediment/diversity/stabilization =============================================================================== NUMBER: 135 AUTHOR: Cammen, L.M., E.D. Seneca, and B.J. Copeland PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Animal colonization of man-made salt marshes on dredge spoil SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir, VA, Tech. Pap. 76-7. 58 pp. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, R1-... RESPONSE: INVERT, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study compares natural and artificial marshes to determine whether dredged spoils planted with Spartina alterniflora function similarly to natural marshes. The study areas were at Drum Inlet, Carteret County, NC, and Snow's Cut, New Hanover County, NC. Patterns of faunal development are described in detail. Using organic carbon content of the sediment as an indicator, estimates for the length of time taken for dredge spoil to resemble natural marsh were about 4 years (from last spoil deposited) at Drum Inlet and about 25 years at Snow's Cut. Factors affecting marsh development are: 1) how closely spoil resembles natural sediment; 2) natural sedimentation rate of the area; and 3) the elevation and maturity of natural marsh compared to spoil. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1019 AUTHOR: Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Bracut Marsh restoration project: a report on the environmental and engineering surveys SOURCE: California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, Unpubl. Rep. 25 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: SALICORNIA, JAUMEA, SPARTINA, LIMONIUM, GRINDELIA, ORTHOCARPUS, SPARTINA, PLANTAGO, PUCCINELLIA, SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents results of environmental and engineering surveys conducted to evaluate the suitability of the proposed Bracut Marsh restoration site in Humboldt Bay, Eureka, CA. Environmental parameters included tidal hydraulics, bay circulation and flushing patterns, sedimentation, soils, vegetation, and wildlife. The investigation also included a survey of state and local agencies to determine general interest level and to obtain advice on project feasibility. Survey results indicated that the site was suitable for marsh restoration, assuming the addition of an appropriate fill material to provide adequate structural stability and sufficient nutrient supply to support desired marsh vegetation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 136 AUTHOR: Campbell, C.J., and W. Green PUBL. YEAR: 1968 TITLE: Perpetual succession of stream-channel vegetation in a semiarid region SOURCE: J. Arizona Acad. Sci. 5(2):86-98. STATE: AZ STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB., PO-SS., PO-FO., R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PSEUDOTSUGA, PINUS, PLATANUS, JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, SAMBUCUS, SALIX, POPULUS, BACCHARIS, PLUCHEA, EUPHORBIA, PECTIS, CASSIA, ERODIUM, PLAGIOBOTHRYS, AMSINCKIA, BOUTELOUA, SCHISMUS, PROSOPIS, HYMENOCLEA, ACACIA, MIMOSA, QUERCUS, CUPRESSUS, JUNIPERUS, LYCIUM, LARREA, FRANSERIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses channel vegetation communities with respect to changing elevation on Sycamore Creek, Maricopa County, AZ. Ninety-five percent of the shrub species sampled and approximately 50% of the tree species are indigenous to the semiarid mountain slopes and are not dependent on additional subsurface moisture in the channel. These species, which have a wide ecological amplitude with respect to soil moisture variation are termed "pseudoriparian"; they invade the channel sites perpendicularly from adjacent slopes and remain confined to their area of introduction. Riparian species exist only where additional subsurface moisture is available in addition to annual precipitation. Mosaics of various seral stages with different dominant species characterize the vegetation communities. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 137 AUTHOR: Campbell, R.S., and O.T. Lind PUBL. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: Water quality and aging of strip-mine lakes SOURCE: J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 41(11):1943-1955. STATE: MO STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the physical and chemical characteristics of 5 strip mine lakes of varying age and pH (2.8-8.1). The initial succession stage of acid-mine lakes is characterized by low pH, absence of bicarbonates, and large concentrations of dissolved minerals, which produce high conductivity measurements. Sulfate is the predominate anion. Strong colors of red, blue, or green usually characterize the water. These conditions become less pronounced as sulfuric acid pollution lessens. During the less acid phase, the lakes are homeothermous. A later alkaline stage appears comparable to stages of early eutrophy in natural lakes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 138 AUTHOR: Campbell, R.S., O.T. Lind, W.T. Geiling, and G.L. Harp PUBL. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: Recovery from acid pollution in shallow strip-mine lakes in Missouri SOURCE: Proc. 19th Indus. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Eng. Ext. Ser. 117, Eng. Bull. 49(1A):17-26. STATE: MO STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, . PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses recovery from acid pollution in shallow strip-mine lakes in Calloway County, MO. A sequence of stages of recovery from acid pollution was readily identified by an increase in pH and an increase in species diversity of zooplankton, benthos, fish, and phytoplankton over a 23-year period. However, the rate of recovery was highly variable, even for adjacent lakes constructed at the same time. The presence of waste coal piles in the watershed delayed recovery in 1 lake for 45 years. Recovery from acid pollution was accelerated in another lake by alkaline drainage from farmlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1020 AUTHOR: Carangelo, P.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Creation of sea grass habitat in Texas: results of research investigations and applied programs SOURCE: Pages 286-300 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-SS3, E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E2-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: THALASSIA, HALODULE, RUPPIA, SYRINGODIUM, HALOPHILA, SPARTINA, AVICENNIA, LAURENTIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper summarizes creation techniques and results of experimental seagrass plantings conducted since 1974 and larger-scale plantings conducted since 1982 in south TX. Four seagrass mitigation projects are described in more detail: Hog Island, Huffco, Petrus-Hughes, and Clark Island. Diagnostic evaluation of these projects suggested that the degree to which a prepared planting surface acted as a sediment, leaf blade, drift algal, or detrital sink resulted in varying levels of project efficacy. When a project did not respond as a sink, and where sediment stability was achieved, a project appeared successful. Some general principles and guidelines are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 139 AUTHOR: Carangelo, P.D., C.H. Oppenheimer, and P.E. Picarazzi PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Biological application for the stabilization of dredged materials, Corpus Christi, Texas: submergent plantings SOURCE: Pages 243-262 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: HALODULE, THALASSIA, RUPPIA, HALOPHILA, SYRINGODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the planting of several test plots on dredged material and other barren disturbed sites in Corpus Christi Bay. Upland, emergent, and submergent species were transplanted; only the submergents are discussed here. Information on the types of plants that can be used effectively to revegetate and stabilize nonvegetated estuarine areas with minimum cost and effort is provided. Growth and survival rate of submergents were examined at Laguna Madre, Rincon, and Mud Island. Planting considerations include: 1) water depth; 2) timing (after spring revitalization or before winter dieback); 3) restoration of predisturbance elevation and substrate type; and 4) avoidance of high wave energy sites. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 140 AUTHOR: Cardamone, M.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Wetlands and the surface mining of coal: protection and values assessment SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Univ. Kentucky, Louisville. 148 pp. STATE: KY, IN, IL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-FO. RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, SPHAGNUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis examines management options for protecting wetlands during surface coal mining, particularly for the eastern interior coal region in KY, IN, and IL. Interactions between wetlands and surface coal mining are discussed using a conceptual systems model. An analysis of mining effects on wetlands and general legal and regulatory information on wetland protection and surface coal mining are provided. Wetland protection procedures include: 1) preventing impacts; 2) mitigation; and 3) reclamation techniques. A hypothetical wetland restoration plan is presented. Selection of which wetlands are to be protected is discussed in terms of an overview of wetland values and the current methods used for values assessment and decision-making processes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1523 AUTHOR: Carlson, C.L. and C.A. Carson PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Impacts of coal pile leacheate on a forested wetland in South Carolina SOURCE: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 72:89-109. STATE: SC STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO4 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: PINUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper determines the effects of mine leachate on a nearby forested wetland showing signs of severe dieback and stress. The killzone and stressed areas tend to be on the western zone of the site which is fed by an ephemeral stream and is seasonally flooded. Acid leachate from a nearby coal pile is believed to be the source of contamination due to evidence of the water-table aquifer being highly contaminated with sulfate and metals. Results of loblolly pine seedlings and water quality samples indicated a high level of Co and Se in the tissue of seedlings sampled at the sites with greatest contamination but found no toxic levels of phytotoxic elements such as Al,Fe, or Mn in any of the samples. The authors suggest that while the high trace elements found in soil samples are not preventing the growth of seedlings they are interfering with seed germination and establishment. The authors also hypothesize that the dieback and stressed forests are the result of initial Al and Mn concentrations as well as high acidity and salinity. Those trees with low tolerance and deep rooting systems tended to be impacted the greatest such as willow oaks and those with higher tolerance and shallow lateral root system, such as loblolly pine and sweetgum, tended to be less impacted and currently show signs of regeneration. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 141 AUTHOR: Carlson, D.B., R.G. Gilmore, and J.R. Rey PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Salt marsh impoundment management on Florida's central east coast: reintegrating isolated high marshes to the estuary SOURCE: Pages 47-63 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG PGENUS: BATIS, SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, RUPPIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the reopening of a salt-marsh mosquito impoundment to the adjacent estuary. The study site is Indian River impoundment #12, a high marsh on a barrier island between Indian River and St. Lucie Counties, FL. The purposes of the study were to: 1) reestablish exchange of organisms and detritus between marsh and estuary; and 2) control mosquito populations. When the impoundment site was reopened to tidal influence, there was a major increase in species richness and considerable revegetation by Batis and Salicornia. Mosquito larvae formed an insignificant portion of the diet of marsh fish; continued mosquito control apparently requires the pumping of water into the marsh during spring and summer, when natural water levels become low enough to provide breeding sites for mosquitoes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 142 AUTHOR: Carlson, J.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Preliminary report on the restoration of farmed freshwater marshes at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary SOURCE: Pages 212-227 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PANICUM, PONTEDERIA, CYPERUS, UTRICULARIA, SAGITTARIA, SPARTINA, NYMPHOIDES, CENTELLA, BACOPA, DIODIA, PLUCHEA, LIPPIA, POLYGONUM, IPOMOEA, ELEOCHARIS, ASTER, ANDROPOGON, HYDROCOTYLE, PROSERPINACA, URENA, SCHINUS, MELALEUCA, EICHHORNIA, LUDWIGIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Freshwater marshes at Corkscrew Swamp, FL, were modified by dikes and ditches. In 1981 restoration of one third of the disturbed area was initiated by grading and restoration of natural ground elevations. Elevation profiles and vegetation transects were recorded. Species composition, percent cover, height, and vegetation biomass were measured in both restored and control areas. A major factor affecting success of natural profile restoration was amount of organic accumulation on dikes and in ditches. After 1 growing season, filled ditches had similar vegetation height and percent cover and greater living biomass, compared to natural marsh and old field areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 143 AUTHOR: Carlson, J.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Streamside revegetation SOURCE: U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Portland, OR, Tech. Notes Plant Materials-55. 9 pp. STATE: OR, WA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: R1-..., R2-..., R3-..., PO-SS1, RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, WQUAL PGENUS: AGROPYRON, TRIFOLIUM, LOTUS, FESTUCA, CORNUS, SYMPHORICARPOS, ROSA, ACER, AMELANCHIER, CORYLUS, SPIRAEA, SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides specific information for revegetating streambanks in the Pacific Northwest. Revegetation costs generally do not exceed 1/10 the cost of equivalent protection by riprap. Erosion control efforts are best suited to meandering streams heavily impacted by human activities. Success of a revegetation effort requires: 1) fitting vegetative treatment to stream hydraulic conditions; and 2) managing the stream corridor for fish and wildlife habitat, human use, and aesthetics. The specifications of a revegetation project are based on site conditions and design criteria that consider plant adaptations and erosion control characteristics, fish and wildlife habitat, hydraulic limitations of revegetation, and effective implementation and maintenance. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 144 AUTHOR: Carlson, P. PUBL. YEAR: 1972 TITLE: Patterns of succession on spoil islands: a summary report SOURCE: New College, Sarasota, FL. 114 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US., E2-SS., E2-FO. RESPONSE: INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HUSE, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA, BACCHARIS, BORRICHIA, SPARTINA, BATIS, SESUVIUM, CAKILE, HELIOTROPIUM, IPOMOEA, PASPALUM, CASUARINA, SCIRPUS, SPOROBOLUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses succession of plant and animal communities on spoil islands along the west coast of FL. Plant species composition, arthropod populations, and physico-chemical parameters of the soil were sampled along transects across the islands. Variables other than age, for example, distance from shore and the physiography of the islands, were found to be important in colonization and succession. The islands are used regularly by many species of birds because of the diversity of suitable feeding and breeding habitats. Recommendations regarding management of spoil islands toward conservation and recreational uses are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 145 AUTHOR: Carlton, J.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Land-building and stabilization by mangroves SOURCE: Environ. Conserv. 1(4):285-294. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of mangroves in terms of their use for land-building and shoreline stabilization, particularly at several sites along the FL coast. An overview of planting methods and case studies generated the following: 1) mangrove seedlings raised in the lab can later be successfully planted in the field; 2) larger (1-5 m) mangroves have the best survival rate as transplants; 3) black mangroves are more tolerant of cold temperatures and disturbed substrate than red mangroves and also produce pneumatophores more rapidly and thus may be the more useful species; and 4) mangroves can be useful for substrate stabilization (e.g., with planned filling and seawall construction projects). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 146 AUTHOR: Carlton, J.M., and M.D. Moffler PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Propagation of mangroves by air-layering SOURCE: Environ. Conserv. 5:147-150. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-SS3, E2-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, AVICENNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the technique of air-layering as another approach to revegetating coastal areas with mangroves. The experiment was conducted in Fort De Soto County Park, Pinellas County, FL. The technique involves girdling of a mangrove branch (less than 2.5 cm diameter in this case), covering the cut with Sphagnum moss soaked in distilled water, and wrapping with aluminum foil. Root growth was observed 5-16 months later. Preliminary information indicates that air-layering may be an effective and economical technique for restoring mangroves. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 147 AUTHOR: Carlton, J.M., and Z. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Vegetation establishment-- Fontainbleau State Park, Louisiana SOURCE: Pages 63-80 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, PANICUM, PHRAGMITES, ROSA, TAMARIX, VALLISNERIA, RUPPIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This demonstration project focused on 2 methods for preventing shoreline erosion along Lake Pontchartrain, LA. The first method included various structures--revetments, breakwaters, concrete structures, and a brush dike. The second method consisted of vegetative plantings with and without fertilization in the intertidal and upper beach areas. Average survival rates were 22.6% for the intertidal planting zone and 6.4% for the upper beach planting zone. Estimated cost of planting (including fertilizer) was about $4/ft. Several factors--environmental conditions, condition of plant materials, and offshore structures--were discussed in terms of their effects on vegetative establishment. KEYWORDS: =========================================================================== NUMBER: 1163 AUTHOR: Carothers, S.W., G.S. Mills, and R.R. Johnson PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: The creation and restoration of riparian habitat in southwestern arid and semi-arid regions SOURCE: Pages 359-376 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I. Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: CA, AZ, NM, TX, NV, UT STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, PLANT, HYDRO, SEED, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, RIPARIAN RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS, TAMARIX, PROSOPIS, JUGLANS, PLATANUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides information on the creation and restoration of riparian wetlands in the southwestern U.S. and includes regional characteristics, wetland types, extent to which creation and restoration have occurred, successes and failures, project designs, preconstruction considerations, monitoring, mitigation, information gaps and research needs, restoration techniques, and a bibliography. Tables list 17 projects with information on location, species planted, cost, area, substrate, depth to water, and status. The appendix includes profiles of 5 projects: dredge spoils (Colorado River); Mittry Lake (AZ); Bankline (Lower Colorado River, AZ); and BLM Safford District. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 148 AUTHOR: Carson, J.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Progress report of a reclaimed wetland on phosphate mined land in central Florida SOURCE: Pages 243-250 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SOIL, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: SHOREB, FISH, REPT, NGBIRDS, MAMMALS, VEG PGENUS: SABAL, ACER, CEPHALANTHUS, FRAXINUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, NYSSA, PERSEA, QUERCUS, TAXODIUM, PLATANUS, CARYA, PINUS, SALIX, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study documents the reclamation of a wetland on phosphate mined land in Polk County, FL. The reclaimed area was backfilled and graded and received surface soil from other wetlands (source of seeds and root material). The site is being monitored for revegetation success. So far, the topsoiled areas have 100% ground cover, whereas areas that did not receive topsoil are being invaded by wetland species. One third of the area was topsoiled and one third was planted with rye for temporary cover while wetland species invaded. Fifteen species of trees were planted. Sod was used for erosion control. The area is being used by a variety of wildlife species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 149 AUTHOR: Catchpole, C.K., and C.F. Tydeman PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Gravel pits as new wetland habitats for the conservation of breeding bird communities SOURCE: Biol. Conserv. 8:47-59. STATE: GREAT BRITAIN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-US1, PO-UB1 RESPONSE: WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB PGENUS: SALIX, CRATAEGUS, RUBUS, URTICA, EPILOBIUM, PHRAGMITES, GLYCERIA, PHALARIS, JUNCUS, TYPHA, CAREX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of gravel pit wetland habitats by breeding bird communities in Great Britain. Most gravel pits are in urban or agricultural environments and contain a variety of aquatic, marshland, and terrestrial habitats. Their breeding bird communities contain a wide variety of species, often at high breeding densities. At least 3 species of wetland birds have expanded their breeding habitat within Great Britain due to the presence of gravel pits. The authors suggest that gravel pit wetlands are important for the future conservation of marshland and aquatic species and may act as reservoirs of diversity and abundance in a rapidly changing environment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 150 AUTHOR: CE Maguire Inc. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Wetland replacement evaluation SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Norfolk, VA, Unpubl. Rep. 186 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, ACER, IVA, PHRAGMITES, CHAMAECYPARIS, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, SETARIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report evaluates the success of 32 replacement wetlands in VA created as a result of compliance with Section 404 permit conditions. Data for each site includes wetland area and classification, vegetation cover characterization, observed fauna, mitigation status, comments concerning compliance with permit conditions, and effectiveness of mitigation activities. Of the 19 sites completed, mitigation was judged successful at 9 sites, likely to be successful with time at 4 sites, and only partially successful at 6 sites. Primary factors associated with successful wetland creation included proper grading, slope, and erosion control. Factors contributing to poor success included poor site preparation and careless transplanting/sprigging practices. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 151 AUTHOR: CH2M Hill PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Feasibility of using geothermal effluents for waterfowl wetlands SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-81/44. 236 pp. STATE: ID, MT, NV, NM, CA, OR, UT STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB4, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the use of geothermal effluent water to create wetlands at 206 sites in 7 states. Evaluation criteria include land use suitability, topography, groundwater contamination potential, and waterfowl use potential. Sites with highest potential were the Beaverhead Area of MT, the Camas Area of ID, and the Nye Area of NV. Wetland processing of water from geothermal facilities and legal and institutional factors affecting wetland development are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 153 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1967 TITLE: Weirs, plugs and artificial potholes for the management of wildlife in coastal marshes SOURCE: Pages 178-192 in J.D. Newsom, ed. Proceedings of the marsh and estuary management symposium. Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. STATE: LA, FL, SC, NC STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, REPT, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: RUPPIA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS, CERATOPHYLLUM, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents a brief overview of the use of weirs, plugs, and artificial potholes to improve coastal marsh habitat for wildlife (primarily waterfowl) of the southeastern U.S. Weirs and plugs are used in marshes to regulate water levels, control salinities, and minimize turbidity to promote the production of aquatic vegetation. Potholes and ditches are constructed in marshes to create permanent water areas and to open up dense vegetation. Results of studies, primarily in LA, that demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques are briefly summarized. A few examples of construction methods and costs also are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1021 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Revegetation program for pipeline construction areas in certain Texas and Louisiana wetlands SOURCE: Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp., Houston, TX, Unpubl. Final Rep. 28 pp. STATE: TX, LA STUDY TYPE: CASE, COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: DISTICHLIS, SPARTINA, PASPALUM, SALICORNIA, SESUVIUM, PLUCHEA, LIMONIUM, SCIRPUS, LEPTOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS, ASTER, ECLIPTA, ECHINOCHLOA, SUAEDA, HELIOTROPIUM, BACOPA, CYPERUS, BATIS, MONANTHOCHLOE, AMARANTHUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses a wetland revegetation program for portions of the Galveston-High Island Pipeline Project in TX and LA. Both the single-ditch and double-ditch methods were used to bury the pipeline. Topsoil was replaced after ditches were backfilled. Sprigs of salt grass and two Spartina species were planted on test plots. After 2 growing seasons, natural revegetation cover was complete in low salt marsh areas and less than 50% complete in high salt marsh areas. Plantings showed good survival and growth, particularly in brackish marsh areas; however, natural revegetation took place at even greater rates. The double-ditch method produced slightly greater revegetation rates than the single-ditch method. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 152 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Effects of marsh impoundments on coastal fish and wildlife resources SOURCE: Pages 1-16 in P.L. Fore and R.D. Peterson, eds. Proceedings of the Gulf of Mexico coastal ecosystems workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/30. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST, HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM1, L2-AB3, L.-..., E2-EM., E2-AB., E.-... RESPONSE: FISH, SHELLF, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, REPT PGENUS: ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, HYDROCOTYLE, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, CYPERUS, RUPPIA, SESUVIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of fish and wildlife use of various types of coastal marsh impoundments. Marsh impoundments were categorized into 4 types: permanently flooded with fresh water, manipulated fresh water, permanently flooded with brackish water. The habitat requirements of fish and wildlife are summarized briefly for each type of impoundment and for various species groups: 1) waterfowl; 2) rails; 3) wading birds; 4) fur animals; 5) alligators; 6) freshwater fishes; 7) estuarine fishes; and 8) crawfishes. The effects of impoundments on fish and wildlife vary with the resources involved and the type of impoundment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1154 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Creation, restoration, and enhancement of marshes of the northcentral Gulf Coast SOURCE: Pages 127-144 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I. Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: AL, MS, LA, TX STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL, HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, STABIL, CONTAM, SPOIL, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, SOIL, HYDRO, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, FISH, REPT PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides information on wetland creation and restoration in coastal AL, MS, LA, and TX including regional characteristics, marsh types, functions performed, extent to which creation, restoration, or enhancement has occurred, project design, monitoring, mitigation, information needs, and a bibliography. Profiles of 16 projects are included in the appendix: Gaillard Island, Coffee Island, AL; Bolivar Peninsula, Stedman Island, TX; Southwest Pass, Tenneco Management Unit, Laborgne Canal, Calcasieu Lake, canal sites in Vermilion Parish, Miller Lake Weir, Bird Island Weir, Mississippi River Diversion, Rockefeller Refuge Impoundments, Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge Impoundment, and Shoreline Barrier Island Restoration, LA; pipeline site, LA and TX. Wetland types, location, size, project goals, significance, and contacts are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1426 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Creation, restoration, and enhancement of marshes of the Northcentral Gulf Coast SOURCE: Pages 125-142 in J.A. Kusler and M. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C. STATE: AL, LA, TX, MS STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: M.-..., E.-... RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Wetlands of the Northcentral Gulf Coast are described in terms of regional characteristics, marsh types, wetland functions, and restoration/creation projects. The two primary types of wetland creation include marsh creation from dredged material deposited in shallow water and direct sedimentation by controlled diversions of river flow. Weirs and impoundments are being used to offset the deteriorating factors, such as saltwater intrusion, in order to establish plant growth for restoration and enhancement. Diversion of freshwater into marshes is also being used to restore deteriorating marshes. Goals for marsh creation include optimizing the use of dredged materials, expanding the acreage of wetlands, and slowing the erosion process. Planting dredged material is often done to hasten marsh development and material stabilization. Aspects of project plans include construction considerations, hydrology, location of dredge spoil, substrate, and establishment of plant communities. Two levels of monitoring are recommended to evaluate the success of plant establishment and factors effecting plant growth. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 154 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H., and C.M. Hoffpauir PUBL. YEAR: 1962 TITLE: The use of weirs in coastal marsh management in Louisiana SOURCE: Proc. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. Conf. 16:103-112. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, RUPPIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, SCIRPUS, PANICUM, ELEOCHARIS, CYPERUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of weir construction in 2 areas: 1) marsh island wildlife refuge, between Vermilion and Cote Blanc Bays on the Gulf Coast; and 2) a privately owned area north of Lake Felicity in Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes, LA. Ninety ponds were sampled for vegetation; 53 were behind weirs and 37 were unmanaged (controls). Vegetative growth, salinity, turbidity, water levels, and tidal action are discussed. The greatest effect of weir construction was water level stabilization. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 155 AUTHOR: Chaimson, J.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian vegetation planting for flood control SOURCE: Pages 120-123 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a plan to plant riparian vegetation for erosion control and sediment stabilization on the murphy slough, a section of the Sacramento River near Chico, CA. The plan included 1) grading the riverside to a 3:1 or 4:1 slope to prevent rain-caused gullying; 2) planting a mixture of bermuda and rye grasses on the slope face; and 3) planting Salix and Populus on the lower slope in the fall. High water washed out most of the planted lower slope. This will be corrected by replanting and using an irrigation system to enhance growth for greater bank stabilization and protection from floods. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1195 AUTHOR: Chainey, S.P., F.J. Lang, and S. Mills PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Revegetation of riparian trees and shrubs on alluvial soils along the Upper Sacramento River, 1987-1988 SOURCE: Pages 441-446 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON, VEG PGENUS: ACER, ALNUS, SAMBUCUS, FRAXINUS, PLATANUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Two sites on the Sacramento River near Red Bluff and Colusa, CA were planted with 7 native tree species in an effort to mitigate for the loss of woody riparian vegetation from bank protection construction projects. Techniques designed to protect plants and promote survival and growth but require minimal maintenance were effective. Overall survival rates on the Colusa site were 91%; frost damage impacted sycamore survival. The Red Bluff site showed an overall survival rate of 60%; mortality was primarily due to drought. Irrigation rates were increased on this site following additional plantings. Costs for digging holes are included. (AA-Mod) KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 156 AUTHOR: Chamberlain, R. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Methods used to evaluate fish utilization of a salt marsh restoration site in Humboldt Bay, California SOURCE: Page 97 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll. Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E1-UB. RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article evaluates fish use of a restored salt marsh adjacent to Freshwater Slough, Humboldt Bay, CA. A 16 acre pasture was returned to tidal flushing by a dike breach. Samples taken from drop traps and seines indicated that the dominant fish was the threespine stickleback. The channel through the dike breach also is being sampled for fish and for physio-chemical and water flow characteristics. Other fish included staghorn sculpin, juvenile arrow and tidewater gobies, topsmelts, and various osmerids. The study will continue to July 1982. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1563 AUTHOR: Chamberlain, R.H. and R.A. Barnhart PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Early use by fish of a mitigation salt marsh, Humboldt Bay, California SOURCE: Estuaries 16(4):769-783. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A mitigation marsh was studied for fish use to determine the success of mitigation for habitat lost by nearby marina construction. Fishes were sampled from channels adjacent to the Woodley Island Marina (area impacted), a control marsh, and the mitigation marsh. Both the control marsh and the mitigation marsh were at higher elevations and upstream from the impacted marsh, thus they tended to have higher dissolved oxygen and pH levels but lower salinity and water temperatures than the impacted marsh. Results of fish collections showed a greater variety of species at the mitigation marsh although there was a greater biomass of fish of Wooley Island. Samples of larval and post larval fishes were greater for the mitigation marsh than the control marsh or the impacted marsh. Finally, ichtyoplankton densities were highest for the mitigation marsh and lowest for the impacted marsh Although the mitigation marsh is "successful" it does not provide the same functions or habitat for the fish species as the impacted marsh, therefore; it was not adequately mitigated. Recommendations and considerations for mitigating salt marsh areas are discussed. KEYWORDS: fishes/wetlands mitigation/salt marshes/marshes/California/ habitat/elevation/intertidal/tidal flushing/comparison/ restoration/values/invertebrates/vegetation/Humboldt Bay, California/established marsh/mitigation/biomass/channels/ salinity/dike/diversity/plants/eelgrass/eelgrass meadows/meadow =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1552 AUTHOR: Chambers, J.M., T.J. Wrigley, and A.J. McComb PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The potential of wetlands to reduce phosphorus export from agricultural catchments SOURCE: Fertilizer Research 36:157-164. STATE: AUSTRALIA STUDY TYPE: CASE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EMI, PO-MLI RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: MELALEUCA, LEPIDOSPERMA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Three created wetlands were studied to determine the effect of residence time on phosphorous (P) removal of a natural wetland; the effectivness of dominent sedges as well as peat and sand substrates on P removal frominflow; and the flow rates and P concentrations effect on P uptake efficiency. Results indicated an exponential decrease in the P concentration of the wetland water over a period of 52 days with a total uptake of 792 mg p m-2. Another study revealed greater P removal over longer retention times and lower flow rates for wetlands containing plant material than those containing only peat or sand. The final study compared five P loadings of various concentrations at different flow rates over a 68-day period. Phosphorous uptake tended to increase as the inflow load of P decreased. Mangagement options using natural and artifical wetlands to reduce point and non-point source pollution are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 157 AUTHOR: Chan, E. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Regional wetlands plan for urban runoff treatment, case study of marsh planning, design and creation: Hayward Shoreline Marsh--phase II SOURCE: Assoc. Bay Area Gov., San Francisco, CA, Water Qual. Tech. Memo. No. 92. 16 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: PGENUS: POTAMOGETON, MYRIOPHYLLUM, RUPPIA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses plans for design and creation of the second phase of the Hayward Shoreline Marsh, San Francisco Bay, CA. The second phase involves restoration of 155 acres of land to fresh and brackish marshes, using existing and newly-created channels and dikes to form a 5 basin marsh system. A separate 20 acre pickelweed marsh was set aside as a preserve for the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse. Four areas are delineated for specific management and operation considerations: 1) water quality, 2) mosquito vector control; 3) botulism management; and 4) vegetation management. Fresh water input to the system will be secondary-treated effluent from a treatment plant. Management plans and costs are presented for the various features of the marsh creation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1192 AUTHOR: Chan, F.J., and R.M. Wong PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Reestablishment of native riparian species at an altered high elevation site SOURCE: Pages 428-435 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, WQUALITY, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: ALNUS, SALIX, POPULUS, SAMBUCUS, CORNUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The failure of a 22 ft diameter pipe caused an estimated water flow of 40,000 cfs for about 1 hour, which scoured and removed 1.75 million cubic yards of soil and vegetation from Lost Canyon, located 50 miles east of Fresno, CA, at elevation of 6300-7800 ft Mitigation for the damage included reestablishing lost vegetation and focused on the riparian component. Successful reestablish- ment was dependent on the use of proper planting techniques and maintenance practices, and the use of local plant sources. Survival rates for selected species are given in Table 13. Planting methods are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 158 AUTHOR: Chaney, A.H., B.R. Chapman, J.P. Karges, D.A. Nelson, R.R. Schmidt, and L.C. Thebeau PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: The use of dredged material islands by colonial seabirds and wading birds in Texas SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-8. 238 pp. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, E2-SS1, E2-SS2, E2-US. RESPONSE: SHOREB, VEG, SOIL PGENUS: PROSOPIS, BACCHARIS, ANDROPOGON, PASPALUM, AMBROSIA, IVA, SPOROBOLUS, CHLORIS, BORRICHIA, SALICORNIA, SOPHORA, OPUNTIA, TYPHA, ELEOCHARIS, TAMARIX, SPARTINA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses use of dredged material islands by nesting colonial seabirds and wading birds in the Galveston-houston area and Upper Laguna Madre near Corpus Christi, TX. Approximately 60% of the nesting pairs along the TX Gulf Coast use dredged material islands for nest sites. Nesting succession of birds was closely related to succession of vegetation from bare substrate to shrubs or trees. Generally, terns and skimmers preferred bare to sparse forbs; gulls, herons, egrets, ibises, spoonbills, and cormorants preferred dense forbs to dense shrubs and trees. Vegetation, soils and substrates, bird use, predation, and human use of 34 dredged material islands are discussed in detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 159 AUTHOR: Chapman, R.J., T.M. Hinckley, L.C. Lee, and R.O. Teskey PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities, volume X: index and appendum to volumes I-VIII SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-82/23. 111 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-SS., PO-FO., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides the user with a summary and a general reference document for volumes I-VIII of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service series on impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities. Topics in this volume include: 1) literature updates for volumes I-VIII; 2) a comprehensive species index to the volumes, including ecoregion and tolerance rating; and 3) a brief discussion of site rehabilitation, which provides a framework by which damage can be assessed, the rate of recovery estimated, and the need for management determined. The reader also is referred to other volumes in this series for making the necessary decisions regarding integration of essential steps for wetland rehabilitation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1276 AUTHOR: Charette, D.J., J.K. Shisler, and R.A. Kantor PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Guidelines for the mitigation of salt marshes in New Jersey SOURCE: Coastal Zone '85 (1):941-961. STATE: NJ STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM. RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides guidelines for the mitigation of human impacts on coastal marshes. The mitigation process begins with the definition of mitigation in a management program. The marsh to be destroyed is pre-evaluated and environmental factors are considered in order for the marsh to be successful and equivalent to the natural marsh. Finally, ecological management goals are set for mitigation. The authors point out that many times restored or created marshes are not equivalent to the natural marsh and may not fully compensate for the destruction of the natural marsh. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1550 AUTHOR: Chen, S., R. F. Malone, and L. J. Fall PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: A theoretical approach for minimization of excavation and media costs of constructed wetlands for BOD5 removal SOURCE: Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 36(6):1625-1632. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1 RESPONSE: NONE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of models to mimimize excavation and media costs of constructed subsurface wetlands designed for BOD5 removal. The models are based on major design parameters including slope, aspect ratio, BOD removal rate, construction costs, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, depth, width, and length. Two sample designs of constructed wetlands using design parameter results from the EPA and Conley et al. are compared to those of the authors. Further design considerations as well as model limitations are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 160 AUTHOR: Chironis, N.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Reedgrass greens slurry ponds SOURCE: Coal Age (April):86-91. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the use of Phragmites australis for cover and stabilization of coal slurry impoundments and ponds. The study site was at Monterey Coal Slurry Impoundment in IL. Without using topsoil, 6-8 ft rhizomes were collected from nearby impoundments and planted and fertilized in rows 15 ft apart. After 3 growing seasons, shoot height was 6 ft in favorable locations, with stem densities reaching 130/square yard. Most areas had an aboveground dry weight biomass of over 2.7 tons/acre. Growth continued despite high acidity, conductivity, and concentrations of soluble iron, manganese, and aluminum in the substrate. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 161 AUTHOR: Chmura, G., and L. Steere PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Sod removal, replacement tried in tidal marsh restoration (Rhode Island) SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 1(1):15. STATE: RI STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: DISTICHLIS, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This note discusses attempts to restore a tidal marsh in Barrington, RI, by replacing the original peat excavated from the marsh surface during sewer construction. The marsh consisted of high marsh vegetation (e.g., Spartina spp. and Distichlis spicata) along the banks of the tidal creek. An area of approximately 50 by 50 ft, bisected by a small tidal creek, was disturbed. An excavator was used to strip blocks of peat from the area. Blocks varied from 3-4 ft2, with a minimum thickness of 6 inches to ensure inclusion of viable rhizomes. Blocks were stored on site from mid-April to mid-July and replaced by a backhoe. Some new growth was noted during Fall and monitoring of the site will continue through the next year. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1513 AUTHOR: K.D. Choate, J.T. Watson, and G.R. Steiner PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: TVA's constructed wetlands demonstration SOURCE: Pages 509-516 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: KY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1 RESPONSE: HYDRO, CHEM PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of three Tennessee Valley Authority demonstration projects using constructed wetlands to treat municipal wastewater. The first wetland was created to polish effluent from an existing two-cell lagoon system. A three cell wetland was created from one of the existing cells and designed with an effluent capacity of 3785 m3/day. The first two cells received 25% of the flow and operated as a surface flow system while cell 3 operated as a subsurface flow system and received 50 of the total flow. The second wetland system was created by the TVA as a 379 m3/day two-celled subsurface gravel marsh system used to polish effluent from a contact stabilization package plant. The third site was constructed as a marsh-pond-meadow with a capacity of 341 m3/day to treat effluent from a contact stabilization package plant. Both wetlands constructed to treat waste from the package plants were temporarily short-circuited by sludge deposits. All three wetland systems effectively removed BOD, TSS, TP, TN, FC bacteria, and organic nitrogen below the NPDES permit limits the majority of the time with gravel cells being slightly more effective although less cost effective. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 162 AUTHOR: Chongxin (Chung-Hsn Chung), Z., Z. Rhongzong, Z. Hungbin, Y. Kuanghan, H. Chenghua, Y. Bingyao, J. Liangshao, and P. Xiaoliang PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Experiments of trial plantings of Spartina anglica Hubbard and effects of saline soil amelioration in China SOURCE: Pages 44-82 in Research advances in Spartina--achievements of past 22 years. J. Nanjing Univ., China. (English Abst.) STATE: CHINA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST, EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA, MEDICAGO, SESBANIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of trial Spartina anglica plantings and amelioration of saline soil experiments conducted at the Nanjing University and Taizhou Institute of Agriculture, Zhejiang Province, China. In general, Spartina plantings in riverine, marsh, and coastal lands have been successful with the exception of open coasts with high wave energy. A single, small rhizome produced over 9 million sprigs in less than 2.5 years. Optimum planting elevation, season, and spacing are discussed. Increase of organic matter in Spartina marsh soil promoted formation of greater granular structure of soil. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 163 AUTHOR: Christensen, B.A., K. Erickson, and J. Dorman PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Niles Channel restoration project: hydraulic model tests evaluating restored and recently revegetated beds exposed to erosion caused by tidal currents SOURCE: Univ. Florida, Dept. Civil Eng., Hydraulic Lab., Gainesville, Rep. No. 8301. 17 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL, MODEL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-UB2 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes a laboratory model that evaluated the resistance of newly revegetated seagrass areas to tidal erosion in the Niles Restoration Project near Cudjoe Key in the Florida Keys. The usefulness of dikes for protecting planted seagrasses was studied. Dikes affect the size of the ripple area and amount of scouring and erosion around a restored seagrass bed. An equation for estimating necessary dike length to protect the seagrasses is presented. Experimental test plants with 6-12 inch runners were stabilized with steel staples. Equations describe the velocity of the currents, average bed roughness, and average bed shear stress of a revegetated sand bed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 164 AUTHOR: Christensen, B.A., and D. Tachney PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Anchoring stability of new seagrass plantings SOURCE: Pages 60-75 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E1-UB2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: HALODULE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the vegetative establishment of Halodule in shallow coastal waters near Cudjoe Key in the Florida Keys. After bottom elevation was restored, Halodule runners were planted 0.5-1.0 m apart. Steel staples or other anchoring devices were used. Newly vegetated beds exhibit lower resistance to water flow and often fail because of massive erosion of the sandy bottom or uprooting of runners. Methods for quantifying the impact of flow on the plant bed are described, in conjunction with results from lab testing. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1616 AUTHOR: Christensen, N., W.J. Mitsch, S.E. Jorgensen PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: A first generation ecosystem model of the Des Plaines River experimental wetlands SOURCE: Ecological Engineering 3:495-521. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: MODEL, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of model simulations to determine the effect of various flow conditions on water quality. Experimental wetlands were used, with high and low flows, which receive nonpoint source pollution from nearby agricultural areas. A model was created with hydrology, sediment, phosphorus, water column primary production, and macrophyte submodels which are linked together and calibrate the input based on a list of assumptions with a time step of 0.05 week. Although this model is anticipated to be a helpful management tool, it has yet to be validated with an independent data set. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 165 AUTHOR: Christiansen, J.E., and J.B. Low PUBL. YEAR: 1970 TITLE: Water requirements of waterfowl marshlands in northern Utah SOURCE: Utah Div. Fish Game Publ. No. 69-12. 108 pp. STATE: UT STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, MODEL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: DISTICHLIS, POTAMOGETON, HORDEUM, POLYPOGON, SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents results of a study to determine: 1) amounts of water required to maintain productive marshlands near the Great Salt Lake in UT; and 2) salt tolerance of several marsh plant species. Equations used to calculate evapotranspiration from inflow-outflow data are described in detail. Salt tolerance tests indicated that germination, growth, and seed and tuber production of cattail (Typha spp.) and bulrush (Scirpus acutus and S. paludosus) decreased as salinity increased. Cattail and bulrush exhibited the best growth in fresh water; sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) grew better in slightly saline conditions. Several suggestions for water management of the marshlands are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 166 AUTHOR: Chung, C.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Low marshes, China SOURCE: Pages 131-145 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. STATE: CHINA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, R1-... RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, SUAEDA, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses the low marshes of China, including marsh values and habitat loss. Rice grass, Spartina anglica, is described as the most useful plant for revegetating marshes. Revegetation techniques are described in detail, as are factors controlling success or failure. The physiography of planting sites, tide, waves, wind, drought, temperature, human activities, and animals may all play a role in the success rate of planted materials. Habitat values of these revegetated communities include waterfowl habitat, animal fodder, pasture, aquaculture, green manure, amelioration of saline soil, and coastline stabilization. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1346 AUTHOR: Chung, Chung-Hsin PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Ecological engineering of coastlines with salt-marsh plantations SOURCE: Pages 255-289 in W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen, eds. Ecological engineering: an introduction to ecotechnology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. STATE: CHINA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, MAMMALS, FISH, CHEM, HUSE, ECON, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses a 22-year case study from 1964 to 1986 in Wenling, China of an ecological engineering project transforming tidelands to arable land with a Spartina plantation. Laboratory propogations were done of seed, sprigs, and rhizomes. Stress experiments included, temperature stress, drought stress, submergence stress, and accretion stress. Effects of coastal morphology are discussed in regards to accretion and reclamation, crop production, citrus production, and coastal stabilization. Finally,the effects on animals, soils of intertidal and supratidal zones and humans (especially the economic and social values) are examined. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 167 AUTHOR: Churchill, A.C., A.E. Cok, and M.I. Riner PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Stabilization of subtidal sediments by the transplantation of the seagrass Zostera marina L. SOURCE: Adelphi Univ., New York Sea Grant Program, Oakdale, NY, Rep. Ser. RS-78-15. 48 pp. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, ECON PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes an experiment to transplant Zostera marina on sand hill, a dredged spoil island off the coast of Long Island, NY, to determine its effectiveness in preventing erosion. Transplants were obtained from Fire Island and were planted at the study site the same day. Three transplant techniques were used: single shoot treated with rooting hormone (NAA), single shoots treated with slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14), and miniplugs with no treatment. Transplant survival and growth are documented for each treatment. The addition of fertilizer did not significantly enhance the growth of shoots and rhizomes. Total cost for planting 1,655 plants (0.41 ha) was $12,775. A section on flower and seed production is included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1520 AUTHOR: Cintron-Molero, G. PUBL. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Restoring Mangrove Systems SOURCE: Pages 223-277 in G.W. Thayer, ed. Restoring the nation's marine environment. Maryland Sea Grant College, College Park, MD. 716 pp. STATE: FL, PUERTO RICO, VIRGIN ISLANDS STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3 RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration of mangrove systems as a function of understanding the systems' natural developement. Functional values and physiographic types pertaining to Avicennia germinans, Rhizophora mangle, and Lagnucularia racemosa as well as their response to natural disturbances are addressed. The inertia and resilient properties exhibited by mangroves allow for natural regeneration when faced with disturbances. Managers can take advantage of these properties when restoring or creating habitat. The author cautions managers and planners to understand the conditions and causes of areas without mangrove forests before undertaking extensive creation efforts. Elevation, tidal flow, soil nutrients, water quality, and disturbance factors are critical in obtaining successful mangrove establishment. Transplanting methods and techniques are offered which take advantage of mangroves regenerative properties. Considerations for possible sites, conditions, and restoration designs to ensure success are also discussed. Finally, post-management strategies and success criteria are proposed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 168 AUTHOR: Clairain, E.J., R.A. Cole, R.J. Diaz, A.W. Ford, R.T. Huffman, L.J. Hunt, and B.R. Wells PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations, Miller Sands Marsh and upland habitat development site, Columbia River, Oregon: summary report SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-38. 76 pp. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: R1-US3, R1-US2, E2-EM1, E2-UB2 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG PGENUS: DESCHAMPSIA, CAREX, AMMOPHILA, ELEOCHARIS, SALIX, SAGITTARIA, JUNCUS, IRIS, ALISMA, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report summarizes progress at the Miller Sands marsh and upland habitat development site (Columbia River, OR), one of 7 experimental projects for examining the feasibility of using dredged material for development of fish and wildlife habitat. Selected plant species were planted on intertidal and upland areas; responses to tidal inundation, fertilization, wildlife use, planting methods, and invasion by other plant species were noted. Plantings generally were successful, but the wildlife habitat provided by intertidal and upland plantings had not yet significantly affected wildlife populations. Some food/nesting preferences of birds and small mammals are noted. KEYWORDS: habitat/habitat development/Oregon/dredged material/biomass/ intertidal/animal community/wildlife/wildlife habitat/ succession/fishes/benthos/birds/field investigations/dredged material disposal =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1022 AUTHOR: Clark, J.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Assessment for wetlands restoration SOURCE: Pages 250-253 in J.A. Kusler and P. Riexinger, eds. Proceedings of the national wetland assessment symposium. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Chester, VT. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of wetland restoration, including policy, assessment approaches, and wilderness versus utility wetlands. Assessment of wetlands involves more than simple classification or evaluation. Wetland functions, social needs, and relationship to surrounding systems must be considered. Wilderness wetlands are those that should be preserved in their historic condition. Utility (or economic) wetlands are considered an economic resource to be rehabilitated or replaced as appropriate to meet regional wetland priorities for natural goods and services. Through the processing of Corps of Engineers dredge and fill permits, opportunities exist for conducting demand-oriented strategic wetland restoration programs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1173 AUTHOR: Clark, J.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Regional aspects of wetlands restoration and enhancement in the urban waterfront environment SOURCE: Pages 85-103 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II. Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: MANY, NJ, NY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., R.-..., E2-EM1, R1-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS, HUSE, SHOREB PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes restoration and enhancement of wetlands along urban waterfront, and the role of regional planning strategies for successful wetland mitigation. The emphasis is on a regional approach to an entire landscape system, rather than on each individual project site. Advantages of this regional strategy are discussed, as is regional organization, with examples of federal and state programs that can be used to explore regional possibilities. Sections on regional goals and mitigation targets, multiple impact projects, mitigation banks, and a case study of the Porte Liberte Project, located along the Hudson River near Jersey City, NJ, are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1211 AUTHOR: Clark, P.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Seagrass restoration: a non-destructive approach SOURCE: Pages 57-70 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, ECON PGENUS: HALODULE, RUPPIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A technique for restoring or creating seagrass beds without transplanting seagrass plugs, sprigs, or turf from healthy to restoration sites is discussed. This experiment conducted in Upper Tampa Bay, FL, involved placing wooden stakes in test plots to determine if drifting seagrass would catch on the stakes and successfully attach or root and begin to colonize the new site. Plot construction costs and materials needed are given. Plots were checked once every 2 months for the first year. Results from the 6 test plots are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 169 AUTHOR: Clay, D.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: High mountain meadow restoration SOURCE: Pages 477-479 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, R2-..., R3-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes an experiment to repair stream erosion and eventually restore meadow vegetation in a creek in Modoc County, CA. Procedures for the restoration process were: 1) constructing 3.3 m by 1 m slots in the bank using a backhoe or bulldozer; 2) depositing large rocks into the slots to form a sill across the stream channel; 3) placing excavated soil upstream of the sill to prevent water from passing through the rock; 4) constructing low earth fills and spillways to prevent overland flow; 5) planting vegetation on the sills; and 6) fencing the area to prevent livestock damage. Costs for installation were $700-1,000. Results after 2-3 years include the raising of the channel bottom 0.7-1 m and subsequent raising of the water table, possibly to original elevations. Eroded channels are filled and bank slopes are gradual and covered with vegetation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 171 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Vegetational restoration techniques on reclaimed phosphate strip mines in Florida SOURCE: Wetlands 1:158-170. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: NAJAS, TYPHA, SALIX, MYRICA, BACCHARIS, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS, EICHHORNIA, LEMNA, SPIRODELA, SALVINIA, AZOLLA, HYDRILLA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of techniques for restoring wetlands on reclaimed phosphate mines in FL. Marsh creation is described as the most successful effort; specific examples are described in detail. Advantages and disadvantages of extensive mulching are discussed. Four swamp restoration techniques are compared and contrasted: 1) planting of tree seedlings, 2) transplanting of saplings from natural swamps; 3) mulching; and 4) natural colonization. Economic factors for all methods are considered. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 170 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Riverine forest restoration efforts on reclaimed mines at Brewster Phosphates, central Florida SOURCE: Pages 122-133 in D.J. Robertson ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, R4-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: QUERCUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, ACER, CORNUS, CARYA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, CELTIS, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, SALIX, RHYNCHOSPORA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses development of methods for the restoration of forested wetlands at 2 phosphate mines in Hillsborough and Polk Counties, FL. Inventories of natural forests and natural plant colonization on disturbed lands were conducted, as well as various seeding and planting experiments. Based on data collected for plots up to 3 years old, the authors made several recommendations for successful restoration of riverine forests. Successful restoration will be dependent on using a combination of techniques, including mulching with riverine topsoil. The first few years will require irrigation, unless near-saturated soils can be maintained through dry seasons. Both planting and seeding of trees should be attempted to insure a dense initial growth. Canopy will begin to close within 4-5 years, protecting the preferred undergrowth species transferred in the mulch. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1157 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Creation and restoration of forested wetland vegetation in the southeastern United States SOURCE: Pages 199-237 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I. Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL, HYDRO, WQUAL, EROSION ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM, SEED WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3, PO-FO4, PO-UB4, RIPARIAN RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: ACER, POPULUS, QUERCUS, SALIX, PLATANUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides information on the creation and restoration of forested wetlands in the southeastern U.S., and includes discussion of the magnitude of bottomland hardwood loss, approaches to forest recovery, regional characteristics, wetland types, key functions, creation and restoration project experience, project goals, project success, agency involvement, project design, site preparation and planning, natural reforestation, artificial reforestation, non-arboreal vegetation, management, monitoring, reference wetlands, information gaps and research needs. A checklist of issues to be addressed in permit applications is included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1286 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Alafia River crossing "B" restoration at Lonesome Mine SOURCE: Semi-annual narrative report, summer, 1990. 13pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R4-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: QUERCUS, MYRICA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report is one of four semi-annual narrative reports. The progress report includes photographs, describes problems and provides solutions encountered during the reforestation of four project sites located along the South Prong of the Alafia River, Florida. Water oak and wax myrtle bushes were planted (all were sack-grown). In addition to the plantings, cogongrass and patches of bahiagrass were treated with the herbicide, RODEO. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1287 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Vegetational restoration at Dogleg and Lizard Branch Reclamation areas SOURCE: Eleventh semi-annual report, summer, 1990. 9pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: ACER, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report is the eleventh semi-annual progress report concerned with the restoration of two inland sites in Florida. Red maple seeds were distributed along a stream bottom to increase tree density, however only a few seedlings were observed. Furthermore, the herbicide, RODEO, was used to treat dense patches of bahiagrass and cogongrass in several plots. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1288 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F., and R.S. Beaman PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Vegetational restoration at Hall Branch Reclamation area SOURCE: 1989 monitoring report. 16pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SOIL, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: TAXODIUM, FRAXINUS, ACER, MAGNOLIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the monitoring and continuation of a reclamation project that began in 1984 subsequent to surface mining in Hillsborough County, Florida. A summary of the past reclamation work is included in the report. Success criteria for the restoration include tree density of at least 400 trees per acre, with no acre-sized area containing less than 200 trees per acre and tree cover averaging 33% overall, with no acre-sized area containing less than 20% cover. Tree density was found to be in compliance with the success criteria with 751 trees per acre and no acre-sized area contained less than 200 trees. In addition, the canopy cover was calculated to be 32% and is expected to reach the success criteria. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 173 AUTHOR: Coastal Zone Resources Corporation PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Identification of relevant criteria and survey of potential application sites for artificial habitat creation. Vol. II. Survey of potential application situations and description of optimum project areas SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-76-2. 348 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., E.-... RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes a detailed evaluation process that applies marsh-island creation criteria for screening potential sites for development. Two general criteria were employed to alleviate the complexities of screening 3,000 sites: 1) the project must require maintenance work; and 2) the work must be performed by a hydraulic pipeline dredge. Each site was described on the basis of dredged material characteristics, public and private controls over the land, cost/benefit features, public attitudes, climatology, hydrology, and hydrography. As a result of the selection process, 10 optimum project sites were chosen, 2 in each geographical region. Extended data analysis was conducted on data gathered from the project areas and from U.S. Army Corp of Engineer Districts. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 174 AUTHOR: Coastal Zone Resources Corporation PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Identification of relevant criteria and survey of potential application sites for artificial habitat creation. Vol. I. Relevant criteria for marsh-island site selection and their application SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-76-2. 173 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E1-..., R1-..., E2-..., E2-EM1, E2-EM2 RESPONSE: HUSE, SOIL, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, HIBISCUS, ZIZANIA, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, PLUCHEA, ASTER, SALICORNIA, MYRICA, BORRICHIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the environmental requirements for creating marsh-island complexes with dredged material and examines sites available for dredged material deposit. Numerous river and estuarine areas along the U.S. coast were evaluated for tide- elevation interactions, salinity, soil nutrients, soil physical variation, public acceptance, and the energy/sediment/climate of the site. These criteria were tested in the field to select 10 optimum riverine/estuarine areas in 5 geographical regions. Results of the selection provided 50 project areas for further detailed analyses. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 172 AUTHOR: Coastal Zone Resources Corporation PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: A comprehensive study of successional patterns of plants and animals at upland disposal areas SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-77-2. 489 pp. STATE: CT, FL, LA, TX, OR STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, R.-..., E2-EM1, E2-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-FO3, PO-SS3 RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, SOIL PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, AMMOPHILA, PANICUM, SPARTINA, CYPERUS, JUNCUS, RHUS, CAREX, EQUISETUM, AMORPHA, POPULUS, ACER, FRAXINUS, SALIX, QUERCUS, ROBINIA, TAXODIUM, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS, PASPALUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report examines plant and animal successional patterns at 5 dredged material disposal sites: 1) Nott Island in the Connecticut River; 2) 6 islands in Hillsborough Bay near Tampa, FL; 3) an area along the Whiskey Bay Pilot Channel, Atchafalaya River Basin, LA; 4) an area along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway near Galveston, TX; and 5) Mott Island in the Columbia River near Astoria, OR. Descriptions of each site include a history of the disposal area, physical characteristics (topography, soils, microclimate), biological characteristics (existing vegetation and animal populations, past and future patterns of succession), and potential resources of regional upland disposal areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1316 AUTHOR: Coats, R., M. Swanson and, P. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Hydrologic analysis for coastal wetland restoration SOURCE: Environmental Management 13(6):715-727. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO ACTION: MODEL, LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E1-EM1 RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, INVERTS, HYDRO PGENUS: SALICORNIA, FRANKENIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes two case studies utilizing hydrologic analysis for designing coastal wetland restoration projects. Hydrologic analysis was used in combination with geomorphic relationships, numerical modeling, and field verification. The restoration sites include the Hayward Area Recreation District (HARD) marsh and Tijuana Estuary in southern California. A critical step in the design process was identification of opportunities and constraints. This helped to identify a hydrologic goal. MPOND, a hydrologic routing model, was used for the HARD marsh design. MARSHQ, a tidal hydrodynamic model was used for designing the Tijuana Estuary restoration project. KEYWORDS: coastal wetlands/wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/ California/hydrology/wetlands mitigation/tidal hydrodynamics/ wildlife habitat/coastal/monitoring =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1340 AUTHOR: Coats, R., and P. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Hydrological techniques for coastal wetland restoration illustrated by two case studies SOURCE: Pages 236-246 in J.J. Berger, ed. Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D.C. and Covelo, California. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, HABITAT ACTION: MODEL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes techniques used in the design and restoration of tidal wetlands and lists factors for assessing the success or failure of these projects. Basic steps proposed are definition of the objectives, determination of the topography and tidal regime, analysis of opportunities and constraints imposed by local biological and physical conditions, and development of design alternatives. A case study using the hydrological routing model, MPOND, in the restoration of the Hayward Area Recreation District (HARD) marsh is used as an example of typical design problems. The author suggests a built-in post-construction monitoring phase including biological and hydrologic observations be used for up to five years. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1580 AUTHOR: Cohn, J.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Restoring the Everglades SOURCE: BioScience 44(9):579-583. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: HYDRO, MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The history and decline of the Everglades and surrounding areas due to decreased water flows and increased canals to prevent flooding and open up areas for developement is reviewed. The natural hydrology was restored to sections of the Loxahatchee NWR resulting in a greater number of beeding birds including a species which had not successfully nested there in 20 years. Models are currently being used to determine the necessary modifications required to restore a more natural flow and system. Removing earthen mounds, plugging canals, pumping in additional water, and creating buffer zones are among the proposals for restoration. Test projects are also underway to restore sections of the Kissimmee River and improve water quality entering the Everglades. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1418 AUTHOR: Cole, C.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Wetland vegetation ecology on a reclaimed coal surface mine in southern Illinois, USA SOURCE: Wetlands ecology and management 2(3):135-142. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: PLANT, SEED WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report studies five created wetlands to characterize patterns and conditions in early successional wetland complexes. Vegetative density varied considerably between wetlands but generally had the highest values in early spring. Density was greatest in wetland 4, which had the lowest biomass, and the lowest density was found in wetland 1, which had the highest biomass. None of the wetlands had any significant species classification, indicating lack of community structure and zonation pattern. This was due in part to the radically changing water levels throughout the year. Over the three year study, diversity increased in all five wetlands although values remained low to moderate. The author suggests species richness be used more as a reliable indicator of general diversity rather than species diversity due to large numbers of single species plants. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1274 AUTHOR: Cole, C.A., and E.A. Lefebvre PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Soil and water characteristics of a young surface mine wetland SOURCE: Environmental Management 15(3):403-410. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-US5 RESPONSE: SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: POTAMOGETON, CHARA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the soil and water characteristics of a young wetland on a reclaimed surface coal mine in southern Illinois. This study was done in hopes that the analytical results could serve as a model for future wetland developments of surface mines. Water parameters measured include conductivity, salinity, alkalinity, chloride, copper, total hardness, iron, manganese, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate. Soil parameters measured include pH, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, iron, sulfate, chloride, and percent organic matter. Concentration of the variables were within the reported ranges of natural sites or other man-made wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 175 AUTHOR: Colenbrander, H.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: The rational management of hydrological systems SOURCE: Pages 363-390 in M.W. Holdgate and M.J. Woodman, eds. The breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. Plenum Press, New York. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of hydrological systems that need to be considered in water management projects. Topics include: 1) surface water systems (manmade channels and lakes), 2) subsurface water systems (groundwater, soil moisture); and 3) balancing of interests (e.g., preservation, agriculture, recreation). To arrive at rational water resources management, "social" problems are often more difficult to solve than physical and technical ones. Socio-economic models and a multilevel organizational hierarchy for decision making are necessary to achieve an optimal overall water management scheme. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1141 AUTHOR: Colombo, E. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Survey of a group of ponds in Epping Forest SOURCE: London Naturalist 67:47-68. STATE: ENGLAND STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-EM., PO-..., PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, CHEM PGENUS: FAGUS, QUERCUS, BETULA, PTERIDIUM, DESCHAMPSIA, CARPINUS, TYPHA, JUNCUS, LEMNA, POTAMOGETON CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes recolonization of vegetation on gravel pit ponds at 3 sites in Epping forest: Wake Arms; Deershelter Plain; and Strawberry Hill. Number of plant species present are correlated with size and age of pond, water depth, and presence of organic matter. Competition and succession are discussed in detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 176 AUTHOR: Comes, R.D., and T. McCreary PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Approaches to revegetate shorelines at Lake Wallula on the Columbia River, Washington- Oregon SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. E-86-2. 91 pp. STATE: WA, OR STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, HYDRO, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: L2-US., R.-US2, R.-US3, PO-EM1, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, TRIFOLIUM, POLYGONUM, SAGITTARIA, ELAEAGNUS, MORUS, RIBES, ROBINIA, ROSA, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, CORNUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes a field study to determine the suitability of 29 plant species for use in reservoir shoreline revegetation projects. Three experimental sites were established: 1) a subimpoundment (control pool) in McNary Wildlife Park on the Columbia River, OR; 2) a protected mudflat on the river; and 3) an exposed sandy beach on the river. Plant performance is described for each species. On the natural shoreline sites, Scirpus validus was the only consistent survivor. On the control area, where water fluctuations were controlled, Salix fragilis, S. purpurea, Eleocharis coloradoensis, Carex obnupta, and C. rostrata were the most successful species. Planting recommendations are discussed in detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1275 AUTHOR: Comin, F.A., M. Manendez, and J.R. Lucena PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Proposals for macrophyte restoration in eutrophic coastal lagoons SOURCE: Pages 427-436 in R.D. Gulati, E.H.R.R. Lammens, M.L. Meijer, and E. van Donk, eds. Biomanipulation - Tool for Water Management. Hydrobiologia 200(201):427-436. STATE: SPAIN STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E1-UB3 RESPONSE: WQUAL PGENUS: RUPPIA, POTAMOGETON CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report compares two coastal lagoons (Encanizada and Tancada) in Ebro Delta, NE Spain. Encanizada lagoon has no macrophytic population because of large amounts of phytoplankton and inorganic particles resulting in high turbidity of the water. Phytoplankton blooms are the result of high nutrient discharge from freshwater inflows from rice field drains. Tancada lagoon, on the other hand, has higher seawater influence and less turbidity thus allowing for the growth of macrophytes. Three proposals for macrophyte restoration in Encanizada lagoon are proposed based on comparisons of environmental requirements for two macrophyte species, macrophyte versus phytoplankton biomass and production features, and differences in hydrological and nutrient balances between the two lagoons. Decreasing freshwater inputs is proposed as the most effective means for restoration of Encanizada lagoon. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1419 AUTHOR: Confer, S.R. and W.A. Niering PUBL. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Comparison of created and natural freshwater emergent wetlands in Connecticut SOURCE: Wetlands ecology and management 2(3):143-156. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, REPT, AMPHIB PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report compares five created palustrine/emergent wetlands with five natural wetlands to evaluate the viability of created wetlands. The created wetlands had deeper and more open water than the natural wetlands although greater water depth fluctuations occurred in natural wetlands. Soil differences were great between the wetland sites with natural wetlands having rich soil containing high chroma and black organic soils. Using transect data, total emergent plant cover was greater for natural sites, averaging 97% compared to 71% at created sites. However, species richness was slightly greater at the created wetlands than at the natural wetlands. Although wildlife sightings occurred infrequently at both sites, wildlife occurred more often in the natural wetland. The authors recommend limited accumulation of sediments of anthropic origin to prolong the multi-functional activities of created wetlands. They also recommend long-term research data to increase the data base on structural and functional attributes of created wetlands. KEYWORDS: comparison/created wetlands/wetlands/Connecticut/natural wetlands/soils/vegetation/Typha/emergent vegetation/wildlife/ freshwater wetlands/wetlands mitigation/Typha latifolia/ wildlife utilization/marshes/palustrine wetland/two-year study/ emergent wetlands/soil/monitoring/diversity =============================================================================== NUMBER: 177 AUTHOR: Connell, J.H., and R.O. Slatyer PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization SOURCE: Am. Nat. 111(982):1119-1144. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., E.-... RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes several aspects of plant succession on disturbed sites. Mechanisms of succession are described along with several models: 1) a facilitation model--earlier species prepare the ground, rendering it suitable for later species; 2) a tolerance model--predictable sequences are produced by species that have different "strategies" for exploiting a site's resources; and 3) an inhibition model--species resist invasion of competitors; early species preempt the site and will inhibit growth of competitors until the early species die or are damaged. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1023 AUTHOR: Connelly, D.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Propagation of selected native marsh plants in the San Joaquin Valley SOURCE: California Dept. Fish Game, Sacramento, Wildl. Manage. Leafl. No. 15. 13 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: PLANT, HYDRO, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: SCIRPUS, PASPALUM, POLYGONUM, ELEOCHARIS, RUMEX, MONTIA, ASTER CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This leaflet discusses propagation and management of six marsh plant species beneficial to dabbling ducks of the San Joaquin Valley, CA: swamp timothy, picklegrass, alkali bulrush, jointgrass, smartweed, and spikerush. Information includes optimal soil depth and temperatures for germination, reduction of plant competition, survival, maximum waterfowl use, and other benefits of planting these species (e.g., cattail control, creation of favorable aquatic invertebrate habitat). The author stresses that any marsh program should incorporate a mixture of plants to provide diversified habitat and optimal conditions for long-term waterfowl use. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1233 AUTHOR: Conner, W.H., and K. Flynn PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Growth and survival of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) planted across a flooding gradient in a Louisiana bottomland forest SOURCE: Wetlands 9(2):207-217. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: TAXODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes a project conducted in a bottomland hardwood wetland (Lake Verret Basin between East Atchafalaya Protection Levee, the Mississippi River, and Bayou Lafourche) to determine growth and survival rates for baldcypress seedlings planted on unflooded intermittently flooded, and flooded plots (hydroperiods are defined). Seedlings were planted in March and September. Half the seedlings were protected with a chickenwire fence. Unprotected seedlings planted in March sustained 100% browse induced mortality; unprotected seedlings planted in September had survival rates of 24% (unflooded), 28%, and 68% (flooded). First year survival rates for all other plantings were high. Third year survival rates for all plantings (except those listed above) were highest on the flooded and intermittently flooded areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1272 AUTHOR: Conroy, S.D., and T.J. Svejcar PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Willow planting success as influenced by site factors and cattle grazing in northeastern California SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 44(1):59-63. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study evaluates the influences of grazing and selected site factors on the survival and leader growth of planted Geyer willow cuttings along three tributaries to Lake Davis in the northern Sierra Nevada. The unrooted cuttings were planted at three locations along the streams (streambottom, streambank, and stream terrace). The author reveals no significant effects of grazing on survival or growth, however, stream channel location did have a significant effect on survival. Willows planted within 20-30cm of the watertable had the highest mean survival rate. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 178 AUTHOR: Conservation Consultants, Inc. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Wetland reclamation pilot study for W.R. Grace & Company: annual report for 1978 SOURCE: Conserv. Consult., Inc., Palmetto, FL. 56 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS3, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: ACER, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, ILEX, CORNUS, TAXODIUM, JUNCUS, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS, SAGITTARIA, CYPERUS, POLYGONUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses a baseline study of 2 marshes in Manatee County, FL, and construction and 1 year monitoring of 4 pilot- scale wetlands in Hillsborough County, FL. Four small depressions were constructed on a site containing trace amounts of phosphates. One site was used as a control, one was planted with marsh plants from a nearby natural marsh, one received only a layer of organic marsh material, and the last was planted with trees. Phosphate levels in artificial wetlands were higher, partly due to fertilization of surrounding grassland. The mulched marsh showed the greatest diversity of plants. However, continued monitoring is necessary to determine all effects of treatments. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1136 AUTHOR: Continental Shelf Associates PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Seagrass revegetation studies in Monroe County SOURCE: Continental Shelf Assoc., Inc. Tequesta, FL, Publ. No. FLR-ER-20-82. 95 pp. + Append. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, SEED WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M2-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON, CHEM, SOIL, WQUAL PGENUS: HALODULE, THALASSIA, SYRINGODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study examined the establishment and monitoring of experimental seagrass plantings in Monroe County, Florida Keys, to determine the feasibility of restoring large areas of seagrasses for mitigation purposes. Plugs, turions, seeds, and seedlings were planted. The following physical parameters were measured: growth, pH, eh, nutrients, organic and inorganic carbon, trace metals, sediment grain size, elevation, salinity, and temperature. Results are included. Recovery of donor sites was also examined. Planting 22 x 22 cm intact plugs of Thalassia, Syringodium, and Halodule at 1 m intervals was the most successful method. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1249 AUTHOR: Conway, T.E., and J.M. Murtha PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: The Iselin Marsh Pond Meadow SOURCE: Pages 139-144 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1K0RX, PO-AB3K0RX, PO-AB4K0RX RESPONSE: WQUAL, SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, PHALARIS, LEMNA, NUPHAR, SAGITTARIA, AMACHARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes a pilot project designed to determine the feasibility of using a wetland to treat wastewater from 62 homes in Iselin, Indiana Co., PA. Construction costs were $174,000. The system includes 4 main components (listed in effluent receiving order): 1) a Typha latifolia emergent marsh to remove dissolved minerals; 2) a pond with Lemna, Sagittaria, Nuphar and Amacharis to remove dissolved nutrients and fish to eat the plants; 3) a Phalaris arundinacea meadow for final filtration and nutrient uptake; and 4) an erosion chlorinator and contact tank for bacteriological control. Average yearly reductions were: 1) 97% for BOD5; 2) 89% for suspended solids; 3) 99% for fecal coliform; 4) 77% for ammonia nitrogen (summer- 93%, winter- 54%); and 5) 82% for total phosphorus (summer- 90%, winter- 68%). System modifications over the 5 year monitoring period are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 179 AUTHOR: Cook, A.H., and C.F. Powers PUBL. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: Early biochemical changes in the soils and waters of artificially created marshes in New York SOURCE: New York Fish Game J. 5(1):9-65. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: SOIL, FERT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM, HYDRO PGENUS: TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, ANACHARIS, CYPERUS, ERAGROSTIS, LEERSIA, ELEOCHARIS, BIDENS, LEMNA, WOLFFIA, SPARGANIUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a 2 year study of artificially created marshes in central NY: 1) Swartwood Marsh, West Danby, a 15 acre artificial impoundment; 2) Future Farmers of America Marsh, Spencer, flooded in 1954; and 3) Howland's Island Game Management Area, near Port Byron in the Seneca River, study site ponds flooded in 1934. Water quality and changes in marsh soil chemistry following flooding or drainage are evaluated. Marshes adjacent to good agricultural soils were more productive than those surrounded by degraded soils. Marsh basin soils were more fertile and had higher concentrations of iron and manganese than contiguous drainage areas. Production varied from about 2 1/4 to 6 tons of air-dried plant material per acre. Thermal and chemical stratification of the water, vegetative conditions before and after drainage, fertilization, liming, affects of water level fluctuations, and marsh management are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 180 AUTHOR: Cooper, C.O., and T.A. Wesche PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Stream channel modification to enhance trout habitat under low flow conditions SOURCE: Univ. Wyoming, Water Resour. Res. Inst., Laramie, Water Resour. Ser. No. 58. 107 pp. STATE: WY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: SALIX, PINUS, CAREX, ARTEMISIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides a method for enhancing stream habitat by flow manipulation on Douglas Creek, Albany and Carbon Counties, WY. The stream channel was altered by installing a 4 ft Parshall flume just downstream of the study area. A gaging station obtained data on discharge rates and channel flows. Artificial overhangs with attached Salix and low-profile gabion structures were installed on the stream bank. Flows greater than 400 cfs were destructive to the vegetation, structures, and stream channel. Total costs of construction materials were $1,500; estimated life expectancy was 2-10 years. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1024 AUTHOR: Cooper, D.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Mountain wetland vegetation dynamics SOURCE: Pages 23-25 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc. Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: CAREX, CALAMAGROSTIS, SALIX, BETULA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes conditions in mountain wetlands found in basins, along streams and springs, in the southern Rocky Mountains. Vegetation in these areas depends on: 1) microtopography of the wetland; 2) nutrient input conditions from mire margin to mire expanse; and 3) overall nutrient sources of the wetland along a poor-to-rich gradient. Restoration of these wetlands because of negative impacts on these three gradients is discussed. Creation of these wetland types is considered to be extremely limited due to the difficulty of creating necessary hydrologic conditions. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1126 AUTHOR: Cooper, D.J., and J.C. Emerick PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: The effects of acid mine drainage on a Carex aquatilis fen in the Colorado Rocky Mountains SOURCE: Pages 96-100 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: CAREX, BETULA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a study to provide baseline data on the vegetation and soils of a fen in the Peru Creek Drainage, central Colorado (elevation 11,000 ft). The fen received contaminated water from a nearby mine and from water seeping through tailings, waste rock, and other sources of contamination. The effects of contaminants on vegetation are assessed- specifically Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, Sr, B, Ni, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb in leaves and roots of Carex aquatilis at healthy, moderate, and poor sites. Metal exclusion mechanisms in Carex limit entry of metals into plant roots; inactivation mechanisms limit transport of metals within the plants. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Al are most likely causes of phytotoxicity. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1025 AUTHOR: Cooper, D.J., and B. Smith PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: First annual report: Chatfield Arboretum wetland creation project SOURCE: Colorado School Mines, Dept. Environ. Sci. Eng. Ecol., Golden, Unpubl. Rep. 79 pp. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB. RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: JUNCUS, CAREX, SPARTINA, ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, AGROSTIS, TYPHA, SAGITTARIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, POLYGONUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents data on hydrology, soils, and plant communities 1 year after creation of the Chatfield Arboretum Wetlands Project, Jefferson County, CO. The wetlands were created as Corps of Engineers Section 404 permit mitigation for filling of 17 acres of wetlands at Massey Draw due to Metro Denver C-470 highway construction. Four depressions were excavated until the groundwater table was reached. Wetland soils from massey draw area were transplanted to the site. Over 70 plant species were present 1 year later. Low water table and coarse soils resulted in inadequate filling of depressions. Surface water flow will be necessary to provide adequate inundation for establishing proposed wetlands. Monitoring will continue for 4 more years. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 181 AUTHOR: Cooper, J.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: An overview of estuarine habitat mitigation projects in Washington State SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Olympia, WA, Unpubl. Rep. 18 pp. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM1, E2-US1, E2-US3 RESPONSE: PGENUS: ZOSTERA, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents an overview of estuarine habitat mitigation projects in WA. Four techniques were commonly used: substrate modification, shoreline creation, eelgrass transplantation, and marsh complex establishment. Most projects included baseline resource assessment and monitoring components. Fewer projects included contingency plans for potential courses of action in the event of suboptimal project performance or failure of the habitat. Specific functional standards or success criteria were rarely pinpointed. Mitigation goals or objectives were rarely provided. A concerted effort to provide thorough mitigation plans must be undertaken to protect estuarine habitat. Critical site specific factors should be considered, including soils, hydrologic regime, proper contour grading and slopes, erosion control, and careful planting practices. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 182 AUTHOR: Cooper, P.F., and A.G. Boon PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: The use of Phragmites for wastewater treatment by the root zone method: the UK approach SOURCE: Pages 153-174 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publ., Orlando, FL. STATE: UNITED KINGDOM, ENGLAND STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the root zone method of wastewater treatment developed in West Germany and currently being evaluated in the United Kingdom for more than 30 pilot systems. The treatment process is based on bacterial activity in the rhizosphere of Phragmites plants and typically consists of plants grown in a 0.6 m deep bed of soil or gravel, sloped at 2-8%, and fully sealed. The system is aesthetically acceptable, consists of a simple design with relatively low costs and low maintenance, and offers wildlife habitat. Preliminary suggestions for monitoring the program for the root zone beds are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1254 AUTHOR: Cooper, P.F., and J.A. Hobson PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Sewage treatment by reed bed systems: the present situation in the United Kingdom SOURCE: Pages 153-171 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: UNITED KINGDOM STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SEED, SOIL, LAB, BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Several Phragmites australis dominated reed bed treatment systems have been constructed in the United Kingdom to treat sewage from various sources. Construction costs ranged from 50-150 British Pounds/PE. PE= population equivalent based on 56 g BOD5/person/ day and 170 l/person/day. Specific location, size, slope, depth, substrate, flow rate, sewage source, planting time, and PE are given for each site. Performance data are given for several sites that had been active for up to 2 years. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1570 AUTHOR: Coops, H. M. Ohm, and A Nijhuis PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Former tidal wetlands revitalized: nature development in the Dordtse Biesbosoch reserve, the Netherlands SOURCE: Journal of Water, Science, and Technology 29(3):363-365. STATE: NETHERLANDS STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, EROSION ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EMI RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses efforts to restore vitality to an estuary severely degraded by diminished tides and bank erosion. A series of efforts to restore tidal action included reconstructing breakwaters, lowering a dam and entrance channel, lowering bank profiles, and constructing a new channel. A sediment basin and shallow zones were also created and planted with various helophytes. Finally dykes were removed to promote tidal inundation of the floodplain forests. Annual monitoring has been initiated by an interdiciplinary group which will anually report various hydrologic, sediment, invertebrate, fishery, vegetation, and avian development. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1607 AUTHOR: Corbitt, R.A. and P.T. Bowen PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment SOURCE: Pages 221-241 in D.M. Kent, editor. Applied wetlands science and technology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: WQUAL, MANY PGENUS: CAREX, THYPA, CLADIUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Wetland functions are discusssed as well as the importance of understanding these functions in the application of wetlands for use in wastewater treatment. Treatment processes and mechanisms such as how various types of constructed wetlands work to remove BOD, suspended solids, nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, and metals are reviewed. Considerations in constructing a wastewater treatment wetland include any existing natural wetlands on site, site location, hydrology, soild characteristics, and topography. Loading rates, type of wetland design (FWS vs SFS), plant selection guidelines are offered in addition to suggestions for operating and maintenence of the system. Finally, case studies are reviewed of existing contructed wetland types and efficiency for wastewater treatment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 183 AUTHOR: Coss, R.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Wildlife habitats provided by aquatic plant communities of surface mine lakes SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 103 pp. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L2-AB3, PO-AB3, PO-EM1, L2-EM2, L.-AB1 RESPONSE: FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: CHARA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS, TYPHA, ALISMA, SAGITTARIA, ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, LEERSIA, PHRAGMITES, JUSSIAEA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis characterizes the aquatic plant communities of 4 surface mine lakes in Perry County, IL, and evaluates these communities as wildlife habitat. All lakes had water quality sufficient to support aquatic plants; Chara and Potamogeton were the dominant genera. Emergent plant communities developed at only 1 lake; cattle grazing and steep shorelines curtailed growth at the other 3 lakes. Management recommendations for enhancing wildlife habitat by the creation of surface mine lakes included grading to develop topographic variation and to create ample littoral areas protected from wind and wave action and exclusion of cattle from portions of the shoreline. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 184 AUTHOR: Coultas, C.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Transplanting needlerush SOURCE: Pages 117-124 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper documents experimentation with transplanting and growth of needlerush. Plants were taken from a marsh at Wakulla Beach, FL; rhizomes and leaves were cut into lengths averaging 6 and 20 cm, respectively. Four factors were examined in various combinations: rhizomes with or without terminal or lateral buds and planting with or without treatments of rootone, a commercial growth regulator. After 6 months' growth in the greenhouse, rhizomes with buds were larger and had more shoots and buds than rhizomes without buds. Rootone had a negative effect on plant growth. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 185 AUTHOR: Coultas, C.L., G.A. Breitenbeck, W.L. Kruczynski, and C.B. Subrahmanyam PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Vegetative stabilization of dredge spoil in north Florida SOURCE: J. Soil Water Conserv. 33(4):183-185. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1, E2-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: UNIOLA, PANICUM, AMMOPHILA, SPARTINA, IVA, BACCHARIS, PASPALUM, MYRICA, PARTHENOCISSUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study was designed to determine the suitability of several grasses for the stabilization of sandy dredged material in supertidal areas of Dickerson Bay near Panancea, FL. The effect of fertilizer on the growth of sea oats, panic grass, and American beachgrass was tested. Results indicated that these grasses were effective in stabilizing the spoil in the supertidal zone. Where the beach is exposed to high energy wave action, prior mechanical stabilization was necessary for the establishment of intertidal vegetation. Plants were treated with 100 lb/acre of 10-10-10 fertilizer twice during the growing season. All plants benefitted, but there was little advantage in applying 200 lb/acre of fertilizer. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 186 AUTHOR: Courser, W.D., and R.R. Lewis PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: The use of marine revegetation for erosion control on the Palm River, Tampa, Florida SOURCE: Pages 125-136 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, PASPALUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a revegetation project to control erosion along the Palm River, Tampa, FL. Sixty meters of river bank were cleared and excavated; Spartina alterniflora and Paspalum vaginatum were planted. After 7 months, P. vaginatum covered nearly 100% of the planted area. The S. alterniflora survival rate was about 20%; however, surviving plants were well established and spreading rapidly. Bahia sod was installed above these plantings and burlap was used to stabilize planted areas. Installation and plant material costs were about 123/m of shoreline; this was compared to costs for erosion control via a sand-cement bag revetment (approx. 330/m of shoreline). Project area maintenance needs are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 187 AUTHOR: Cowell, E.B., and J.M. Baker PUBL. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: Recovery of a salt marsh in Pembrokeshire, south-west Wales, from pollution by crude oil SOURCE: Biol. Conserv. 1(4):291-295. STATE: WALES STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SUAEDA, SALICORNIA, HALIMIONE, ASTER, COCHLEARIA, TRIGLOCHIN, PUCCINELLIA, JUNCUS, LIMONIUM, SPARTINA, ENTEROMORPHA, VAUCHERIA, ULOTHRIX, FESTUCA, GLAUX, PLANTAGO, ARTEMISIA, SPERGULARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the recovery of vegetation at Bentlass Salt Marsh, near Pembroke, southwest Wales, after a spill of 250,000 kg of crude oil in the adjacent Milford Haven Bay on 13 January 1967. Frequency data collected in June 1966-1968 indicated that some plant species were more affected by the spill than other species. In June 1967, Suaeda maritima, Salicornia spp., Halimione portulacoides, and filamentous green algae showed the greatest reduction in frequency; Cochlearia spp., Triglochin maritima, Puccinellia maritima, Juncus gerardii, Limonium humile, and Spartina townsendii showed some reduction; and Festuca rubra, Plantago maritima, Armeria maritima, Artemisia maritima, Glaux maritima, and Spergularia spp. were not significantly lower than prespill levels. By June 1968, most species exhibited some degree of recovery. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 188 AUTHOR: Cox, G.V., and E.B. Cowell PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Mitigating oil spill damage-- ecologically responsible clean-up SOURCE: Pages 121-128 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: M1-..., M2-US2, E2-US., E2-EM1, E2-FO3, L.-..., R.-..., PO-..., M2-RS. RESPONSE: PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, PUCCINELLIA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of clean-up techniques for mitigating oil spill damage in various wetland types. Techniques include using booms and skimmers, applying solvent-based dispersants, cleaning shores with high pressure waterjets, bulldozing sandy beaches, burning marsh vegetation, and cutting and removing vegetation. The authors urge development of contingency plans prior to oil spill events for the most effective mitigation of damage. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1273 AUTHOR: Cox, R.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Revegetation projects in Orlando Lakes SOURCE: Aquaphyte (7):15. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, WFOWL, FISH, VEG, HUSE PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This brief article discusses transplanting cypress trees and other vegetation to lake shores around Orlando, Florida. The author suggests that these transplantings will benefit the total ecosystem as well as improve aesthetics of the shorelines. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1105 AUTHOR: Craft, C.B., S.W. Broome, and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon pools in natural and transplanted marsh soils SOURCE: Estuaries 11(4):272-280. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study compares soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon pools in both natural and transplanted marshes at five locations along the coast of NC. Three of the natural marshes had organic soil; two were underlain by mineral soils. Findings included: 1) soil organic content was greater in the natural marshes; 2) of the transplanted marshes, the two oldest marshes contained the most macroorganic matter, while the youngest marsh contained the least; and 3) macroorganic nutrient Reservoirs develop in about 15-30 yrs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 189 AUTHOR: Craft, C.E., S.W. Broome, and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The role of transplanted marshes in processing nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon in estuarine waters SOURCE: Pages 327-332 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon fluxes between an irregularly flooded transplanted Spartina marsh (established the first year of monitoring) and the Pamlico River Estuary, NC. Concentrations of dissolved organic C were significantly higher in waters flowing out of the transplanted marsh. Concentrations of dissolved organic N were higher, although not significantly, in waters flowing out of the transplanted marsh. In contrast, ammonium and phosphates were significantly higher in estuarine water pumped into the marsh. Transplanted marshes serve as sources of dissolved organic materials and as sinks for particulates and inorganic nutrients. The productivity of transplanted marshes appears to be sustained, in part, by external inputs of N and P in estuarine waters. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 190 AUTHOR: Craig, R.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Plants for coastal dunes of the Gulf and South Atlantic coasts and Puerto Rico SOURCE: U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Agric. Inform. Bull. 460. 41 pp. STATE: PUERTO RICO, TX, MS, LA, AL, FL, GA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: SEED, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO4, E2-SS3, E2-SS1, E2-FO3, E2-FO1, E2-US2, M2-US2 RESPONSE: PGENUS: PANICUM, CYNODON, SPARTINA, CENCHRUS, SCHIZACHYRIUM, UNIOLA, SPOROBOLUS, PASPALUM, DISTICHLIS, STENOTAPHRUM, EUSTACHYS, CASSIA, CANAVALIA, SESUVIUM, GAILLARDIA, HELIANTHUS, IPOMOEA, HYDROCOTYLE, CASUARINA, SURIANA, CONOCARPUS, SABAL, PRUNUS, COCOS, CHRYSOBALANUS, QUERCUS, COCCOLOBA, MYRICA, YUCCA, ERNODEA, OPUNTIA, DALBERGIA, SCAEVOLA, LANTANA, SERENOA, TOURNEFORTIA, IVA, CROTON, ILEX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses revegetation of coastal dunes along the Gulf and South Atlantic Coasts and Puerto Rico. The section on planning includes a brief discussion of walkways, sand-trapping devices, and surface mulch. Descriptions of individual species of grasses (13 species), other herbaceous plants (9 species), trees (11 species), and shrubs (10 species) include recommended propagation techniques. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 191 AUTHOR: Crandall, M.E., and J.L. Lindsey PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Establishment of controlled freshwater diversions of the Mississippi River into the Louisiana coastal zone SOURCE: Pages 139-146 in R.D. Cross and D.L. Williams, eds. Proceedings of the national symposium on freshwater inflow to estuaries. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., FWS/OBS-81/04. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of the Louisiana coastal program and how this program, which started in the 1970's, led to the development of guidelines for regulating the deterioration of coastal wetlands. Solutions included establishing and implementing guidelines designed to restore or mimic the natural processes of the wetlands. A potential exists for increasing wetland areas by using freshwater sites to divert water and sediment to the problem areas. A small scale project in the St. Bernard Parish was dredged in the early 1960's and resulted in increased salinity and erosion levels. The restoration effort included the construction of a siphon to deliver fresh water from February-March, the period of traditional overbank flooding. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 192 AUTHOR: Crawford, R.D., and J.A. Rossiter PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: General design considerations in creating artificial wetlands for wildlife SOURCE: Pages 44-47 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: ND STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-... RESPONSE: WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a monitoring study of 18 constructed wetland basins in Pembina, Pierce, and Barnes Counties, ND. All were 3-5 years old. Four natural basin wetlands were compared. A brief overview of the first 2 years of the study is provided. Design recommendations include discussion of bottom contouring, vegetative growth, clay sealing for prevention of leakage, use of hay to accelerate development of detritus food chain, use of muck from existing wetlands for seed bank and organic matter, island construction, shoreline slope considerations, and upland vegetation management. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 193 AUTHOR: Crewz, D.W., and M.D. Moffler PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: An evaluation of air-layering with three species of mangroves SOURCE: Pages 46-61 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Air-layering was effective for the propagation of white mangroves, but not for black or red mangroves. Production of air layers may take a year; white mangrove forms an adequate root system in 4-6 months. Application of hormones and osmotic agents had no significant effects on rooting of mangroves. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 194 AUTHOR: Crossman, J.S., J. Cairns, Jr., and R.L. Kaesler PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Aquatic invertebrate recovery in the Clinch River following hazardous spills and floods SOURCE: Virginia Polytech. Inst. St. Univ., Water Resour. Cent., Blacksburg, Bull. 63. 66 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R2-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper evaluates the recovery of benthic macroinvertebrates and fish in the Clinch River in southwestern VA following 2 major industrial contaminant spills and flooding. A spill from a fly-ash holding pond in 1967 and a sulfuric acid spill in 1970 eliminated benthic organisms and killed approximately 5,300 fish. Four stations above the spill site served as control stations and 12 sites below the spill were surveyed to assess recovery. Cluster analysis of the data provided information on species density, diversity, and recolonization rate. Comparative charts on species diversity, tolerance, and density are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1497 AUTHOR: Crumpton, W.G., T.M. Isenhart, and S.W. Fisher PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Fate of non-point source nitrate loads in freshwater wetlands: results from experimental wetland mesocosms SOURCE: Pages 283-291 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: IA STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Forty-eight experimental wetland mesocosms were set up to gain a better understanding of water quality functions of wetlands by controlling physical forcing functions. Tanks were filled with sediment, planted with Typha rhizomes, and flooded. Fertilizer injectors were used for the controlled addition of chemicals into the irrigation water. Batch dose studies, flowthrough mass balance studies, and direct measurements of transformations to determine assimilation capacities of wetlands on nitrate loading, phosphorus addition, and sediment loading were conducted. At the end of the second growing season cattail densities were 65.2 shoots/m2 and the mesocosms reasonably simulated emergent wetlands. Eighty percent or better nitrate retention occured with residence times of one week and loading rates of 3-15 mg/L of nitrate nitrogen. Further studies testing the effectiveness of nitrate sinks in wetlands are underway. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 195 AUTHOR: Cumming, K.B., and D.M. Hill PUBL. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: Stream faunal recovery after manganese strip mine reclamation SOURCE: U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Water Pollut. Control Res. Ser. No. 18050 DOH 06/71. 36 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., R4-SB., R.-UB1, R.-UB3 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report compares some of the chemical, physical, and biological parameters of streams draining manganese strip mine spoils in 3 stages of reclamation within the upper drainage of the South Fork of the Holston River, Smyth County, VA. Spoil reclamation stages were classified as reclaimed, partially reclaimed, and unreclaimed; details of reclamation are not included in the report. Seasonal monitoring indicated that the community structure of fish and benthic macroinvertebrates in these streams remains severely depressed until complete reclamation of the spoils has been accomplished. Six years after reclamation, only the faunal community in the stream draining the fully reclaimed area has recovered. Siltation and turbidity appeared to be the limiting factors in recovery of faunal communities. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1026 AUTHOR: Cuneo, K.L.C. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A predictive formula for use in planning salt marsh restorations in San Francisco Bay, California SOURCE: Pages 112-115 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American west: eighth annual meeting of the society of wetland scientists. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of 10 relatively undisturbed marshes in the San Francisco Bay area to establish correlations between the elevation at which Salicornia is found, relative percent cover, mean elevations of various reference planes, distance from the Golden Gate, and amount of suspended sediment in ambient bay water. Prediction of elevation for Salicornia in the bay area will be useful in estimating amount of earthwork required to restore former wetlands (that have been leveed) to a more natural condition. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1433 AUTHOR: Curtis, M.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Establishing eelgrass beds in California SOURCE: Pages 477-489 in H. S. Bolton and O. T. Magoon, eds. Coastal wetlands. American Society of Civil Engineers. New York, NY. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper summarizes restoration efforts and techniques for restoring eelgrass beds. Resource agencies in California presently require removed eelgrass be replaced on at least a one-to-one basis and replacement projects must be monitored to ensure its establishment and survival. Eelgrass is restricted by depth, therefore; once an appropriate area is found the site must be prepared with dredged sediments to accept transplanted grass. The location of transplant areas, time of planting, and transplanting techniques are discussed in detail. Several cases of eelgrass restoration as well as reasons for their failure or success are also provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 196 AUTHOR: Cutlip, C.G. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: An evaluation of reclaimed wetlands on five phosphate mined sites in central Florida SOURCE: Pages 62-72 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM., PO-SS. RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: ULMUS, TAXODIUM, CARPINUS, SABAL, FRAXINUS, CATALPA, CEPHALANTHUS, ILEX, OSTRYA, QUERCUS, GORDONIA, PINUS, PERSEA, JUNIPERUS, ACER, BETULA, SERENOA, BACCHARIS, MAGNOLIA, CYRILLA, NYSSA, LIQUIDAMBAR, PLATANUS, CARYA, MYRICA, ALTERNANTHERA, MICRANTHEMUM, ECHINOCHLOA, URENA, CAREX, TYPHA, SALIX, SAGITTARIA, SALVINIA, SPARTINA, EUPATORIUM, LEMNA, SAMBUCUS, CYPERUS, EICHHORNIA, LIMNOBIUM, SCIRPUS, EQUISETUM, PANICUM, THELYPTERIS, PLUCHEA, ANDROPOGON, PONTEDERIA, CHENOPODIUM, LUDWIGIA, POLYGONUM, JUNCUS, FUIRENA, PISTIA, PASPALUM, HYDROCOTYLE, HIBISCUS, ZIZANIA, CANNA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The international minerals and chemicals corporation phosphate mine reclamation process includes planning, execution, monitoring, and adjustments. Five FL sites reclaimed to freshwater wetlands are evaluated in this study. Recommendations for future reclamation projects included: 1) reclamation projects should be hydrologically connected to adjacent natural systems; 2) upland and wetland species should be planted at different elevations; 3) when possible, reclamation should begin at the top of a watershed; 4) reclaimed areas should occur in large blocks; and 5) mulch should be viewed as a seed source and spread over a large area. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 197 AUTHOR: D'Avanzo, C. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Vegetation in freshwater replacement wetlands in the Northeast SOURCE: Pages 53-81 in J.S. Larson and C. Neill, eds. Mitigating freshwater wetland alterations in the glaciated northeastern United States: an assessment of the science base. Univ. Massachusetts, Environ. Inst., Amherst, Publ. No. 87-1. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes in detail the role of vegetation for each of 10 major wetland functions. More research is needed in relating structure to function in wetland systems to allow for more effective mitigation. To date, most mitigation efforts have not been evaluated in terms of successful reestablishment of wetland functions. Three case studies of the effectiveness of wetland mitigation efforts are discussed in some detail. Problems that resulted in ineffective or marginally successful mitigation are described. Recommendations for successful wetland creation are listed; a proposal for a vegetation study to determine the effectiveness of created or restored wetlands is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1172 AUTHOR: D'Avanzo, C. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Long-term evaluation of wetland creation projects SOURCE: Pages 75-83 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II. Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., M.-..., R.-..., E.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an evaluation of more than 100 wetland mitigation (creation or restoration) projects. The evolution of these wetlands over time, and the feasibility of creating wetlands that will function successfully in the long term are discussed. Six criteria for success evaluation are: 1) comparison of vegetative growth in natural and artificial wetlands after at least 2 growing seasons; 2) habitat requirements of plants invading the created wetland site; 3) success planted species; 4) comparison of faunal species composition and biomass at artificial and natural sites; 5) chemical analyses of soils in both artificial and natural wetlands; and 6) evidence of geologic or hydrologic changes over time. Reasons for wetland creation/restoration failure or success are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 198 AUTHOR: Dahl, B.E., B.A. Fall, A. Lohse, and S.G. Appan PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Construction and stabilization of coastal foredunes with vegetation: Padre Island, Texas SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir, VA. 188 pp. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PANICUM, UNIOLA, SPARTINA, INDIGOFERA, AMMOPHILA, SCAEVOLA, IPOMOEA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses experiments establishing technical specifications and methodologies for the use of beach grasses to construct and stabilize foredunes as storm surge barriers along the Gulf Coast, Padre Island, TX. Bitter panicum and sea oats were the best adapted species for beach plantings. The most successful method of establishing a vegetated dune ridge was transplanting these grasses on the backshore, where they trapped, grew through, and stabilized accumulating sand. Stabilizing barren dunes with sand fencing was more difficult and costly. Winter through spring was the most favorable period for transplanting both grasses. Fertilization the first year improved initial sand-trapping ability, but subsequent fertilization was unnecessary. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1027 AUTHOR: Dahl, T.E., and D.E. Nomsen PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Seed bank of a drained prairie wetland SOURCE: Pages 304-308 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, eds. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the abundance and diversity of ungerminated seeds from 10 soil cores taken from a previously drained wetland basin in Ottertail County, MN. Seeds of 36 plant species, including Alisma plantago-aquatica, Echinochloa spp., Panicum capillare, Polygonum lapathifolium, and Scirpus spp., were collected. Seed bank density was approximately 4,212 seeds per square meter. Total seed numbers do not reflect number germinated because seed viability is a percentage of total seed numbers and germination is a fraction of the viable population. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 199 AUTHOR: Dai, T.S., and I.K. Hill PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: The role of vegetation in stabilizing the Lower Great Lakes Canadian shoreline SOURCE: J. Great Lakes Res. 3(1-2):46-56. STATE: ONTARIO, CANADA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., L2-..., PO-..., PO-SS. RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SOLIDAGO, MELILOTUS, DAUCUS, OSTRYA, ACER, VITIS, TYPHA, THUJA, POPULUS, SALIX, RHUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper examines the natural vegetation of the Canadian shoreline of Lakes Ontario, Erie, and St. Clair. The effects of microclimate, soil, properties, physiognomic features of the bluffs, and degree of alteration of the shorelines were considered with respect to vegetation cover; no single environmental factor appeared to control vegetation type. Five major groups of shoreline plant communities were identified. Features of sites with minimal erosion included: 1) gentle slope forms, less than 25 degrees; 2) sandy loam soils on backshores; 3) minor seepage with no running gullies; and 4) tree cover on top of the bluff. The loss of deciduous trees along shorelines has contributed to erosion problems. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 200 AUTHOR: Daiber, F.C. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Dredge material for wetland restoration SOURCE: Pages 140-177 in F.C. Daiber, ed. Conservation of tidal marshes. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: INVERT, SOIL, VEG, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, AMARANTHUS, PLUCHEA, PANICUM, BORRICHIA, IVA, JUNCUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This chapter describes the use of dredge spoil for wetland creation. Appropriate plantings may be determined by salinity, tidal range, location, and elevation. Plant communities must be able to establish and compete successfully. Site preparation factors (e.g., slope and surface elevation) and plant species selection are described. Plant materials, including seeds, should be obtained from local marshes similar to the one being established. Propagation methods, plant zonation, role of invading species, fertilization, density and biomass, sediments, toxic materials, and faunal communities are discussed. Estimates for length of time required for a manmade marsh on a spoil site to reach the level of maturity of adjacent natural sites vary from 4-30 years (based on organic carbon content). Species evenness/richness and soil structure are other criteria used to evaluate marsh restoration results. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 201 AUTHOR: Dames, H.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Evaluation of two man-made borrow pits on South River: fish population and diversity SOURCE: Culver-Stockton Coll., Dept. Biol., Canton, MO, Unpubl. Rep. 47 pp. STATE: MO STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: FISH, CHEM, WQUAL, HUSE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report evaluates fish populations at 2 borrow pits (5 and 8 acres each) used for flood control along the South River, Marion County, MO. Water quality and fish length measurements were collected in addition to fish diversity and numbers during May-July. The pits contained 27 species of fish. The presence of high numbers of fry showed that the pits also were important spawning and nursery areas for several species. Large numbers of crappies greater than 8 inches and bass greater than 12 inches were found, indicating a viable sport fishing habitat. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 202 AUTHOR: Dane, C.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1959 TITLE: Succession of aquatic marsh plants in small artificial marshes in New York State SOURCE: New York Fish Game J. 6(1):57-76. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB4, PO-AB3, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: POTAMOGETON, SPARGANIUM, JUNCUS, TYPHA, ACORUS, SCIRPUS, LEMNA, SALIX, SPIRAEA, ALISMA, LEERSIA, SAGITTARIA, ZIZANIA, ANACHARIS, CHARA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes and evaluates changes in vegetation of 22 small artificial marshes in the Southern Tier and Genesee-Niagara Areas of NY. These areas differ in water level fluctuation, soil fertility, watershed slopes, marsh basin slopes, and water chemistry. The study included determining: 1) periods between marsh flooding and invasion of vegetation; 2) changes in species occurrence and abundance; and 3) factors influencing plant succession in marshes. Water level during the growing season was the most important parameter. Marsh creation in acid soil areas is discussed briefly. Total alkalinity averaged 46 ppm in the Southern Tier and 84 ppm in the Genesee-Niagara Areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 203 AUTHOR: Darovec, J.E., J.M. Carlton, T.R. Pulver, M.D. Moffler, G.B. Smith, W.K. Whitfield, Jr., C.A. Willis, K.A. Steidinger, and E.A. Joyce, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Techniques for coastal restoration and fishery enhancement in Florida SOURCE: Florida Dept. Nat. Resour., Mar. Res. Lab., St. Petersburg. 27 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, M2-US2, E2-FO3, E2-EM1, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: FISH, SHELLF, VEG, ECON PGENUS: UNIOLA, PANICUM, SPARTINA, SCHIZACHYRIUM, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, AVICENNIA, THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM, RUPPIA, HALOPHILA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report outlines interim guidelines for the reestablishment of sand dune, mangrove, salt marsh, seagrass, and artificial reef communities along the FL coast. Planting guidelines discuss sources of seeds and transplants, spacing, timing of planting, fertilization, planting techniques, seed collection and handling, species selection, and elevation. Community-specific guidelines include stabilization of primary dunes, transplanting of original salt marsh vegetation (smooth cordgrass, black needlerush), and size of mangrove transplants (larger trees are preferable to seedlings). Permit regulations, construction guidelines, materials, and oyster cultivation techniques are discussed for artificial reef communities. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1297 AUTHOR: Daukas, P., D. Lowry, and W.W. Walker, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Design of wet detention basins and constructed wetlands for treatment of stormwater runoff from a regional shopping mall in Massachusetts SOURCE: Pages 686-694 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: MA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LANDFORM, HYDRO, PLANT, SEED WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS. RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM, HYDRO PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a stormwater management system which includes the creation of a wet detention pond and three wetlands to decrease pollutants and control stormwater drainage from a shopping mall in North Attleborough, MA. The wetland basin was designed to promote a long flow path to maximize the decrease of pollutants in the drainage water. The detention ponds dissipate kinetic energy of the runoff water, improve hydraulic control, and remove course particulates. The wetlands allow physical filtering of sediment and decreases total nitrogen and phosphorous. The pollutant removal efficiencies were expected to compare with those of other wetland treatments. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 204 AUTHOR: Davis, J.H., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Stabilization of beaches and dunes by vegetation in Florida SOURCE: Univ. Florida, Sea Grant Program, Gainesville, Rep. No. 7. 52 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: M2-US2, E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, ECON PGENUS: COCCOLOBA, COCOS, CASUARINA, ANDROPOGON, ATRIPLEX, CAKILE, ILEX, CENCHRUS, CHRYSAPSIS, CROTON, CYNODON, DIGITARIA, HYDROCOTYLE, IPOMOEA, SUAEDA, OENOTHERA, OPUNTIA, PANICUM, SPARTINA, SPOROBOLUS, UNIOLA, IVA, QUERCUS, SERENOA, YUCCA, MYRICA, DISTICHLIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the role of vegetation in stabilizing beaches and dunes in FL and presents some general guidelines for beach and dune restoration. Topics include: 1) plant compositions in various regions of FL; 2) use of sand fences and other methods of making fills; and 3) techniques and costs for various types of plantings. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1619 AUTHOR: Davis, M.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Decision sequence for functional wetlands restoration SOURCE: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77:497-511. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the design sequence of restored or constructed wetlands to meet a certain functional goals at specific developement stages. Landscape, site hydrology, site energy, site substrate, and site vegetation and their relationship with each unique wetland function must be considered when selecting a site and design. KEYWORDS: wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/function/wetland functions =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1594 AUTHOR: Davis, S.M., L.H. Gunderson, W.A. Park, J.R. Richardson, J.E. Mattson PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Landscape dimension, composition, and function in a changing Eveglades ecosystem SOURCE: Pages 419-444 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors. Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: P0-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, CLADIUM, NYMPHAEA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses environmental fluctuations and human influences and their effects on functional losses and comunity shifts. The original Everglades landscape was detailed as well as the reconfiguration caused by human utilization resulting in the elimination of three physiographic landscapes. Vegetation cover types and spatial maps were made and compared to determine the vegetation change as community shift or community invasion. Several hypothesises are presented to explain the shift of wet prairie/slough to sawgrass communities and overall loss of aquatic productivity. Restoration suggestions include allowing naturally occuring fires to burn unimpeded, restoring extended hydroperiods and flows, and preventing further spatial reduction of the landscapes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1596 AUTHOR: Davis, S.M. and J.C. Ogden PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Toward ecosystem restoration SOURCE: Pages 769-796 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors. Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO, FIRE, WQUALITY, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS3, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report gives an overview of the proceeding chapters and brings conclusions together to provide an ecosystem restoration plan for the Everglades and surrounding wetland areas. The importance of pertebations such as freezes, hurricanes, fire, as well as smaller disturbances such a alligator holes in creating diversity at the level of micro scale and mesoscale patchiness is reviewed. Implecations of reduced habitat and hydrologic pulse to manatee, panthers, wading birds, snail kites, and fish among other wildlife is addressed as well as their future outlook. Specific restoration recommendations are catagorized as 1) the re-establishment of a more natural hydrology pattern and natural disturbances on an ecosystem level and 2) the establishment of management practices focusing on species and community needs. Finally hypoteses of restoration actions are offered. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1590 AUTHOR: Davis, S.M. and J.C. Ogden PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Introduction SOURCE: Pages 3-7 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors. Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, RIPAR, R2-SB7 RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This chapter provides a breif overview of the integrated ecosystem approach to restoration of the Everglades. This method is utilized rather than a systemic approach in ares previous well documented. Areas of specific conservation concern are addressed and each section of the book and its emphasis is detailed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 205 AUTHOR: Dawson, K.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Planting design inventory techniques for modeling the restoration of native riparian landscapes SOURCE: Pages 465-470 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reviews techniques for assessing vegetation distribution patterns of native riparian communities to formulate planting designs in flood control and water resource projects in CA. Historical native systems are described in terms of on-site riparian information that can be applied to comparable areas. A basic plan involving a sample plot is developed for determining species distribution. Useful sampling techniques are random-grid, vegetation association, soil types, topography, and species clustering. Transect elevations can assist in delineating vegetation patterns. Planting design features include fire lanes, levees, channel alterations, and recreational facilities. The planting plan is based on successional patterns of pioneer, low terrace, and high terrace stages. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 206 AUTHOR: Day, E.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Mitigation of transportation-related wetland losses (Wisconsin) SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 4(1):30-31. STATE: WI STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: WFOWL, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, CAREX, SCIRPUS, CALAMAGROSTIS, SPARGANIUM, SAGITTARIA, SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, NYMPHAEA, POTAMOGETON, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a plan to restore an 8.1 ha and 2.0 ha wetland in Dane County, WI. The process will involve removing fill from former wetlands and grading and sloping the underlying peat. Sagittaria, Scirpus, Nymphae, Phragmites, Spartina pectinata, and Potamogeton will be hand-planted; sideslopes will be seeded with native grasses and forbs. The upper 60 cm of soil from existing high-quality wetlands will provide rhizomes, roots, organic soil, and a seed bank for the new site. In addition, 5 pothole sites will be excavated by dragline to enhance waterfowl habitat and provide overwintering habitat for reptiles and amphibians; native shallow and high marsh species will be planted. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1028 AUTHOR: Day, R.T., P.A. Keddy, J. McNeill, and T. Carleton PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for riverine marsh vegetation SOURCE: Ecology 69(4):1044-1054. STATE: ONTARIO, QUEBEC, CANADA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, R2-..., R2-EM., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARGANIUM, TYPHA, ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses use of multivariate vegetation data to describe relationships between vegetation and environmental factors in wetlands along the Ottawa River, upriver from Ottawa, Ontario. Mean abundance of 58 species of plants was recorded, along with 16 environmental measures for four major vegetation types: Sparganium eurycarpum; Eleocharis smellii; Typha latifolia; and Scirpus Americanus. A summary model of patterns and processes is presented. Two major multivariate gradients were apparent: elevation; and standing crop/litter. The program Twinspan was used to classify vegetation types. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 207 AUTHOR: Daylor, R.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Engineering considerations in wetlands mitigation SOURCE: Pages 101-114 in J.S. Larson and C. Neill, eds. Mitigating freshwater wetland alterations in the glaciated northeastern United States: an assessment of the science base. Univ. Massachusetts, Environ. Inst., Amherst, Publ. No. 87-1. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides a summary of engineering perspectives of mitigation methods in nontidal freshwater wetlands of the northeastern U.S. A review of regulatory processes is included. Hydrologic characteristics, water quality, and ecological character are described briefly in terms of engineering considerations. Because performance standards for accomplishing mitigation are subjective and wetland systems are dynamic, uncertainty of the results cannot be eliminated. Suggestions for dealing with uncertainty are provided for various subject areas, including surveying and mapping, geological investigation, botanical studies, modelling for flood occurrence, habitat assessment models, construction techniques, and water quality considerations. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 208 AUTHOR: De Jong, J. PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: The purification of wastewater with the aid of rush or reed ponds SOURCE: Pages 133-139 in J. Tourbier and R.W. Pierson, Jr., eds. Biological control of water pollution. Univ. Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. STATE: NETHERLANDS STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, ECON, WQUAL PGENUS: SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the use of rushes (Scirpus lacustris) and reeds (Phragmites australis) to treat wastewater in The Netherlands near Amsterdam. An experimental 1 ha rush pond was used to treat sewage from a campsite and experimental ditches were dug to compare properties of rushes, reeds, and polypropene fibers in purifying sewage. The vegetation systems were able to provide adequate purification of water, based on BOD, COD (chemical oxygen demand), phosphorus, nitrogen, and bacterial counts, as long as the supply of P and N did not exceed the uptake capacity of the vegetation. Treatment of sewage with the rush pond was considerably cheaper than with activated sludge-type plants. The required area needed for rush or reed ponds was considered too great for treatment of effluent of a planned 40,000-population center. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 209 AUTHOR: Dean, D., and H.H. Haskin PUBL. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: Benthic repopulation of the Raritan River Estuary following pollution abatement SOURCE: Limnol. Oceanogr. 9(4):551-564. STATE: NJ STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., R1-... RESPONSE: INVERT PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses repopulation of the Raritan River Estuary in NJ by benthic invertebrates after pollution was abated in the river by a trunk sewer system in 1958. During 1957, no freshwater species were collected from sampling sites. From 1958-1960, freshwater species invaded the area and increased until 1960 when there was a slight decrease. At this time, biotic recovery had progressed to the point that distribution of species and population densities illustrated the classic U-shaped curve for estuaries, with greater diversity and density in the freshwater and seaward sections than in the center of the estuary. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 210 AUTHOR: Dean, R.G. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Effects of vegetation on shoreline erosional processes SOURCE: Pages 415-426 in P.E. Greeson, J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark, eds. Wetland functions and values: the state of our understanding. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., Minneapolis, MN. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article focuses on the effect of vegetation on modifying sediment erosion on shorelines. Four mechanisms stabilize sediments along bay or ocean shorelines: 1) direct increase in shoreline durability through a more resistant soil/root matrix, 2) damping of water waves by a "stand" of vegetation before the waves arrive at the shoreline; 3) deposition of sediment as a result of reduction in current velocity; and 4) enhancement of the storage of sand in dunes so that the sand will be available as a supply to storm waves. These techniques are included in a pictorial description. Mathematical equations determining tide velocity and grass stalk height relationships are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1331 AUTHOR: Debano, L.F., and Schmidt, L.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Potential for enhancing riparian habitats in the southwestern United States with watershed practices SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34:385-403. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM, VEG WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R.-... RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses case studies of small channel checks or gully plugs, intermediate-sized structures, large dams, and enhancement of riparian areas by brush-to-grass conversions in riparian environments. Gully plugs were used for riparian enhancement when the watershed became deteriorated due to overgrazing and misuse. Seven years after treatment streamflow increased, riparian vegetation became established, and sediment accumulated behind the gully structure. An intermediate-sized structure was set up in Monroe Canyon, California where the canyon had become virtually devoid of permanent vegetation. Six years after a crib design flood control structure was constructed willows became established and 13 years after construction a 5-ha riparian area was established. Examples of flood-control dams, reservoirs, and brush-to-grass conversions are also provided as techniques to enhance riparian areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 211 AUTHOR: Decker, C.S., and D.L. King PUBL. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: Accelerated recovery of acid strip-mine lakes SOURCE: Pages 208-216 in Proceedings of the 26th industrial waste conference. Part one. Eng. Bull., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN, Eng. Exten. Ser. No. 140. STATE: MO STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL, VEG PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses accelerated recovery of an acid strip mine lake near Columbia, MO, by the addition of sewage sludge as an energy source for sulfate reducing bacteria, which resulted in the removal of sulfate ions and production of sulfide ions and carbon dioxide. Sulfide forms hydrogen sulfide under acid conditions, which leaves the system as hydrogen sulfide gas and permanently removes some of the total acidity. Concomitant sulfate removal and acidity consumption is accompanied by increased pH values. Compared to lime-limestone neutralization treatment, organic addition appears to offer a more complete treatment and provides a more economical solution to acid strip mine problems. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 212 AUTHOR: Delaune, R.D., C.J. Smith, W.H. Patrick, Jr., J.W. Fleeger, and M.D. Tolley PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Effect of oil on salt marsh biota: methods for restoration SOURCE: Environ. Pollut. 36:207-227. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes an experiment to test the effects of oil on a LA Gulf Coast salt marsh. After crude oil was applied to replicated plots, various marsh restoration methods were evaluated. Effects on microfauna (nematodes, copepods), sediment, macrophytes, and macrofauna are described. Various clean-up methods were employed. Different marshes have different levels of sensitivity to oil contamination. The LA Gulf Coast marsh in this study had a relatively low sensitivity to oil and the best results were obtained when no restoration action was used. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1339 AUTHOR: Delroy, L.B. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Research into creation of artificial wetlands in South Australia SOURCE: Pages 65-79 in B. Gilligan, M. Maddock, and K. McDonald, eds. International symposium on wetlands. Shortland Wetlands Centre, Shortland, Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia. STATE: AUSTRALIA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: PLANT, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3 RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: none CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A series of seven bays covering 70 hectares were constructed on the saline soils of the Tolderol Game Reserve in Southern Australia to act as a drought refuge area for shorebirds and waterfowl. Water is supplied to the bays by three inlets which feed two units of two bays and one unit of three bays. Bay 1 was systematically flushed through with fresh water. The "waste" water was re-used in Bay 2 as brackish water and then in Bay 3 as salt water. Sampling of fish and invertebrates resulted in 3ml of animal material per metre of water and approximately 99% fish by volume in Bay 1 and 6 ml of animal material per m of water and 8% fish by volume in Bay 2. Bay 3 was not sampled due algal growth and low water level. Bay 2 was the most productive for wading species and ducks and the bird use of all three bays was high. Results of this study indicated a high potential for the managed wetlands to provide drought refuge habitat for many species of birds. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 214 AUTHOR: Demgen, F.C. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Wetlands creation for habitat and treatment-- at Mt. View Sanitary District, CA SOURCE: Pages 61-73 in R.K. Bastian and S.C. Reed, eds. Aquaculture systems for wastewater treatment: seminar proceedings and engineering assessment. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Washington, DC. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, STOCK, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: ECHINOCHLOA, SCIRPUS, LEMNA, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses a full-scale pilot wetland creation project at the Mt. View Sanitary District, Martinez, Contra Costa County, CA. The 8.2 ha wetland system consists of 5 interconnected areas with tributary edge habitat. A balanced and healthy wetland ecosystem, composed of pond and marsh areas, has been created using secondary-treated wastewater. Four years of monitoring indicated that the wildlife habitat actively supports 72 species of plants and a variety of mammals (10 spp.), birds (90 spp.), and aquatic invertebrates (34 spp.). Mosquito breeding has been reduced to a minimum through the introduction of mosquito fish. Nitrate removal has been consistent. Public support for the wetland is strong; educational and recreational use is considerable. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 213 AUTHOR: Demgen, F.C. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Wetlands creation using secondary treated wastewater SOURCE: Pages 727-739 in American Water Works Association. Water reuse symposium, vol. 1. Am. Water Works Assoc., Washington, DC. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM., PO-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, HUSE, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: ECHINOCHLOA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the use of treated sewage effluent in the creation of wetlands at a treatment plant in the Mt. View Sanitary District, Contra Costa County, CA. The wetland plots cover 15.2 acres and are designed to form a complex of shallow areas dominated by emergent vegetation and deeper open water areas. "Ecofloats" in open water provided supplemental artificial habitat for aquatic invertebrates. Water quality analysis indicated that the wetlands improved the effluent from the treatment plant, even though the wetlands were created primarily to provide wildlife habitat. Resident animal species are described. Marsh management, emphasizing minimization of maintenance, includes discussions of algae (control), levees, erosion, plot design, mosquito control, control of avian botulism, and costs and benefits. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1129 AUTHOR: Demgen, F.C. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A review of eighteen wetland mitigation sites in the San Francisco Bay region SOURCE: Pages 318-322 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds. Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium, Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., R.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article reviews 18 wetland mitigation projects in the San Francisco Bay Area. Each site was visited several times. Mitigation success was evaluated after 1-10 years and was based on completion of permit requirements. Case histories of the restoration of Muzzi Marsh and the Caltrans Site are described and compared. After 3-4 years Muzzi Marsh had naturally revegetated. After 7 years, the Caltrans Site was still a mudflat. Deterrents to success, both in design and implementation, are discussed. The variability of current permit requirements for mitigation is described, along with suggestions for improvement. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1577 AUTHOR: Denny, P. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Biodiversity and wetlands SOURCE: Wetlands Ecology and Management 3(1):55-61. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses biodiversity in terms of wetland loss and its effect throughout the world. The importance of wetlands degredation on the CO2 balance and global warming is questioned. The intrinsic values of wetlands to various cultures is also discussed as well as setting a monetary value on their full functional values. Values are described as global, funtional, habitat, and anthropogenic. Suggestions and guidelines are presented for classifying wetlands according to an Environmental Capital Index in order to develope management plans. Finally a flowchart highlighting various conservation steps are listed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 215 AUTHOR: Derrenbacker, J., and R.R. Lewis PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Seagrass habitat restoration, Lake Surprise, Florida Keys SOURCE: Pages 132-154 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: HALODULE, THALASSIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Several methods were used to establish Halodule wrightii and Thalassia testudinum on substrates disturbed by construction in Lake Surprise, Key Largo, FL. Steel staples (15 cm long) were used to anchor H. wrightii runner sections in moderately impacted shell hash, severely impacted fine silt, and rocky areas. After 7 months, vegetative coverage of these 3 areas was 100%, 98%, and 18%, respectively. T. testudinum seedlings were hand-broadcast in moderately/severely impacted fine silt; after 7 months the vegetative survival rates were 44-55%. T. testudinum rhizomes with attached short shoots were transplanted in moderately to severely impacted silt; 7-month survival rate was 75%. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1223 AUTHOR: Devroy, L.L., and L.A. Hanners PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Restoration of the channelized Cypress Creek Swamp by control structure installation (Sun City, Florida) SOURCE: Pages 62-75 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, HYDRO, VEG PGENUS: CEPHALANTHUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: An earthen dam was constructed in August 1986 at the downstream end of Cypress Creek Swamp, Sun City, Hillsborough Co., FL in an attempt to restore the wetland's former floodwater storage capacity (the area was channelized in 1962). Piezometers were installed and vegetation plots established to monitor the changes in hydroperiod and plant species composition/abundance. Pre-dam construction data were compared with post-dam data (collected for 5 quarters). Two of three transects showed an increase in ground water. This site appears to be moving from a transitional wetland community dominated by Myrica cerifera, Rubus spp., and Quercus lauriflora to an obligate species (Cephalanthus occidentalis) dominated wetland community. Future sampling is needed to more accurately report changes in plant species composition. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 216 AUTHOR: Dial, R.S., and D.R. Deis PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Mitigation options for fish and wildlife resources affected by port and other water-dependent developments in Tampa Bay, Florida SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Rep. 86(6). 150 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB3, E2-FO3, E2-SS3, E1-AB3, E.-RF2, E2-US3 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, SHOREB, VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, RUPPIA, LAGUNCULARIA, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, PASPALUM, HALODULE, THALASSIA, ULVA, SALICORNIA, SYRINGODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report evaluates development projects that have impacted intertidal and subtidal habitats of Tampa Bay, FL. Field investigations were conducted on 10 past restoration projects in the bay to determine success of plantings of mangroves, needlerush, and cordgrass on filled subtidal areas. Restoration projects throughout FL were reviewed by examining available literature. The feasibility of restoring various wetland habitats in Tampa Bay is discussed, including recommended plant species, planting techniques, and potential problems. Twelve potential sites within Tampa Bay were evaluated for the feasibility of future restoration. The role of mitigation and legal and policy requirements of implementing mitigation planning are discussed in detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 217 AUTHOR: Diaz, R.J., and D.F. Boesch PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh development site, James River, Virginia SOURCE: Appendix C: environmental impacts of marsh development with dredged material: acute impacts on the macrobenthic community. U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 153 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R2-US3, R1-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, R2-EM2 RESPONSE: INVERT, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the effects of dredged material habitat developments on macrobenthic organisms at Windmill Point, James River, VA. Sediment grain size greatly influenced community structure. Sand sites generally had a lower diversity of invertebrates and mud sites had the highest diversity. Fauna were surveyed before and after construction activities. Acute impacts were observed within the habitat development site and in the dredge area. The importance of displaced shallow benthic habitats in comparison to the importance of the artificial marsh was discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1454 AUTHOR: Dick, T.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Restored wetlands as management tools for wetland-dependent birds SOURCE: Pennsylvania Birds 7(1):4-6. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article briefly discusses the restoration of 80 acres of farmland to its original emergent marshland state to attract water-dependent birds. Ponds and marshes were built and dikes were constructed to collect surface runoff. Impoundments were planted with submergent and emergent plants, leaving approximately 1/3 as open water. After vegetating the impoundments the numbers of nesting waterfowl increased as well as the number of shorebirds and nongame birds. Recommendations for future projects include: 1) long term monitoring using local environmental groups, 2) short courses on data collecting and species identification for monitoring groups, 3) standardizing information of dike construction for machinery operators, and 4) identification of possible restoration sites to Fish and Wildlife departments by nature organizations. KEYWORDS: restored wetlands/wetlands/birds/wetlands restoration/ restoration/vegetation/emergent vegetation/marshes/ wetland birds/Pennsylvania/management/dike/emergent marsh/ diversity =============================================================================== NUMBER: 218 AUTHOR: Dicks, B. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Changes in the vegetation of an oiled Southampton water salt marsh SOURCE: Pages 208-240 in J.F. Cairns, K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks, eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems. Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville. STATE: GREAT BRITAIN STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SUAEDA, HALIMIONE, ASTER CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper documents a study of the changes in vegetation as a salt marsh recovers from oil pollution damage incurred over a 20 year period. The study site is in Southampton Water, Hampshire, England. Recolonization by original marsh plant species on adjacent healthy areas is described. Recolonization success depends on effective seeding; although Spartina anglica is the natural dominant vegetation, it reproduces primarily vegetatively and spreads slowly, compared to other species. Effects of oil on marsh plants is discussed; in some areas where oil remains trapped in the strardline, recolonization may be prevented for some time. The revegetation of some previously denuded areas is a result of both climatic factors and water quality improvement. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1573 AUTHOR: Dickson, H.L. and G. McKeating PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Wetland management for shorebirds and other species-experiences on the Canadian prairies SOURCE: Pages 370-376 in Transaction of the 58th North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 1993. STATE: CANADA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO.-... RESPONSE: WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This brief overview discusses joint efforts under the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP) and the Prairie Habitat Joint Venture (PHJV) to restore and manage prairie pothole wetlands for shorebird and waterfowl habitat. Examples of programs targeted, but not limited, to specific species for the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba are reviewed. Current studies are underway to evaluate the effects of habitat treatment on other wetland species besides waterfowl. Evaluation of one enhancement project revealed an increase of nesting waterfowl and shorebirds and a net increase of 800 acres of wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 219 AUTHOR: Dickson, R.E., J.F. Hosner, and N.A. Hosley PUBL. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: The effects of four water regimes upon the growth of four bottomland tree species. For. Sci. 11(3):299-305. SOURCE: STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: NYSSA, QUERCUS, FRAXINUS, PLATANUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the growth of seedlings of 4 bottomland hardwood species collected from southern IL and grown under 4 moisture regimes. On the basis of height growth and total dry weight, tupelo gum and green ash seedlings grew best under continuously saturated conditions (184 days, 16 hour photoperiod). Sycamore and pin oak grew best when soil was watered to moisture equivalent when 50% or more of the available water was removed. With few exceptions, the smallest seedlings were grown on soil watered to moisture equivalent when wilting point was reached. The authors discuss the segregation of these species along soil moisture gradients in bottomland areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1118 AUTHOR: Dillman, B.A., and D.S. Reis PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Wetland mitigation in road construction: the Rhode Island example SOURCE: Pages 259-288 in N.V. Brodtmann, ed. Proceedings of the fourth water quality and wetlands management conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, Sept., 1987. STATE: RI STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, WQUAL, HYDRO, HABITAT, EROSION ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB2, PO-UB3 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, HUSE PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, ALNUS, SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the planning of a mitigation wetland to replace freshwater coastal pond and adjacent wetlands to be destroyed by bridge construction between Jamestown and Newport, RI. Mitigation policies from several agencies are described. Collection of baseline data includes habitat classification and species inventory, wetland delineation, soil borings, chemical and nutrient analyses of soil and water, water regime characterization, wetland evaluations, and water table data at the mitigation site. The most important functions of the impacted wetlands are nutrient retention, sediment trapping, and flood storage. It is intended that these values be maintained or increased in the proposed system, along with wildlife habitat, food chain support, and recreational use. Although these functions and values cannot be quantified, they can be incorporated into the mitigation plan. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 220 AUTHOR: Dillon, P.J., N.D. Yan, W.A. Scheider, and N. Conroy PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Acidic lakes in Ontario, Canada: characterization, extent and responses to base and nutrient additions SOURCE: Ergebnisse der Limnologie 13:317-336. STATE: ONTARIO, CANADA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: FERT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: PERIDINIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the characteristics of acidic lakes in Ontario, Canada, and discusses their response to base and nutrient additions for lake restoration. The addition of base to acidic lakes raised the pH and lowered the heavy metal concentrations, but did not affect nutrient levels. The phytoplankton biomass was initially drastically reduced, but increased to pretreatment levels within a few months. Zooplankton standing stocks were substantially reduced and generally did not return to species composition typical of the oligotrophic lakes of the region. Fertilization of 2 lakes with low levels of phosphorus increased phytoplankton biomass and species composition; zooplankton biomass increased to levels of an unfertilized, neutralized lake, but composition did not improve. After 3 years, zooplankton populations of treated lakes remained atypical compared to the oligotrophic lakes of the region. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 221 AUTHOR: Disano, J., B.W. Anderson, and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Irrigation systems for riparian zone revegetation SOURCE: Pages 471-476 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA, AZ STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SPOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, ECON, HYDRO, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes and evaluates 2 experimental irrigation systems on the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge on the Lower Colorado River (CA/AZ border). One system used polyvinyl chloride (PVC) irrigation pipe from a 3 m well, which pumped the water to the revegetation site. The second system entailed pumping water from an on-site pond that received water from the Colorado River. Advantages and disadvantages of the efficiency, installation, cost of pumping, availability of electricity, and availability of free-flowing water are discussed. The PVC pipe method cost $34/tree, with maintenance cost of $3/tree. The refuge irrigation system cost $3/tree and $16/tree for maintenance. The recommended system uses a gasoline/diesel pump, PVC pipe, and free-flowing water. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 75 AUTHOR: Dobie, B. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Private financing for wetland restoration SOURCE: Pages 14-28 in J.L. Piehl, ed. Proceedings wetland restoration: a techniques workshop. Minnesota Chap. Wildl. Soc., Fergus Falls. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-... RESPONSE: ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes various plans developed by the Minnesota Waterfowl Association (MWA) for financing wetland restoration projects. The MWA's processing of assistance requests is described and several forms and information sheets are included as appendices. Habitat project application forms include criteria for selection of wetland habitat projects; questions are specific and results are scored according to rationale described beneath each question. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 222 AUTHOR: Dodd, J.D., and J.W. Webb PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Establishment of vegetation for shoreline stabilization in Galveston Bay SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir, VA, Misc. Pap. No. 6-75. 67 pp. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, STABIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, E2-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: AVICENNIA, ARUNDO, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, TAMARIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Galveston Bay, TX, was the site of a study to determine: 1) which resident marsh species were adapted to saline conditions; and 2) which of these species were best suited for revegetation to control shoreline erosion. Soil texture, soil chemistry, and water salinity were measured at low, middle, and upper tide zones. A temporary wave-stilling device was erected to protect plantings; mechanical sloping was not successful due to severe natural erosion conditions. The upper zone supported gulf and smooth cordgrass and giant reed. Valuable species for use in the middle zone were smooth cordgrass, saltgrass, and black mangrove for protection and stabilization. Useful species for reduction of shoreline erosion in the lower zone were smooth cordgrass and black mangrove. Soil salinities varied from 2,500 to 11,000 ppm. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1114 AUTHOR: Dolesh, R.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Seed bank contributes to species diversity in wetlands created on gravel-pit site SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 6(2):93-94. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STOCK WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB. RESPONSE: VEG, HUSE, SHOREB, WFOWL PGENUS: TYPHA, CAREX, ELEOCHARIS, PONTEDERIA, SPARGANIUM, NUPHAR, POLYGONUM, LUDWIGIA, BRASENIA, BOEHMERIA, BIDENS, PHRAGMITES, HYPERICUM, LEERSIA, PELTANDRA, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, CERATOPHYLLUM, SPIRODELA, LEMNA, NYMPHAEA, RHYNCHOSPORA, ECHINOCHLOA, MURDANNIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the reclamation of an abandoned sand and gravel mine near Governor's Bridge on the Patuxent River, MD. Two large pools were created on the site, and the area was graded and contoured. Water from springs and seeps was plentiful. While success of planted vegetation was low, a large number of aquatic and emergent species have become established naturally. Fish were stocked. Numerous birds including great blue heron, Canada goose, tundra swan, and ring-necked duck are present. Plans for the site include establishment of a conservation education center. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 223 AUTHOR: Doornbos, G., A.M. Groenendijk, and Y.W. Jo PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Nakdong Estuary barrage and reclamation project: preliminary results of the botanical, macrozoobenthic, and ornithological studies SOURCE: Biol. Conserv. 38(2):115-142. STATE: KOREA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, R1-EM2, E2-UB3, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SCIRPUS, ZOSTERA, CAREX, PHRAGMITES, TRAPA, SALVINIA, NAJAS, POTAMOGETON, VALLISNERIA, SPIRODELA, SALSOLA, HYDRILLA, CERATOPHYLLUM, MYRIOPHYLLUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study discusses preliminary results from the Nakdong Estuary Barrage and Reclamation Project in Korea. The barrage was constructed to prevent saline water from reaching the lower reaches of the river basin and adversely impacting the macrozoobenthos and wintering waterfowl roosting and feeding areas. Upstream of the barrage, a freshwater reservoir was constructed with a fixed mean water level; plant biomass was measured. A table of macrozoobenthos biomass per square meter for 12 sampling stations and a table listing observations of abundance of nonpasserine birds are included. Predictions on barrage construction impacts to the vegetation of the freshwater basin are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1186 AUTHOR: Dornfeld, R., and R. Warhurst PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A cooperative program- wetlands in Minnesota SOURCE: Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:454-462. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, OVERVIEW, PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB. RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, ECON, INVERT PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a pilot program to restore waterfowl habitat through a cooperative effort involving private landowners, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Ducks Unlimited, Inc. As part of this program, 78 parcels of private land in Ottertail, Douglas, and Grant Counties, MN, were the sites of wetland and upland waterfowl habitat restoration. Pilot project results are discussed; positive responses of aquatic plants and invertebrates and waterfowl are noted. Other opportunities for using the Conservation Reserve Program for wetland restoration in the Prairie Pothole Region are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1397 AUTHOR: Dougherty, S PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetlands mitigation banking: a policy worth pursuing in Colorado SOURCE: Pages 49-54 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies, Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235pp. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MITIGATE WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The importance of a mitigation banking policy in Colorado is addressed as a viable method for wetland enhancement, creation, restoration. The policy is described and hailed as a way to balance the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) Section 404 by providing incentives to create, restore, or enhance wetlands rather than just penalties for adverse impacts and noncompliance. A list of scenarios ranging from simple to complex are provided to demonstrate the flexibility of mitigation banking. The procedure is also discussed as a way to solve problems with FWPCA Section 404 permitting process. Advantages are listed how mitigation banking can be a win-win situation for all involved. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1029 AUTHOR: Dougherty, S.T., C.A. Berry, and M.A. Deimel PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Hydrology and vegetation in montane and subalpine wetlands of Colorado SOURCE: Pages 81-84 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: HYDRO, VEG PGENUS: SALIX, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, CAREX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses the relationship between hydrology and vegetation in montane and subalpine wetlands. The Williams Fork River Wetland study (central Colorado Rocky Mountains) and Homestake Project Phase II (Holy Cross Wilderness, CO) have provided information about the ecology of montane and subalpine wetlands that will be useful for impact predictions and mitigation efforts. Data gaps include: 1) hydrologic limits of dominant wetland species; 2) species tolerance of saturated conditions; and 3) duration and frequency of soil saturation required for exclusion of upland species from wetland areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 224 AUTHOR: Douglas, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Save the Everglades SOURCE: Oceans 18(2):3-9. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-..., E2-... RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, HYDRO, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes FL's "Save the Everglades" program. Initiated in the early 1980's, this plan calls for the restoration of a large area of the Everglades and its water source, notably the Kissimmee River and Lake Okeechobee. This system, extending from central FL, south into Florida Bay, would be restored through: 1) at least partial elimination of flood canal c-38 (i.e., the channelized Kissimmee River); 2) restoration of adjacent marshes; 3) restoration of 95 square miles of drained land in Palm Beach County; 4) removal of Alligator Alley, a major road barrier to sheet flow and animal habitat; and 5) restoration of waterfowl populations and endangered species such as the Everglades mink, round-tailed muskrat, Florida panther, and manatee. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1450 AUTHOR: Doyle, R., K. Dickson, D. Sturges, and M. Smart PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Created wetlands on Lake Ray Roberts, Texas: design, pre-impoundment status, and research opportunities SOURCE: Pages 827-833 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the 13th annual conference, Society of Wetland Scientists. New Orleans, LA. USA. 990 pp. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, RIPAR RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper introduces the creation of a wetland managed by Texas Parks and Wildlife for waterfowl benefits. Forty-five acres of wetlands are being constructed within the flood pool of Lake Ray Roberts along the floodplain of Range Creek. Water quality and vegetation in this area has been degraded by agriculture and grazing. The wetland will consist of 6 cells divided by a series of earthen levees. Borrow ditches will be used to retain water during the year although no provisions have been made to pump in water during the dry periods. Two cells will be modified with 6 channels, three planted with obligate and facultative wetland plants and three left unplanted. The wetland complex is expected to provide research opportunities including: 1) vegetative development and wildlife benefits of planted versus unplanted cells, 2) water quality benefits of created wetlands within agricultural watersheds, 3) development of wetlands under variable hydrologic regimes, and 4) development of benthic fauna to plant density relationship. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1030 AUTHOR: Dubinski, B.J., C.S. Nordby, S.D. Perry, J.D. Covin, and J.B. Zedler PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Artificial wetlands to enhance estuarine ecosystems in southern California SOURCE: Pages 170-171 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-... RESPONSE: WFOWL, SHOREB, VEG, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: ANEMOPSIS, CYPERUS, POLYGONUM, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, COTULA, ELEOCHARIS, FRANKENIA, JUNCUS, OENOTHERA, POTAMOGETON CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the creation of 87 wetlands on 14 ha of abandoned agricultural land in the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve in southern California. Objectives were to: 1) determine if impoundments created in upland habitat would support native wetland plant species (Phase I); 2) construct larger wetlands than those used in phase I and evaluate plant propagation methods (Phase II), and create wetlands of varying area-to-edge ratios and salinities to determine which types of habitats attract the greatest number and diversity of shorebirds. Phase III is still under evaluation. KEYWORDS: artificial wetlands/wetlands/southern California/California/created wetlands/abandoned/agricultural/wildlife/estuaries/wetlands creation/aquatic plant/shorebirds/birds/vegetation/artificial/ management/creation/riparian =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1031 AUTHOR: Duever, M.J., and J. McCollom PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Plant community boundaries and water levels at Lake Hatchineha, Florida SOURCE: Pages 67-72 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept. 16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., L1-..., PO-FO2, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study to identify the regularly inundated portions of shoreline along Lake Hatchineha in central Florida. Hydroperiod was recognized as one of the dominant factors influencing freshwater wetland community distribution. Major plant communities along the lakeshore were identified and correlated with annual periods of inundation and specific lakeshore elevations. Plant community boundary elevations, hydroperiod, and ordinary high water lines are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 225 AUTHOR: Duff, D. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian habitat recovery on Big Creek, Rich County, UT--a summary of 8 years of study SOURCE: Pages 91-92 in O.B. Cope, ed. Proceedings of a forum on grazing and the riparian stream ecosystem. Trout Unlimited, Denver, CO. STATE: UT STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION ACTION: STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, R4-SB3, R4-..., R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SALIX, CAREX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses riparian and instream habitat recovery after 8 years of exclosure from livestock and installation of instream improvement structures on Big Creek, Rich County, UT. After 4 years of exclosure, sedges and grasses had responded significantly from previous severe grazing impacts; willows were responding more slowly. Six weeks of trespass livestock within the exclosure completely eliminated willows and reduced grass-sedge habitat to pre-exclosure conditions. Trout increased 570% on the section with the exclosure and instream devices compared to sections with only instream devices. The author discusses the need to consider riparian zones separate from upland zones in grazing management schemes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 226 AUTHOR: Dunn, P.V. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Considerations for restoration of an endangered species: salt marsh bird's beak SOURCE: Page 99 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and enhancement in California. Univ. California, California Sea Grant Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: CORDYLANTHUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article summarizes results of a study of the endangered plant salt marsh bird's beak (Cordylanthus maritimus maritimus) at Tijuana Estuary in southern CA. The plant is one of 3 halophytic annuals found in southern CA and can tolerate large seasonal variations in soil salinity. Germination requirements and basic ecology of this hemiparasitic plant were studied. On the study area, the plant was found between 6.3 and 7.2 ft above MLLW, at densities of 75/m2 for seedlings and 190/m2 for mature plants. Preservation of this species was discussed in terms of inclusion in restoration plans for salt marshes in southern CA. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 227 AUTHOR: Dunn, W.J., and G.R. Best PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Enhancing ecological succession: 5. Seed bank survey of some Florida marshes and role of seed banks in marsh reclamation SOURCE: Pages 365-370 in: proceeding 1983 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky, Lexington. STATE: FL, IA, NJ, ONTARIO, CANADA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: SEED, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-..., PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: EICHHORNIA, JUNCUS, AMARANTHUS, SACCIOLEPIS, POLYGONUM, CYPERUS, LUDWIGIA, ECLIPTA, EUPATORIUM, SAMOLUS, HYPERICUM, BACCHARIS, ASTER, PTILIMNIUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes and compares seed bank samples from natural, reclaimed, and unreclaimed freshwater wetland systems in FL and natural systems in IA (prairie glacial marsh), NJ (freshwater tidal marsh), and Ontario (lakeshore marsh). The restoration of stable, self-sustaining marsh systems in postmining landscapes may depend on seed banks that contain representative species from all successional stages, all types of regeneration, and all life histories. Two problems to note in reclamation attempts are: 1) lack of desirable climax species (late-succession, long-lived perennials); and 2) control of aggressive weeds capable of arresting the process of succession. The issue of how much time is required for the seed bank of a reclaimed marsh to reach the point of being a "reasonable facsimile" of a natural marsh is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 228 AUTHOR: Dunn, W.J., and G.R. Best PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Enhancing ecological succession-- survey of seed bank composition in marsh ecosystems and potential of seed bank establishment as an alternative for restoration of native marshes SOURCE: Pages 100-114 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB3, PO-UB4, PO-UB2 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: JUNCUS, POLYGONUM, EICHHORNIA, LUDWIGIA, PONTEDERIA, ELEOCHARIS, SAURURUS, AMARANTHUS, ECHINOCHLOA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper examines size and species composition of seed banks in natural and postmining marshes of central FL to evaluate the feasibility of establishing marshes by mimicking natural recovery processes known to occur with seed banks. In natural marsh seed banks, species richness varied from 7-38 species and seed bank size varied from 6,000-156,000 seeds/m2. Species richness in samples from phosphate mined lands was low over a 2 month germination period. Experimentation is continuing to identify major factors that control natural successional patterns. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 229 AUTHOR: Dunst, R.C., S.M. Born, P.D. Uttormark, S.A. Smith, S.A. Nichols, J.O. Peterson, D.R. Knauer, S.L. Serns, D.R. Winter, and T.L. Wirth PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Survey of lake rehabilitation techniques and experiences SOURCE: Wisconsin Dept. Nat. Resour., Madison, Tech. Bull. No. 75. 179 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, L2-AB., PO-..., L2-EM2 RESPONSE: FISH, VEG, HUSE, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: POTAMOGETON, CERATOPHYLLUM, CHARA, MICROCYSTIS, NYMPHAEA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, TYPHA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents a synopsis of lake rehabilitation techniques, discusses managing the consequences of lake aging, and describes nearly 600 accounts of lake restoration throughout the world. Topics include: 1) curbing nutrient influx; 2) in-lake schemes to accelerate nutrient outflow or prevent recycling (e.g., dredging, dilution, biotic harvesting, lake bottom sealing); 3) aeration and circulation; 4) water level manipulation; 5) vegetation manipulation; 6) chemical controls; and 7) biological controls (e.g., predator-prey relationships, pathological reactions). The restoration objective, methodology, results, and references are included in the accounts of lake restoration projects. More than 800 documents are listed in the bibliography to the report. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 230 AUTHOR: Dunstan, W.M., G.L. McIntire, and H.L. Windom PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Spartina revegetation on dredge spoil in SE marshes SOURCE: Am. Soc. Civil Eng. J. Waterways Harbors Coastal Eng. Div. 101:269-276. STATE: GA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3 RESPONSE: ECON, VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes experimental planting of Spartina alterniflora on a 20 acre dredged spoil site at Hell Gate on Little Don Island, Ossabow Sound, GA. Before planting, the silt-clay substrate had dried to a hard, cracked crust. Experimental plots were planted to test seeds, nursery plants, fertilization, and growth of transplants from: 1) a vegetated part of the same island; and 2) a healthy marsh on another island. Elevation varied from 7-9 ft above mean low water (MLW). After 1.5 years, the local transplant survival rate was 36.1%, whereas that of the transported plants was 22.5%. Almost 70% of the Spartina planted at 7-7.5 ft above MLW survived, whereas the rate for those planted above 8.5 ft was 8.7%. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 232 AUTHOR: Durako, M.J., and M.D. Moffler PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Variation in Thalassia testudinum seedling growth related to geographic origin SOURCE: Pages 99-117 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3, E1-AB3, M2-AB3, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: THALASSIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Growth patterns of Thalassia testudinum seedlings taken from different sites in FL (Florida Keys, Biscayne Bay, Tampa Bay) were studied under a variety of lab culture conditions. Findings suggested that T. testudinum populations acclimatize physiologically to specific environments, which affects the success of revegetation efforts using seed stock from other geographic areas. For example, leaf blade and root growth were greatest in seedlings from the Florida Keys and lowest from Tampa Bay populations. The use of peat pellets for anchoring seedlings appears to be effective. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 231 AUTHOR: Durako, M.J., and M.D. Moffler PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Qualitative assessment of five artificial growth media on growth and survival of Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitacae) seedlings SOURCE: Pages 73-92 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: THALASSIA, HALODULE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Thalassia testudinum seedlings were collected during summer and cultured in several media: jiffy-7 pellets; rootcubes; horticubed; plant plugs; and a control of aragonite. Plant survival, efficacy (growth times percent survival), and cost were compared. Seedlings were transplanted the following spring and summer. After 7 months, those planted in Halodule wrightii beds survived well. No seedlings planted in bare sand survived. Seedling mortality was highest in the first few months. The use of steel staples for anchoring had no effect on survival of transplants. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1183 AUTHOR: Durham, D.B., R.K. Abernethy, D.C. Eagar, R.P. Ford, P.B. Hamel, L.J. O'Neil, and T.M. Pullen, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Application of the habitat evaluation system to modeling bottomland hardwood forest communities in west Tennessee SOURCE: Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:471-480. STATE: TN STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, RIPARIAN RESPONSE: VEG, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, HYDRO PGENUS: TAXODIUM, NYSSA, LIQUIDAMBAR, FRAXINUS, CELTIS, ACER, ULMUS, QUERCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a study of the application of the habitat evaluation system (HES) to modeling bottomland hardwood sites in Tennessee. Sixty forested sites were selected along the 7 major river systems in Tennessee's coastal plain. Middle and late successional changes were represented across a range of hydrologic conditions. Data on birds (winter density, winter species richness, breeding density and species richness, total species richness) were also collected. The resulting large vegetation and avian data sets generated by this study will be used to modify the literature based HES model so that it can more fully measure wildlife habitat quality. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1332 AUTHOR: DeBano, L.F., J.J. Brejda, and J.H. Brock PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Enhancement of riparian vegetation shrub control in Arizona chaparral SOURCE: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 39(5):317-320. STATE: AZ STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUALITY, WQUANTITY ACTION: BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, BIRDS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report investigates the potential water yield increases resulting from brush-to-grass conversions in the Arizona chaparral based on a series of experiments started in 1956. Of the watersheds in this study, one was used to evaluate riparian responses to increased streamflow and one was used as a control watershed. By 1969 shrub crown cover was reduced to less than 3% due to previous burning and herbicide application. The control watershed was allowed to recover naturally whereas the other watershed had shrubcover maintained at less than 10%. Streamflow in the watershed treated for shrubcover increased as much as 3.5 times as much as the control and vegetation was 7 plants per 100m2 compared to 2.3 plants per 100m2. The author suggests however, that the increase in plant species is attributed to the increased continuity of the streamflow rather than the increase of streamflow. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 233 AUTHOR: Eagles, P.F.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Gravel pit reclamation in Ontario: the Crieff case study SOURCE: Pages 141-147 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife value of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: ONTARIO, CANADA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO4, PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SALIX, THUJA, LARIX, BETULA, POPULUS, CAREX, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, TYPHA, LIPARIS, SPIRANTHES, HABENARIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes natural succession in the Crieff study area, a 30 ha gravel pit, 20 km south of Guelph, Ontario. The pit has 2 main habitat types: an old pond surrounded by wetland; and dry gravel deposits. Research needs include: 1) plant and wildlife species that naturally move into gravel mined areas; 2) ecological succession; 3) design features to maximize ecological diversity; 4) methods for increasing the rate of succession; and 5) creation of a "natural" ecosystem over time. Conclusions include: 1) gravel pits do have reclamation potential; 2) they are colonized first by seed dispersal from nearby communities; and 3) topsoil is not always necessary for tree seed germination and growth. Habitat for birds is discussed in detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 234 AUTHOR: Earhart, H.G., and E.W. Garbisch, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Habitat development utilizing dredged material at Barren Island, Dorchester County, Maryland SOURCE: Wetlands 3:108-119. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, BIOCIDE, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: SHOREB, VEG, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study discusses the use of a dredge material disposal site for wildlife habitat. The site is on the eastern shore of MD, just northeast of Barren Island in Tar Bay, Dorchester County. Elevation (maximum of 1.8 m MLW) of the fill material was regulated carefully. Spartina alterniflora seeds were disseminated and S. patens was planted at higher elevations. Approximately 135,830 m3 of fine-grained dredged material were thus stabilized. Unvegetated habitat spread with dredged shell was used as a nesting site by least terns. The project altered 8.5 ha of shallow water habitat and created 14.9 ha of diversified habitat (including 6.5 ha of shallow water). Costs of vegetative establishment were 506/ha for seeding and fertilization and 384/ha for transplanting. Seeding was more cost effective and produced better cover. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 235 AUTHOR: Eckert, J.W., M.L. Giles, and G.M. Smith PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Design concepts for in-water containment structures for marsh habitat development SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-31. 69 pp. STATE: VA, TX STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., R1-..., R2-... RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides general guidance for selecting and designing in-water containment structures for use in marsh habitat development, with emphasis on retaining dredged material. Factors discussed include: 1) site selection; 2) structure and construction considerations; and 3) relative costs. Two examples of containment structure projects are discussed briefly: a sand dike (Windmill Point, VA); and a bog dike (Bolivar Peninsula, TX). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 236 AUTHOR: EDAW, Inc. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Big Canyon marsh restoration, Upper Newport Bay SOURCE: Page 99 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and enhancement in California. Univ. California, California Sea Grant Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WFOWL, SHOREB PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the initial stages of the restoration of a 7 acre freshwater marsh at Big Canyon, adjacent to the Upper Newport Bay ecological reserve in Orange County, CA. The restored marsh was a former salt and brackish marsh and a dredged spoil deposit site. The primary objective was creation of habitat for the endangered light-footed clapper rail. Significant benefits to other wildlife, including migratory waterfowl and shorebirds, were also incurred. Revegetation has occurred naturally and is expected to reach a stage of complete restoration within 3-4 years. Freshwater marshes adjacent to salt marshes are important foraging areas for light-footed clapper rails. Project planning and interagency cooperation are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 237 AUTHOR: Edwards, H.K. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: The chain of lakes project along Interstate 80 in Nebraska SOURCE: Pages 211-214 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: NE STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-UB2, PO-..., L.-UB1, L.-UB2, L.-... RESPONSE: FISH, HUSE PGENUS: POPULUS, ULMUS, SALIX, FRAXINUS, CORNUS, ACER, PRUNUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides a brief overview of the development of many gravel pits along Interstate 80 and the Platte/South Platte River from Grand Island to Big Springs, NE. These pits became the "chain of lakes" system and were diked, stocked with fish, and managed primarily as recreation areas, but also for wildlife habitat. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 238 AUTHOR: Edwards, R.D., and W.W. Woodhouse PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Brackish marsh development SOURCE: Pages 1-17 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The establishment of a brackish water marsh adjacent to Bond Creek, Beaufort, NC, was initiated by experimental plantings of Spartina alterniflora, S. patens, S. cynosuroides, and Juncus roemerianus. All Spartina species were fertilized at planting. Elevation varied from 0.06-0.36 m MSL; S. alterniflora was most adaptable to the entire range. Although these plantings do not duplicate the natural high marsh, primary production by the third growing season in the planted marsh was equal to or greater than that of a nearby natural marsh. Natural invasion of marsh species into the unplanted control area was slower than establishment by planting. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1494 AUTHOR: Eger, P., G. Melchert, D. Antonson, and J. Wagner PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The use of wetland treatment to remove trace metals from mine drainage SOURCE: Pages 171-178 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: CONTAM, LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A cooperative program developing data for the design of a wetland system treating stockpiled drainages from a steel mining company is discussed. Wetlands located near the stockpiles were developed into four cells with a variety of vegetation, water levels, and flow regimes for testing. Water samples were taken at the inflow and outflow and analyzed for pH, conductivity, nickel, calcium, magnesium, acidity, and alkalinity, etc. Nickel, pH, and zinc outflows decreased significantly while there was little difference in concentrations of major cations and anions and outflow concentrations of iron, alkalinity, and acidity actually increased slightly. The cells with 5 cm of water tended to be more successful than those with 15 cm of water. Further studies are underway to define overall treatment capacity based on residence time, cumulative mass of metal removed, and biological and microbiological processes, etc. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 239 AUTHOR: Ehlers, R. PUBL. YEAR: 1956 TITLE: An evaluation of stream improvement devices constucted eighteen years ago SOURCE: California Fish Game J. 42(3):203-217. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: FISH, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of the effectiveness of 41 stream improvement structures constructed in 1935 on the East Fork of the Kaweah River, Sequoia National Forest, Tulare County, CA. The work was done to determine which dams were most effective for creating pools (for trout habitat). Dam types included masonry, earth, board, log, log deflectors, and double deflectors. In 1953, only 15 pools remained of 67 that could have been expected to develop as a result of the dams and deflectors. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1481 AUTHOR: Ek, D.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Fort Clatsop schedules wetlands restoration SOURCE: Park Science 13(4):3. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: R1-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper briefly discusses future plans for restoring a wetland altered by dikes and water diversions, as well as, land use conversions and forestry practices. Management plans are under Congressional review to expand the boundaries of Fort Clatsop National Memorial Park to encompass larger portions of wetlands outside current boundries. Restoration plans include removal of dikes, construction of new dikes, partial removal of vegetation, changing portions of the topography, and continuous monitoring. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1032 AUTHOR: Elder, J.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Factors affecting wetland retention of nutrients, metals, and organic materials SOURCE: Pages 178-184 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept. 16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, WQUAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., E.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides a summary of current information on the effects of wetlands on transport of constituents. Characteristics of hydrology, vegetation, sediments and microbiota that affect constituent transport, retention, or transformation are discussed. Management implications such as long-term changes, introduction of pathogens and biotransformation of non-toxic to toxic forms are included. Wetlands are likely to have multiple roles as nutrient sources, sinks, and transformers depending on location, season, and environmental factors. An extensive bibliography is provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 240 AUTHOR: Eleuterius, C.K., and L.N. Eleuterius PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Numerical-hydrodynamic model use in evaluation of marsh island creation SOURCE: Pages 76-93 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM. RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a computer-based hydrodynamic assessment system designed as an aid for locating spoil deposition sites in estuaries. The system provides a means of assessing sites and configurations of potential marsh islands and effects of such islands on water circulation patterns in different estuarine locations. St. Louis Bay, MS, was used as a demonstration site. The simulation graphics system allows for rapid assessment of the consequences of any number of spoil disposal sites--especially in terms of the effects of wave-current action on vegetation establishment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 242 AUTHOR: Eleuterius, L.N. PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: A study of plant establishment on dredge spoil in Mississippi Sound and adjacent waters SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, MS, Rep. No. FR-74. 327 pp. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: HALODULE, PANICUM, DISTICHLIS, SPARTINA, THALASSIA, CYMODOCEA, UNIOLA, PHRAGMITES, IPOMOEA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This extensive report describes plant establishment experiments on dredged spoil substrate in Mississippi Sound and adjacent waters. Part I covers seagrass transplantation studies on both dredge spoil and barren sea bottom. Techniques for anchoring are included. Invertebrate associations with seagrass beds are discussed briefly. Part II describes studies on transplanting emergent species in salt marsh and dune areas, including discussion of their biology, ecology, and propagation techniques, with emphasis on types of vegetative reproduction. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 243 AUTHOR: Eleuterius, L.N. PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Submergent vegetation for bottom stabilization SOURCE: Pages 439-456 in L.E. Cronin, ed. Estuarine research. Vol. II. Geology and engineering. Academic Press, New York. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E1-UB3, M1-UB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: THALASSIA, CYMODOCEA, DIPLANTHERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the transplanting of 3 species of seagrasses (Thalassia testudinum, Vymodocea manatorum, and Diplanthera wrightii) from natural habitats to submerged spoil areas and to control locations adjacent to seagrass beds. All sites were located in the Mississippi Sound (near Ship Island and Horn Island) and Biloxi Bay. Various anchoring devices were necessary to prevent sprig removal by wave action and currents. Sedimentation incurred elevation changes: deposition rates greater than 2.5 cm/month exceeded the growth rates of Thalassia and Cymodocea; and rates over 5 cm/month exceeded the growth rate of Diplanthera. Although roots and rhizomes of Thalassia and Cymodocea were larger, Diplanthera had a much greater growth rate and was more effective in binding the substratum. Environmental conditions affecting plant growth and survival are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 241 AUTHOR: Eleuterius, L.N. PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Transplanting maritime plants to dredged material in Mississippi waters SOURCE: Pages 900-918 in P.A. Krenkel, J. Harrison, and J.C. Burdick, III, eds. Proceedings of the specialty conference on dredging and its environmental effects. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: ZOSTERA, CYMODOCEA, THALASSIA, HALODULE, PANICUM, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, UNIOLA, PHRAGMITES, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of an extensive study of submergent and emergent plant establishment on dredged material sites in coastal MS. Of the seagrasses, up to 40% of the Halodule beaudettei transplants survived after 1 year; less than 20% of the Thalassia testudinum survived; and out of 300 transplants of Cymodocea filiformis, no plants survived. No appreciable difference in available nutrients (P, N, K) was noted between spoil seagrass beds and adjacent barren areas. Of marsh and dune emergents, overall survival of transplants rooted in peat pellets was greater than those of sprigs; however, some species survived much better when planted by sprigs. Survival also was highest when transplanting was done from November-February. A guide to transplanting species of Panicum, Spartina, Distichlis, Uniola, Phragmites, and Juncus is provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 244 AUTHOR: Eleuterius, L.N., and J.D. Caldwell PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Colonizing patterns of tidal marsh plants and vegetational succession on dredge spoil in Mississippi SOURCE: Pages 58-73 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US. RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, IVA, JUNCUS, BACCHARIS, ALBIZIA, AMORPHA, ANDROPOGON, BOLTONIA, HYDROCOTYLE, IPOMOEA, KOSTELETZKYA, LIPPIA, LONICERA, LUDWIGIA, MELIA, MIKANIA, MUHLENBERGIA, PANICUM, PASPALUM, PHYTOLACCA, PINUS, RUBUS, RUMEX, SALICORNIA, TYPHA, UNIOLA, VERBENA, CEPHALANTHUS, CINNAMOMUM, CLADIUM, ELEOCHARIS, HIBISCUS, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, SAPIUM, SCIRPUS, SESBANIA, SETARIA, SOLIDAGO CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes plant colonization and succession on dredge spoil islands and shores along the MS coast. The chemical characteristics of the spoil areas lie within the tolerance range of many tidal marsh plants. Elevation, shore slope, and substrate stability are important factors in plant colonization. Spoil areas with elevations up to 2 ft above MLW remain marshy; shrubs eventually occupy areas above 2.5 ft MLW and trees dominate above 4.5 ft MLW. The primary colonizer is Spartina alterniflora, followed by Distichlis spicata, Iva frutescens, and Baccharis halimifolia. Juncus roemerianus may require 6-15 years to colonize spoil areas. Transplants are best established at elevations higher than those found in natural marshes, so that plants can adjust themselves downward until they reach the optimum elevations for growth. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 245 AUTHOR: Eleuterius, L.N., and C.K. Eleuterius PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Tide levels and salt marsh zonation SOURCE: Bull. Mar. Sci. 29(3):394-400. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study examines aspects of tidal inundation, frequency, duration, and exposure related to the distribution zones of Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus in Davis Bay, MS. The marsh zone was divided into 100 intervals and the Spartina and Juncus zones were then subdivided into 4 subzones of equal vegetative height. Tidal amplitude was recorded hourly. The study showed that tidal inundation does not account specifically for salt marsh vegetation zonation and that edaphic and biotic interactions were contributing environmental factors. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 246 AUTHOR: Eleuterius, L.N., and J.I. Gill PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Long-term observations on seagrass beds and salt marsh established from transplants SOURCE: Pages 74-86 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SPOIL, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: HALODULE, THALASSIA, CYMODOCEA, PANICUM, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, PHRAGMITES, ANDROPOGON, IVA, BOLTONIA, PINUS, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, ZIZANIA, SETARIA, SAGITTARIA, BATIS, SALICORNIA, BACCHARIS, MYRICA, ILEX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Tidal marsh plants were transplanted to a spoil area in Jackson County, MS. Preliminary rooting was found to be unnecessary for establishment; 60-80% survival was achieved when shoots were planted between November and February. Transplanting results were tested by 2 restoration projects in Biloxi Bay. Spartina alterniflora transplants established at higher elevations eventually spread to low areas on the intertidal plane. Juncus roemerianus remained in separate clumps; areas between clumps were colonized by Distichlis spicata and Spartina patens. Recommended planting elevation for S. alterniflora in this region was 1.8-3 ft above MLW. Large areas can be vegetated from 1 sprig or shoot within a short time. The use of hay bales for containment walls around spoil was recommended. Seagrass transplants had a survival rate of about 30% after 1 year. KEYWORDS: salt marshes/marshes/transplanting/proceedings/wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/wetlands creation/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/Spartina patens/Distichlis spicata/edge/intertidal/ Juncus roemerianus/succession/vegetation/long-term observations/ technique/Mississippi/seagrass beds/seagrasses/Thalassia testudinum/tidal marsh/marsh plants/plants/Spartina cynosuroides/ creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1137 AUTHOR: Eliot, W. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Implementing mitigation policies in San Francisco Bay: a critique SOURCE: California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, CA. 35 pp. + Append. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report documents the results of a study of 58 permits that required wetland restoration to fulfill mitigation conditions for projects on San Francisco Bay. The effectiveness of mitigation policies and policy recommendations to increase restoration success are discussed. Project planning and implementation, permit wording, lack of clear mitigation objectives, and enforcement are discussed. The development of a mitigation bank program in San Francisco Bay is described. Conclusions: improve both the contents of the permit and enforcement effectiveness. For each project, a table displays project description, habitat type, acreage, permit requirements, and current status. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 247 AUTHOR: Elser, M.M., J.J. Elser, and S.R. Carpenter PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Paul and Peter Lakes: a liming experiment revisited SOURCE: Am. Midl. Nat. 116(2):282-295. STATE: MI STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., L.-AB1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: ANABAENA, CHROOCOCCUS, DACTYLOCOCCOPSIS, MALLOMONAS, GOMPHOSPHAERIA, MERISMOPEDIA, ANKISTRODESMUS, ANKYRA, ARTHRODESMUS, ASTERIONELLA, CERASTERIAS, CLOSTERIOPSIS, COSMARIUM, CRUCIGENIA, GLOEOCYSTIS, OOCYSTIS, QUADRIGULA, SPHAEROCYSTIS, SELENASTRUM, STAURASTRIUM, ASTERIONELLA, CHRYSOSPHAERELLA, DINOBRYON, SYNURA, CRYPTOMONAS, RHODOMONAS, PERIDINIUM, PHACUS, TRACHELOMONAS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares the limnological properties of Peter Lake, which was limed periodically 8 years before the study, to those of the neighboring unlimed lake, Paul Lake, in northwestern MI. Physical and chemical changes in limed Peter Lake included increases in pH, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, transparency, oxygen content, and summer heat content. The changes occurred rapidly the first year of liming and persisted with little variability through the 8 years following liming. Historical data and observations during this study indicated that the planktonic community structure of Peter Lake has been more variable than that of unlimed Paul Lake. Phytoplankton bloomed earlier and zooplanktivores foraged more efficiently in the limed lake. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1402 AUTHOR: Emerick, J.C. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The restoration potential for wetlands impacted by acid mine drainage in the Colorado Rocky Mountains SOURCE: Pages 109-111 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies, Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235 pp. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: SOIL, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This brief report discusses the impact of wetlands on the water quality of streams impacted by acid mine drainage in the Rocky Mountains. The majority of these wetlands (fens), consist of sedges, spike rushes, and other hydrophytic grass species. The ability of wetlands to trap flocculates and filter them from the water through vegetation and soils and the microbial reduction in anaerobic soils are the most important factors which lend them to high toxicity concentrations. Restoration is significant in removing the potential for transfer of metals into the food chain. Restoration prospects include removing the source of metals through: 1) rechanneling the mine drainage and treating it using conventional methods or constructed wetlands, 2) removing or isolating tailings and waste rock piles, and 3) removing soil and replacing it with organic mulch in severely damaged areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 248 AUTHOR: Emerson, F.B., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1961 TITLE: Experimental establishment of food and cover plants in marshes created for wildlife in New York State SOURCE: New York Fish Game J. 8(2):130-144. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: ZIZANIA, SCIRPUS, BUTOMUS, SAGITTARIA, SPARGANIUM, POLYGONUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the results of plant establishment experiments at 32 wildlife marshes in Schuyler, Tompkins, Tioga, and Madison Counties, NY. The purpose of the plantings was to establish food and cover for waterfowl; planting areas were later evaluated in terms of factors that limited the establishment of vegetation such as wild rice, hardstem bulrush, flowering rush, three-square bulrush, softstem bulrush, river bulrush, American burreed, arrowhead, and smartweed. Planting success for each species is described in detail. Planting recommendations include the statement that "planting cannot remedy errors in site selection and design." KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1201 AUTHOR: England, A.S., M.K. Sogge, and R.A. Woodward PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Initial development of riparian and marsh vegetation on dredged- material islands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California SOURCE: Pages 473-475 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-SS1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: SCIRPUS, TYPHA, POLYGONUM, BIDENS, GNAPHALIUM, AGROSTIS, SALIX, CENTAURIUM, ARUNDO CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Natural vegetation establishment and development were monitored for 3.5 years on a new, dredged-material island located within the breached levees at Donlon Island, Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta near Stockton, CA. Vegetation measurements and maps prepared annually indicate that marsh and riparian vegetation types have developed rapidly. Topographic data for the island has been overlaid with vegetation data, and the results can be used to select elevations when designing future levees, dredged-material deposition areas, and fish and wildlife habitat enhancements. (AA-Mod) KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 250 AUTHOR: Environmental Laboratory PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Wetland habitat development with dredged material: engineering and plant propagation SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. DS-78-16. 158 pp. STATE: VA, GA, TX, OR, FL, CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., PO-EM., E2-SS1, R1-US., R2-US., PO-FO1, R1-EM2, R2-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: PELTANDRA, SPARTINA, JUNCUS, SAGITTARIA, TYPHA, CYPERUS, PHRAGMITES, FIMBRISTYLIS, CAREX, IVA, SCIRPUS, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS, BORRICHIA, POLYGONUM, PANICUM, DESCHAMPSIA, ALISMA, ZIZANIA, IRIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report synthesizes information regarding marsh habitat development on dredge spoil substrate at 6 field sites: 1) Windmill Point, James River, VA; 2) Buttermilk Sound, GA coast; 3) Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston Bay, TX; 4) Miller Sands, Columbia River, OR; 5) Drake Wilson Island, Apalachicola Bay, FL; and 6) Salt Pond #3, San Francisco Bay, CA. Guidelines for marsh plant selection (location, climate, tolerance, availability, cost, and maintenance) are described. Site selection and construction are discussed. Information on regional occurrence, growth requirements, propagule handling methods, soil, salinity, and inundation tolerance are listed for 115 plant species. Twenty-eight species are described in greater detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 249 AUTHOR: Environmental Laboratory PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Field guide for low maintenance vegetation establishment and management SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Instruction Rrep. R-86-2. 111 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, CUT, FERT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-... RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report serves as a guide for natural resource and project managers dealing with increased costs of establishing and maintaining vegetation. A flow diagram is provided for selecting appropriate programs based on site evaluations. Additional flow charts assist with identifying vegetation problem areas for each site. Soil properties, vegetation relationships, climatic stresses, disease, insect stresses, maintenance, and recreational- use-induced stresses are discussed. A section dealing with baseline data needs is included, along with strategies for site preparation, protection, and project implementation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 251 AUTHOR: Erickson, P.A., G. Camougis, and E.J. Robbins PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Highways and ecology: impact assessment and mitigation SOURCE: Fed. Highway Admin., Washington, DC, Rep. FHWA-RWE/OEP-78-2. 182 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-..., E2-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses an ecosystem approach to assessing ecological impacts from highway development and presents mitigation and enhancement measures for terrestrial, aquatic, and wetland environments. Case studies of various highway mitigation projects are briefly summarized for each type of environment. Measures for enhancing aquatic and wetland habitats include brief discussions of stream relocation, instream structures for fish, fish passage systems, reestablishment of vegetation, sediment trapping pools, excavation of borrow pits, and marsh creation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 252 AUTHOR: Ericson, W.A., W.D. Carrier, III, L.G. De Mello, and R.X. Gonzalez PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Stabilization and design planning for reclamation of an abandoned phosphatic clay settling pond SOURCE: Pages 203-208 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, BIOCIDE, FERT, CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes stabilization and design planning for reclamation of an abandoned phosphatic clay settling pond in Polk County, FL. Abandonment of the pond consisted of draining and strengthening the clays followed breaching of the perimeter dike system at one or more locations. After 4 years of lowered water levels (to 5 ft below clay surface), near surface solids content of the clay increased from 15-31%. During that time, woody vegetation replaced the wetland plants. Proposed construction methodology to revegetate the site and further consolidate clays is presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 253 AUTHOR: Erlandson, C.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: The potential role of seed banks in the restoration of drained prairie wetlands SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Iowa St. Univ., Ames. 105 pp. STATE: ND, IA, MN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-AB3, PO-EM1, PO-AB2, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: CAREX, ECHINOCHLOA, ALISMA, AMMANNIA, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, EROTIOLA, ELATINE, LEERSIA, LEMNA, LIMOSELLA, LINDERNIA, LYCOPUS, MENTHA, PANICUM, PENTHORUM, POLYGONUM, RANUNCULUS, RICCIA, RICCIOCARPUS, RUMEX, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, RORIPPA, SIUM, SPARGANIUM, SPIRODELA, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study examines seed bank trends influenced by geographic location and duration of drainage and cultivation in drained and undrained prairie wetlands in Sheridan and Wells Counties, ND; Otter Tail County, MN; and Story County, IA. Eighty-two sites were sampled; seeds contained in the samples were germinated under laboratory conditions. The average number of species in the seed bank (per site) was compared to duration of drainage at the site. Geographical distribution of selected species is presented and seed longevity characteristics are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1617 AUTHOR: Ernst, T.L., N.C. Leibowitz, D. Roose, S. Stehman, N.S. Urquhart PUBL. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Evaluation of US EPA environmental monitoring and assessment program's (EMAP)-wetlands sampling design and classification SOURCE: Environmental Management 19(1):99-113. STATE: SD, ND, WA, IL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: HUSE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The effectivness of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) was evaluated for use in wetlands sampling and classification by comparing it with the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI). Three distinct wetland regions were classified in Illinois, Washington, and North and South Dakota. EMAP extracted sample data from previously digitized NWI GIS parograms in 40-km2 hexagons within a 640-km2 hexagon. The actual number of wetlands per area decreased when using EMAP, however; the total surface area of wetlands remained the same as NWI. Overall acuracy of EMAP classes (based on the Cowardin et al. classification system) were acurate, although; rare classes and many riverine classes were estimated less acurately. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 254 AUTHOR: Erwin, K.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Fort Green reclamation project: first annual report, 1983 SOURCE: Agrico Chem. Co., Mulberry, FL. 120 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: ACER, NYSSA, PLATANUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, BACCHARIS, DIGITARIA, LEMNA, CYPERUS, HYDROCOTYLE, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report summarizes the reclamation of phosphate mined land adjacent to the Payne Creek Floodplain in southwest Polk County, FL. The reclamation project was designed specifically for the evaluation and monitoring of a freshwater marsh and hardwood swamp. Emphasis was on sampling and measurement of forest and marsh communities and applying the information to reclamation. The site was prepared with muck using contouring and levee construction to form impoundments and control drainage. A water budget proved useful for predicting groundwater elevations, runoff, evapotranspiration, water storage, and surface evaporation. Water quality parameters were monitored quarterly from a series of 40 ft deep wells. Overall vegetation mortality was less than 20%. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 256 AUTHOR: Erwin, K.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Fort Green reclamation project: second annual report, 1984 SOURCE: Agrico Chem. Co., Mulberry, FL. 253 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3, PO-SS1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: TAXODIUM, ACER, ILEX, PINUS, QUERCUS, FRAXINUS, GORDONIA, ULMUS, NYSSA, PLATANUS, TYPHA, HYDROCOTYLE, PANICUM, POLYGONUM, PONTEDERIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report summarizes findings from a second year of monitoring the reclamation of phosphate mined land adjacent to the Payne Creek Floodplain in southwest Polk County, FL. Emphasis was placed on forest and marsh reclamation sampling techniques and parameter estimation criteria and assessment. A predictive model was developed for comparing reclaimed and natural wetland systems based on the findings from benthic invertebrate data. Water quality date from 20 wells measured temperature, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, BOD, specific conductance, nitrogen, phosphate, ammonia, and 19 additional metals. The marsh vegetation establishment was accelerated through the use of a thin layer of mulch. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 255 AUTHOR: Erwin, K.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Fort Green reclamation project, third annual report SOURCE: Agrico Chem. Co., Mulberry, FL. 362 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB., PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-AB3, PO-SS3 RESPONSE: INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, TAXODIUM, PLATANUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, ULMUS, QUERCUS, ILEX, PINUS, NAJAS, TYPHA, HYDROCOTYLE, POLYGONUM, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, CYPERUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the results of monitoring the Agrico Swamp Project, a phosphate mined site in southwest Polk County, FL. The project involved reclaiming high quality marsh and forested wetland ecosystems. The goal of the monitoring program is to compare results of reclamation with and without mulching to establish late successional perennials and control aggressive weedy species. In the forested wetland, long-term survival and growth of over 65,000 tree seedlings on previously mined lands under a variety of environmental conditions will be documented. Monitoring of benthic invertebrates, aquatic macrophytes, hydroperiod, water quality, and bird life is designed to develop a predictive model of long-term trends in the development of a biological community on mined lands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 257 AUTHOR: Erwin, K.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: A quantitative approach for assessing the character of freshwater marshes and swamps impacted by development in Florida SOURCE: Pages 295-297 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM., PO-FO. RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes an approach for evaluating the structure and function of an impacted wetland ecosystem. Hydrological functions, water quality, fish and wildlife values, and vegetative composition are discussed. Methodologies for characterizing vegetation are reviewed, with emphasis on line intercept transect and line strip (elongated quadrate) techniques. Limitations to this approach are discussed briefly; they include lack of success criteria, time (to evaluate seasonal cycles), and expense (e.g., extensive field work and data analysis). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 258 AUTHOR: Erwin, K.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Fort Green reclamation project, fourth annual report SOURCE: Agrico Chem. Co., Mulberry, FL. 296 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO4, PO-SS1, PO-SS3, PO-AB3, R2-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, TAXODIUM, PLATANUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, ULMUS, QUERCUS, ILEX, PINUS, NAJAS, TYPHA, HYDROCOTYLE, POLYGONUM, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, CYPERUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides an update of the results of monitoring the Agrico Swamp project from 1982-1986 at the Fort Green Mine near Payne Creek in southwest Polk County, FL. The program includes marsh community reclamation, forest wetland community reclamation, analysis of biological integrity within Agrico Swamp and Payne Creek, water quality analyses, and fish and wildlife studies. Additional studies are planned. Extensive data are provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1158 AUTHOR: Erwin, K.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Freshwater marsh creation and restoration in the Southeast SOURCE: Pages 239-271 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I. Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: FL, MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM, LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-UB4, PO-FO., PO-SS. RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, INVERT, CHEM, HYDRO, FISH, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS PGENUS: PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, TYPHA, WOLFFIELLA, JUNCUS, BACCHARIS, POLYGONUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides information on the creation of freshwater marshes in the southeastern U.S., primarily FL, and includes wetland types, key functions, extent to which creation and restoration have occurred, project goals, project success, project design, critical aspects of project plans, monitoring, mitigation, information gaps and research needs, and comparative studies of natural and created systems. The appendix contains detailed profiles of 3 projects: Agrico Swamp West (phosphate mine); Fort Green Mine (phosphate); and the Charlotte County Correctional Facility Wetland Mitigation Project. For each project location, construction techniques, project goals, monitoring (vegetation, water quality, fish and wildlife), judgement of success, and contacts are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1168 AUTHOR: Erwin, K.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wetland evaluation for restoration and creation SOURCE: Pages 15-45 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II. Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., R.-..., E.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes evaluation needs in wetland creation and restoration projects, including assessment of the original wetland, setting goals, assessment of project during maturation, determination of post-project compliance and description of long- term status. Wetland functions that should be assessed are: groundwater recharge and discharge; flood storage; shoreline anchoring; sediment trapping; food chain support; wildlife habitat; recreation; and education. Other evaluation needs include degree of quantification (for hydrology, vegetation, invertebrates, wildlife). Detailed examples from projects in Florida are provided. Includes extensive bibliography. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 259 AUTHOR: Erwin, K.L., and F.D. Bartleson PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Water quality within a central Florida phosphate surface mined reclaimed wetland SOURCE: Pages 84-95 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO., R.-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the results of water quality testing at Agrico Swamp, a reclaimed wetland in Polk County, FL. Formerly a phosphate surface mine, the reclaimed area now includes open water, freshwater marsh, hardwood swamp, and upland habitats. Surface water pH varied from 7.9-9.8, compared to 5.7-6.0 in a nearby natural lake; amounts of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were relatively low in the swamp. Dissolved solids, specific conductance, and turbidity were higher in the swamp than in the natural area. Water quality parameters in adjacent Payne Creek also are described. Groundwater pH was 6.3-7.6 inside Agrico Swamp and 6.2-7.9 outside the project area; other groundwater quality parameters are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 260 AUTHOR: Erwin, K.L., and G.R. Best PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Marsh community development in a central Florida phosphate surface-mined reclaimed wetland SOURCE: Wetlands 5:155-166. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, HYDROCOTYLE, PANICUM, PONTEDERIA, POLYGONUM, NAJAS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a study of wetland creation at Agrico Swamp near Payne Creek, Polk County, FL. Revegetation of topsoil and overburden are compared to determine effective methods for establishing marshes in late stages of succession (and high diversity) immediately after mining. In general, the mulch topsoiled area had greater species richness than the overburden area. Seasonal changes in percent cover of several plant species are described on both overburden and topsoil areas. The importance of creating wetlands well buffered against disturbances is emphasized. KEYWORDS: central Florida/Florida/reclamation/restoration/technique/ recolonization/diversity/species richness/values/vegetation/ freshwater wetlands/phosphate mine site/Pontederia cordata =============================================================================== NUMBER: 261 AUTHOR: Erwin, K.L., G.R. Best, W.J. Dunn, and P.M. Wallace PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Marsh and forested wetland reclamation of a central Florida phosphate mine SOURCE: Wetlands 4:87-104. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: TAXODIUM, PLATANUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS, ULMUS, ILEX, PINUS, TYPHA, NAJAS, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, NYMPHAEA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes results of the reclamation of Agrico Swamp, a phosphate mine area in southwest Polk County, FL. The land was contoured, ponds were constructed, and a water budget was developed. About 66,000 trees (12 species) were planted. After 1 year, tree survival was 72-77%. In the marshes, topsoil areas had more species and a higher percent cover than overburden areas. The topsoil areas were dominated by both annuals and perennials, whereas the overburden areas were dominated mostly by annuals. The establishment of late successional, long-lived perennials and control of aggressive weed species are discussed. The use of topsoil from donor marshes was successful in this case. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1601 AUTHOR: Etheridge, B.J. and R.K. Olson PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Research and information needs related to nonpoint source pollution and wetlands in the watershed: an EPA perspective SOURCE: Pages 191-199 in R.K. Olson, editor. Created and natural wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution. C.K. Smoley, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, USA. 216 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., PO.-..., R.-...) RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper addresses future research needs to determine the role of wetlands, particularly riparian wetlands, role at the landscape level on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution and the extent of restoration required to improve water quality. The Clean Water Act is discussed and it strengths and weaknesses in coordinating NPS and wetlands programs is addressed. Results of a survey indicate futher research needs are necessary in water quality and habitat functions, landscape functions, monitoring and evaluation techniques, design criteria for constructed wetland treatment systems, and technology transfer. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 262 AUTHOR: Ettinger, W., and C. Yuill PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Sand and gravel pit reclamation in Louisiana: creation of wetlands habitats and its integration into adjacent undisturbed bayou SOURCE: Pages 109-114 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, FERT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM., PO-AB. RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a reclamation plan for Gifford-Hill's Sibley Mine site in Webster Parish near Sibley, LA. The post- mining landscape consisted of spoil piles and excavated troughs. A major element of the reclamation plan was accommodating lowered land elevation resulting from mining. Habitat development includes planning for a mix of dry areas, periodically flooded areas, and warmwater fisheries habitat. Regrading, water level manipulation, and revegetation are described. Revegetation objectives include: 1) planting of rapidly growing cover to control erosion; 2) planting of species compatible with adjacent bayou; and 3) providing a mix of vegetation for optimum wildlife habitat potential. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1212 AUTHOR: Evans, D.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: A comparison of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of a newly created freshwater emergent marsh with natural emergent marshes in south central Florida SOURCE: Pages 71-86 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, INVERTS, FISH, AMPHIB, REPT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS PGENUS: PONTEDERIA, ELEOCHARIS, LINDERNIA, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A phosphate-mined area (where Hillsborough, Manatee, Polk, and Hardee Counties, FL, meet) was restored by contouring, applying a layer of topsoil from a nearby wetland, and inundating the area in 1984. Macroinvertebrate sampling was conducted in the restored wetland and at 2 nearby natural wetlands during the period May 1985 to June 1988. Results were analyzed and compared using the Sorenson's Similarity Index and the Shannon Weaver Diversity Index. Results indicated a trend in similarity and diversity in the restored wetland towards that found in the natural wetlands. Qualitative observations of vertebrate and plant species composition on all sites are also given. KEYWORDS: comparison/macroinvertebrates/marshes/central Florida/Florida/ proceedings/wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/wetlands creation/created wetlands/natural emergent marshes/south central Florida/mucking technique/fauna/emergent marsh/emergent wetlands/ inundation/diversity/species diversity/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 263 AUTHOR: Evans, M., and T. Brungardt PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Shoreline analysis of Sarasota County bay systems with regard to revegetation activities SOURCE: Pages 193-206 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings fifth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, M1-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes: 1) the development of estuarine resource mapping (including geographical areas of special concern) in Sarasota County, FL; 2) 2 pilot projects dealing with shoreline stabilization and nursery cultivation of shoreline vegetation; and 3) a shoreline preference survey to determine public preference of different types of shoreline. Results from the projects indicated that with the addition of mulch and fertilizer, the survival rate of Rhizophora was 68-95% and the survival rate of Avicennia was 8-70%. Recommendations for future shoreline management programs are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 264 AUTHOR: Evans, R.K. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Techniques and seasonal growth rate of transplanted white mangroves SOURCE: Pages 77-104 in R. Lewis and D. Cole, eds. Proceedings of the fourth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG PGENUS: LAGUNCULARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes transplanting experiments with white mangrove at the Bayside Club, Inc., Siesta Key, FL. Transplant survival rates were 97.6%. Highest growth rates were achieved with spring plantings. Distance from the shoreline influenced growth significantly; plants thrived best when roots contacted water, but not completely inundated. Larger transplants were more likely to survive than seedlings. Survival rates of transplants were increased by watering until plants were established, leaving rootballs intact, and pruning. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1224 AUTHOR: Everett, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The comparison of survival and growth of pondcypress and baldcypress in five different post-mining soils SOURCE: Pages 76-90 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: TAXODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Taxodium distichum and T. ascendens seedlings were planted on five FL phosphate or limerock mineral soil sites: 1) Hollingsworth site, High Springs, Alachua Co.; 2) Hashknife, Gainesville, Alachua Co.; 3) Tenoroc, Polk Co.; and 4) IMC-H9 and IMC-H9-A, 2 sites in Polk Co. The seedlings were planted: 1) under willows on sites with soil types ranging from almost pure sand to pure clay; and 2) in a greenhouse under similar conditions. After 9 months growth performance was comparable for the 2 species but pondcypress survival rates were significantly lower, especially on inundated sites. Growth rates appear to be correlated with N availability and sand/clay mix soil types. Problems associated with the experimental design are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 265 AUTHOR: Exum, J.H., and B.W. Breedlove PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Habitat evaluation and postdevelopment site design on a central Florida site proposed for development SOURCE: Pages 298-304 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings national wetland symposium: mitigation of impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-FO., PO-EM., R2-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, REPT, VEG PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the evaluation of existing habitat, potential habitat, and basin-wide impacts for a mitigation project in southern Orange County, FL. Seven indicator species were selected for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP): barred owl, white ibis, pileated woodpecker, mottled duck, American alligator, yellow-bellied slider, and largemouth bass. These species represent wildlife guilds that would be expected to use habitat niches that result from the mitigation project. The information was used to design a wildlife corridor along the floodplain of Shingle Creek. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 267 AUTHOR: Faber, P. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Muzzi Marsh restoration, a mitigation project SOURCE: Page 100 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and enhancement in California. Univ. California, California Sea Grant Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM2, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: SHOREB, VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SALICORNIA, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration to tidal activity by dike breaching of 135 acres of diked and partially filled marshland on San Francisco Bay, CA. After 4 years, 50% of the site was covered by Salicornia virginica. Between the third and fourth years, significant increases in Spartina foliosa were noted. Increases in fish and invertebrates were reflected in the observation of active feeding of large flocks of shorebirds. The project was developed as mitigation for the loss of 85 acres of mudflats to dredging activities. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 266 AUTHOR: Faber, P. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Marsh restoration with natural revegetation: a case study in San Francisco Bay SOURCE: Coastal Zone '83 1:729-734. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-... RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, JAUMEA, GRINDELIA, DISTICHLIS, SPERGULARIA, COTULA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the natural revegetation of Muzzi Marsh in San Francisco Bay, CA. Tidal activity was restored through dike breaching; a ring of channels was created around the marsh to limit access. Vegetation was monitored, mapped, and inventoried. Soil was analyzed and birds were surveyed. After a lag period of 2-3 years, as soil salinity decreased, rapid colonization by pickelweed and slower colonization by Spartina occurred. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1285 AUTHOR: Faber, P. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Interim report on the current status of the Muzzi Marsh SOURCE: Report #5. Unpublished. 39 Pages. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E1-UB3, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, INVERTS, VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS, HUSE PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses monitoring work at Muzzi Marsh on the Corte Madera bayfront adjacent to the cities of Corte Madera and Larkspur, California. Restoration efforts were made in the late 1970's and early 1980's. This report evaluates channelization work (completed in 1981) and compares the 1979 projected vegetation with the actual vegetation in 1986. It contains healthy stands of pickleweed and cordgrass. The study includes soil analysis, sedimentation, and meander formation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1131 AUTHOR: Faber, P., A. Shepherd, and P. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Monitoring a tidal restoration site in San Francisco Bay- the Muzzi Marsh SOURCE: Pages 331-335 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds. Urban wetlands: proceedings of the national wetland symposium, Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE, PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, FRANKENIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes results of monitoring work at Muzzi Marsh, a 200 acre site in Corte Madera, Marin County, CA. This mitigation project was initiated in 1976 with the breaching of dikes and restoration of tidal flow. Monitoring activities included natural revegetation of marsh plain, cordgrass reestablishment, soil salinity and pH, channel sedimentation, cordgrass invasion of channels, and correlations between elevation and vegetation distribution. An understanding of the physical evaluation of natural and restored marshes is necessary for designing effective restoration projects. Revegetation occurred because of restoration of tidal activity, suitable elevations, and local seed sources. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 268 AUTHOR: Falco, P.K., and F.J. Cali PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Pregermination requirements and establishment techniques for salt marsh plants SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Misc. Pap. D-77-1. 40 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, IVA, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS, AMMOPHILA, PANICUM, UNIOLA, SPERGULARIA, SUAEDA, ENTEROMORPHA, ULVA, ASTER, BORRICHIA, FIMBRISTYLIS, LIMONIUM, PLANTAGO, SOLIDAGO, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This is an overview of pregermination requirements and establishment techniques for salt marsh plants. Seeding and transplanting methods have been used to successfully establish artificial marshes in coastal areas (including dredged spoil deposits). Most frequently the substrate is sand. Physical characteristics of substrate affect growth; elevation and hydrology affect plant distribution and zonation. State-of-the- art reviews cover: 1) factors affecting germination and growth of salt marsh grasses; 2) growth requirements (propagation, substrate, fertilization, establishment); and 3) artificial marsh establishment. Recommendations for plant material sources, substrate, elevation, hydrology, and natural colonization also are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1584 AUTHOR: Falk, K., H. Nohr, and L.M. Rasmussen PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Margrethe-Kog and the artificial saltwater lagoon: evaluation of a habitat restoration project in the Danish Wadden Sea. SOURCE: STATE: DENMARK STUDY TYPE: CASE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, MONITOR WETLAND TYPE: E1-UB3, E2-EM1, E2-US3 RESPONSE: SHOREB, WFOWL, INVERTS, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, CHENOPODIUM, RUPPIA, PHRAGMITES, SUAEDA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper evaluates and compares the restoration and success of two marshes in Denmark and Germany and an artificial saltwater lagoon in Denmark. The lagoon construction was part of an effort to compensate for lost habitat and bird populations with the construction of a new dike. Margrethe-Kog was set up as a series of freshwater reservoirs, clay ponds, forelands, agricultural areas, and a saltwater lagoon. Rickelsbuller koog on the German side contains extensive marshlands and water. Small nesting islands and additional islets were established in the lagoon to attract colonial waterbirds and salt- water pumps were used to sustain original flora and fauna. After a sharp decline following construction of the new dike in Margrethe-Kog duck populations increased from 46 breeding pairs to 250 pairs. Wading bird populations also increased dramatically on both boarders as well as in the lagoon. There was a decline, however, in avocet and redshank populations after 1990 probably due to inadequate food resources as marsh grasses replaced mud flats. Evaluation of breeding habitat revealed a shift of bird populations moving from the Danish side to the German side due to loss of nesting and foraging sites. Recommendations are made to improve breeding and foraging habitat in Margrethe-Kog and maintain high levels of invertebrates in the saltwater lagoon. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1120 AUTHOR: Famous, N.C., M. Spencer, and H.D. Nilsson PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Revegetation patterns in mined peatlands in central and eastern North America studied SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 7(2):95-96. STATE: ME, MN, MI, MD, NH, CANADA, QUEBEC, ONTARIO, NEW BRUNSWICK, NEWFOUNDLAND STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-SS1, PO-SS2, PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-FO4, PO-ML1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: KALMIA, LEDUM, CHAMAEDAPHNAE, VACCINIUM, RHODODENDRON, PICEA, BETULA, LARIX, SPHAGNUM, ERIOPHORUM, EMPETRUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a study of the natural revegetation of mined peatlands in the northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada. The areas studied were abandoned 4-92 years ago. Information from this study will be applied to the development of a reclamation plan for Denbo Heath, Deblois, ME, which will be the site of North America's first peat-fired power plant. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 269 AUTHOR: Farnworth, E.G. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Natural revegetation of tidal freshwater marshes disturbed by natural gas pipeline construction in Savannah, Georgia SOURCE: Pages 1-29 in R.E. Tillman, ed. Proceedings: second symposium on environmental concerns in rights-of-way management. Electric Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, CA. STATE: GA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-EM2, R1-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: PELTANDRA, ZIZANIOPSIS, ALNUS, CORNUS, ZIZANIA, NYSSA, QUERCUS, TAXODIUM, MYRICA, JUNCUS, TYPHA, POLYGONUM, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, SAGITTARIA, FRAXINUS, PINUS, PONTEDERIA, IRIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Natural rapid revegetation of disturbed tidal and freshwater marshes occurred in soil retained after pipeline construction in the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, GA. Where backfilling occurred, revegetation began before the winter die-back of the marsh. Many colonizing species in the disturbed area were annuals. Nitrogen was measured at 6.0-9.0 mg/l in the disturbed marsh and 1.0-3.0 mg/l in the undisturbed area. Net primary production (dead material and below-ground biomass were not considered) was 550-1,000 g/m2/year in the disturbed marsh and 470-600 g/m2/year in the undisturbed marsh. Zizania was the major contributor to (biomass) productivity. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1465 AUTHOR: Fasbender, P. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: St. Paul district designs wetlands restoration project at Orwell Lake SOURCE: The Wetlands Research Program Bulletin 3(3):7-10. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: L2-... RESPONSE: WFOWL, INVERTS, HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses design considerations for the restoration of three sub-impoundments in Minnesota. Several wetland areas experienced a loss of aquatic vegetation due to severe water level fluctuations of Orwell Lake. This has resulted in a lack of perennial vegetation, wildlife and fishery potential, and waterfowl nesting potential. Three littoral wetlands were chosen to be isolated from the main body of the lake to manipulate the water level and restore native prairie areas. Topographical maps and GIS were used to determine the potential sites, the height of water control structures, and the area that would be influenced. The three subimpoundments will vary from 11.5 to 82.2 acres and will be modified with structural impoundments. Water management and drawdowns are expected to increase water quality, increase submergent vegetation, and attract wildlife. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 270 AUTHOR: Fauer, S.E., and M. Gritzuk PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: An environmental assessment of restored salt marshes in New Jersey SOURCE: Pages 175-190 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: NJ STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, PLUCHEA, LIMONIUM, PHRAGMITES, IVA, BACCHARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes the restoration of 7 salt marshes near Barnegat Bay and Little Egg Harbor, Ocean County, NJ. These areas were graded and planted with Spartina patens (upper elevations) and S. alterniflora (lower elevations). Prerestoration ecological surveys of areas were not conducted, but such baseline data would have been extremely helpful. After 2 years, foliar export, erosion, debris, succession, and wildlife were evaluated. Two problems that hampered the restoration effort were salt toxicity at higher elevations and selection of Spartina patens instead of Phragmites for planting at 1 site. Restoration of 2.6 ha cost $ 76,334. KEYWORDS: assessment/salt marshes/New Jersey/transplanting/Zostera marina/ restoration/marshes/Spartina alterniflora/Spartina patens/ proceedings/wetlands/wetlands creation/ecological survey/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1103 AUTHOR: Faulkner, S.P., W.H. Patrick, and R.P. Gambrell PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Field techniques for measuring wetland soil parameters SOURCE: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53(3):883-890. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., E.-..., PO-..., L.-... RESPONSE: SOIL, HYDRO PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides a description of several techniques for characterizing the wetland status of soil to delineate wetlands on the basis of soil and hydrologic parameters. Soil redox potential, oxygen content, hydrology, and ferrous iron detection methods and instruments are described in detail. Reliable techniques such as these are necessary for wetland delineation in transitional areas, and are useful for wetland creation and restoration (e.g., mitigation) applications. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1299 AUTHOR: Federal Highway Administration PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: A guide to wetland functional design SOURCE: Office of Implementation Research, Development, and Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA. 220pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, AMPHIB, REPT, INVERTS, SHELLF, FISH, VEG, HUSE, HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report serves as a guide for designing and replacing wetlands based on the report, "Wetland Evaluation Technique" (WET, Report No. FHWA-IP-88-029). The guidebook provides design criteria regarding wetland functions including nutrient removal/transformation, sediment/toxicant retention, shoreline stabilization, floodflow alteration, groundwater recharge, production export, aquatic diversity/abundance, and wetland dependent bird habitat diversity. In addition, the report provides guidelines for site selection and site design features. This report can be consulted throughout the designing process. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 271 AUTHOR: Fehring, W.K., and C. Giovenco PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: An analysis of three marsh creation projects in Tampa Bay resulting from regulatory requirements for mitigation SOURCE: Pages 191-206 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, SPARTINA, AVICENNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes 3 wetland creation projects in Tampa Bay, FL: 1) planting of red mangrove seedlings along seawalls at Appollo Beach; 2) transplanting of Spartina on spoil islands in Hillsborough Bay; and 3) transplanting of black mangroves and Spartina, also on spoil islands in Hillsborough Bay. All 3 projects were the result of regulatory requirements for mitigation. Technical problems included poor breakwater construction, transplanting at unsuitable elevations, and in one case a poor choice of transplant species. Issues associated with land ownership, organizational authority, long-term commitment to project success, and the reluctance of developers to undertake mitigation projects are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1345 AUTHOR: Fennessy, M.S., and W.J. Mitsch PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Design and use of wetlands for renovation of drainages from coal mines SOURCE: Pages 231-253 in W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen, eds. Ecological engineering: an introduction to ecotechnology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYHPA, SPHAGNUM, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Design considerations for wetlands to treat acid mine drainage (AMD) are discussed including the biochemical process, loading rate and retention time, slope, substrate, vegetation, morphometry, and regulatory issues. A case study investigated a wetland in Coshocton County, Ohio for its role in reducing the effects of AMD. The wetland is a series of three cells separated by mixing pools and vegetated with cattail, rice cut-grass, and duckweed. Design changes were made two years later to lower the hydrologic loading in two of the cells. Iron concentrations were reduced 58-94%, turbidity increased, and pH showed a gradual trend toward circumneutral. The author suggests further studies of the long-term effects on wetlands receiving AMD are needed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1338 AUTHOR: Fennessy, M.S., and W.J. Mitsch PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Treating coal mine drainage with an artificial wetland SOURCE: Journal of Water Pollution Control Fed. 61(11/12):1691-1701. STATE: OH STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARISON OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report focuses on the effectiveness of constructed wetlands for the use of removing pollutants, particularly iron, in coal mine drainage. It compares constructed wetland capacity with a nearby natural wetland and offers design considerations for highly concentrated waste streams. A wetland was constructed in Coshocton County, Ohio and layered with crushed limestone and mushroom compost and planted with cattail rhizomes. Constructed wetland effluent pH averaged 6.4, turbidity increased almost 24%, sulfate levels dropped an average of 41 mg/l, and total iron concentration was reduced by an average of 51.6%. Removed iron was primarily in the oxidized form resulting in an accumulation of iron precipitates. The natural wetland in comparison, had pH averaging between 4.14 and 5.78, turbidity levels varied, sulfate dropped by 26%, and total iron concentration was reduced 89%. The author suggests the greater efficiency of the natural wetland was achieved by greater diversity of vegetation and the relative loads of mine drainage each section of wetland. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1117 AUTHOR: Ferlow, D.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Tidal wetlands and site development SOURCE: Pages 305-331 in N.V. Brodtmann, ed. Proceedings of the fourth water quality and wetlands management conference, New Orleans, Louisiana. Sept., 1987. STATE: CT STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, STABIL, PLANT, HYDRO, SOIL WETLAND TYPE: R1-US4, R1-..., E2-EM1 RESPONSE: HUSE, VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, POPULUS, PHRAGMITES, VACCINIUM, CORNUS, ROSA, MYRICA, IVA, LIMONIUM, ATRIPLEX, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This project consisted of the construction of 3.4 acres of tidal wetlands on a degraded tidal reach of the Saugatuck River in Westport, CT. Public access (boardwalk, seawall walk) and environmental system enhancements were part of the site plan. After site cleanup, grading, and planting with Spartina alterniflora and S. patens, the area was monitored for 3 years. Small fish, fiddler crabs, waterfowl and shorebirds were observed at the site. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1411 AUTHOR: Ferlow, D.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Tidal wetlands creation and site development SOURCE: Pages 431-435 in J.A. Kusler and S. Daly, eds. Wetlands and river corridor management. Charleston, South Carolina. STATE: CT STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: M2-EM1 RESPONSE: HUSE, FISH, VEG, SHOREB, WFOWL, INVERTS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses the development and progress of a tidal wetland over five years. The tidal wetland was planned as part of a development project for a corporate office complex along the Saugatuck River. Erosion controls were installed and maintained, site areas were excavated at levels appropriate for the establishment of wetland grasses, marsh elevations were determined by comparing the surface elevation of a nearby marsh, and soil was incorporated with loamy subsoils and a peat mixture. Finally, Spartina alterniflora was planted and the area was monitored. Vegetation became established within the first year with small areas remaining an open panne area. Wildlife inhabitation and human use also rapidly occurred. Other marsh vegetation has become established although hurricane Gloria destroyed many of the plants which had to be replanted. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1387 AUTHOR: Ferren, W.R.Jr and D.A. Pritchett PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Enhancement, restoration, and creation of vernal pools at Del Sol open space and vernal pool reserve, Santa Barbara County, California SOURCE: University of California, Santa Barbara, California. 186pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, HYDRO, LFORM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the study of nine vernal pools in Southern California. One pool was enhanced by the use of dams, two were restored by excavating pools to a greater depth and removing soil and debris, and finally, six were created by digging depressions and introducing grasses. The created vernal pools were experimented with by inoculating three with seed bank material from natural vernal pools and letting the other three develop naturally. After two years, plant cover is becoming adequately established in the restored and created pools although; naturalized grasses continue to persist. The three ponds that were not inoculated with seed bank material had few vernal pool species, where as, the other three had a favorable amount of plant cover and invertebrate populations. A continuation of monitoring for a total of five years is recommended by the authors as inadequate rainfall slowed the recovery of vernal pool species in the restored and enhanced areas. A sixteen page interpretive brochure and guidebook to vernal pools emphasizing the Del Sol Reserve is also included in this report. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1600 AUTHOR: Fields, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Regulations and policies relating to the use of wetlands for nonpoint source pollution control SOURCE: Pages 151-158 in R.K. Olson, editor. Created and natural wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution. C.K. Smoley, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, USA. 216 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: WQUALTIY, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Wetlands are defined according to EPA standards as natural, restored, created, or constructed; and policies concerning each type are discussed. Natural wetlands are to be protected from nonpoint source (NPS) pollution and their effects under provisions of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Restored wetlands are also protected under the CWA although there are provisions are made for management strategies should NPS runoff be the source of degradation. Created wetlands for the purpose of NPS control are not considered "waters of the United States" and; although important in water quality improvement, are not protected under the CWA. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 272 AUTHOR: Fischel, M. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetland restoration/creation and the controversy over its use in mitigation: an introduction SOURCE: Pages 127-129 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., R.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper briefly discusses wetland restoration and creation, the success of these processes, and the controversy over the use of restoration and creation to mitigate for wetland loss from development activities. Most marsh restoration projects have been small, often less than 20 acres. Costs vary from 250/acre for simple, small projects to many $1,000's/acre for more complex projects (e.g., sewage treatment marsh). Success of the project depends on many factors, including wetland type and location, project scope and size, materials and methods used, careful project planning, and long-term management. Many years are required before the restored or created wetland functions as a "natural" wetland. In some cases, it is unacceptable to trade the certain benefits provided by a natural wetland for the uncertain benefits of a newly-created marsh. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1405 AUTHOR: Fishbain, L. and P. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Integrating riparian restoration in flood control channel design: the example of Wildcat Creek, California SOURCE: Pages 71-78 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds. Urban Wetlands. Oakland, California. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, VEG, HYDRO, HUSE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses several design elements implemented in a riparian restoration project for flood control. An incised channel was chosen to allow planting riparian vegetation on levees. A low-flow channel was also designed to carry a two year return flow period. The latter will also aid fish passage, help establish additional riparian vegetation, and provide sediment transport. Further restoration projects are planned for restoring the tidal circulation to portions of Wildcat Marsh to improve and protect habitat for the California Clapper Rail and the Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse populations. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 273 AUTHOR: Flake, L.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Wetland diversity and waterfowl SOURCE: Pages 312-319 in P.E. Greeson, J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark, eds. Wetland functions and values: the state of our understanding. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., Minneapolis, MN. STATE: SD, ND STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: WFOWL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses waterfowl use of wetland habitats, primarily in the prairie regions of ND and SD, during reproduction, molt, migration, and wintering. Waterfowl use of the numerous stock ponds and dugouts in the prairie region is directly related to the association of these manmade structures to natural wetlands. The farther the manmade ponds are from natural wetlands, the less use they receive from waterfowl. Stock ponds are seldom used by diving ducks and are often short-lived due to siltation and wash- out problems. Manmade dugouts built in small, shallow natural marshes produce significant amounts of fill material, which can destroy the marsh and simplify the wetland complex. These manmade wetlands should not be considered as replacement wetlands for drained glacial marshes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1539 AUTHOR: Flanagan, N.E., W.J. Mitsch, and K. Beach PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Predicting metal retention in a constructed mine drainage wetland SOURCE: Ecological Engineering 3:135-159. STATE: PA, OH STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: MODEL, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: P0.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A dynamic computer model was created to predict the destination of metals in acid mine drainage based (AMD) on water chemistry data, hydrologic data, and wetland design specifications from existing constructed wetlands. Techniques, assumptions, and limitations of the model are listed. Surface and subsurface flow wetlands were designed and proposed to treat AMD; and baseline data were collected at water sampling stations. The model was used to simulate metal retention in terms of model calibration, model validation, and metal retention prediction for the proposed wetlands. The model simulation was then compared to actual observed data. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1336 AUTHOR: Foley, J. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Environmental mitigaton planning for impacts on salt marsh SOURCE: Coastal Zone 1:895-903. STATE: NJ STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the importance of proper planning and its impact on wetland mitigation projects. Two cases are compared of poor and proper planning and communication and their results. The author recommends a preconstruction meeting and frequent communication between the applicant and/or developer, contractors, environmental consultant, and regulatory authorities prior to site preparation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 274 AUTHOR: Follansbee, B. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Eelgrass salvage, transplantation SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 5(2):96-97. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-UB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the transplantation of a large bed of eelgrass as mitigation for a proposed dredging project. Eelgrass was salvaged and planted at Indian Island, Humboldt Bay, CA. Transplantation sites met the following criteria: 1) 10-20 degrees C water temperature; 2) mud substrate; 3) 0.6-0.8 knots/second current velocity; and 4) no regular wave shock. An ongoing 2-year monitoring program has been established. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 275 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Habitat development applications: use of seagrass transplanting for habitat development on dredged material SOURCE: Pages 145-150 in M.C. Landin and H.K. Smith, eds. Beneficial use of dredged material. Proceedings of the first interagency workshop. U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3, E2-US. RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the National Marine Fisheries Service's program of evaluating seagrass transplanting for habitat development on dredged material. Research at the Beaufort Laboratory in NC has resulted in the development of cost-effective transplanting techniques, evaluation of erosion control by these plant communities, estimation of operation costs, and standardization of restoration and management protocol for most North American seagrass species. Seagrass population growth and coverage models form the basis for management guidelines. Work has been initiated on an eelgrass (Zostera marina) transplanting project adjacent to a dredged material island in NC to determine differences in faunal use of transplanted and natural seagrass meadows. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1156 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Regional analysis of the creation and restoration of seagrass systems SOURCE: Pages 175-198 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I. Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E1-AB3, M2-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-RS., M2-RS. RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: HALODULE, ZOSTERA, THALASSIA, HALOPHILA, SYRINGODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the creation and restoration of seagrass beds in all coastal regions of the U.S., including information on wetland types, regional descriptions, wetland functions, extent to which creation and restoration have occurred, reasons for success or failure, project design, critical aspects of project plans, monitoring, mitigation, information gaps and research needs, and a bibliography. The appendix contains project profiles from the East Coast, Gulf of Mexico, and West Coast. Mitigation efforts and evaluations of specific projects are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 276 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., and J.S. Fisher PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: A comparasion of canopy friction and sediment movement between four species of seagrass with reference to their ecology and restoration SOURCE: Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 29:15-22. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: THALASSIA, HALODULE, ZOSTERA, SYRINGODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares canopy friction and sediment movement for 4 seagrass species under 27 combinations of velocity, water depth, and plant density in a flume. The magnitude of frictional development by the plants was ranked: Thalassia testudinum > Halodule wrightii = Zostera marina > Syringodium filiforme. S. filiforme exhibited no change in friction across the 5-30 cm/second range of velocities. Canopy friction exhibited a strong positive relation to the percentage of water column occupied by the seagrasses. Significant alteration of estuarine circulation patterns could result from removal of seagrass meadows or their creation through transplanting. The frictional characteristics also directly influence the deposition and distribution of fauna and detritus in a seagrass bed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1337 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Restoration and management of seagrass systems: a review SOURCE: Pages 353-368 in D.D. Hook, W.H. McKee, Jr, H.K. Smith, J. Gregory, V.G. Burrell, Jr, M.R. DeVoe, R.E. Sojka, S. Gilbert, R. Banks, L.H. Stolzy, C. Brooks, T.D. Matthews, and T.H. Shear, eds. The ecology and management of wetlands. Volume 2: management, use and value of wetlands. Timber Press, Portland, Or. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: M1-AB3 RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses difficulties involved in the mitigation of seagrass systems and strategies to overcome them. The difficulty in mitigating seagrass bed loss is due to its dependence on good water quality; difficult site selection for transplants; and uncontrollable factors which limit seagrass establishment such as temperature, salinity, tidal exposure, sediment stability and depth, waves, and currents. Success should be measured by seagrass density in acres with the primary objective of no net loss of habitat. A replacement ratio of 3:1 is recommended. Follow-up monitoring of mitigated habitats is also advised as part of the permitting process for three years. Replacement ratios below 1:1 after three years are considered mitigation failures. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 277 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, K.M. Cheap, C.A. Currin, and G.W. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: A low-cost transplanting technique for shoal grass (Halodule wrightii) and manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme) SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Instruction Rep. EL-84-1. 16 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents a simplified, low-cost seagrass transplanting technique for use in high- and low-current regimes. Mature, vegetative shoots, free of sediment, were anchored to the substrate. Topics include selection of planting stock, harvesting, storage, preparation of planting units, and labor requirements. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 278 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, J. Homziak, and G.W. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Transplanting of eelgrass and shoalgrass as a potential means of economically mitigating a recent loss of habitat SOURCE: Pages 279-326 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-UB3 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: ZOSTERA, HALODULE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes the experimental revegetation of Zostera marina in a shallow embayment in Back Sound, southeast of Cape Lookout, NC. The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate: 1) substrate/energy regime; 2) season of planting; and 3) interactions with other marine angiosperms, especially Halodule wrightii. A new approach for transplanting is described in detail. Analyses of scallop populations within the transplanted area indicated a strong relationship between transplant success (grass cover) and number of scallops (density). Fall appeared to be the best time for planting. In terms of transplant growth, survival, and cost ($0.09-0.27/shoot), the new planting method is more efficient than planting plugs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 279 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and R.C. Phillips PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: A cost evaluation technique for restoration of seagrass and other plant communities SOURCE: Environ. Conserv. 9(3):237-241. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3 RESPONSE: ECON PGENUS: ZOSTERA, THALASSIA, HALODULE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents a seagrass restoration cost analysis, which also can be applied to assess plantings of other vegetation types. Essential factors include planning, planting, monitoring, geographic location, tidal influence, labor, and materials (both expendable and nonexpendable). Cost per (successfully established) shoot or seed or fruit is recommended as the best indicator of cost effectiveness for a given technique. Incorporation and presentation of this information are recommended for future projects to motivate wider application of seagrass and other essential plant-community restoration. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 280 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, K. Rittmaster, and G.W. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: The use of fertilizer to enhance transplants of the seagrasses Zostera marina and Halodule wrightii SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. EL-87-12. 45 pp. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, ECON PGENUS: ZOSTERA, HALODULE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report examines the influence of slow release fertilizers on survival, population growth, and areal coverage of Zostera marina and Halodule wrightii at 3 sites near Beaufort, NC, in both spring and fall. Balanced fertilizer additions (14-14-14) of N-P-K applied as low as 10 g/planting unit appeared to increase population growth, coverage, and productivity in a cost-effective manner for fall Zostera transplants. However, the authors state that results were inconclusive based on possible environmental and planting time influences. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 282 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: A low-cost planting technique for eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir, VA, CETA 82-6. 15 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes a low-cost planting method for eelgrass (Zostera marina). Bundles of mature, vegetative shoots were washed free of sediment and anchored in the bottom substrate. Guidelines on harvesting and storing the plants, preparing planting units, the planting method, plant material requirements, and labor requirements are presented. Planting units have been successfully established in high (>1.6 ft/second) and low current regimes on grids of 2-2.6 ft. The production-line efficiency of the technique greatly reduces planting costs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1033 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: A low-cost transplanting procedure for sediment stabilization and habitat development using eelgrass SOURCE: Wetlands 2:138-151. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents a low-cost eelgrass transplanting technique used during October in the Beaufort, NC, area. The technique consists of attaching whole, vegetative shoots, rinsed free of sediment, to 25 L-shaped steel rods, which are then inserted into sediment. Whole shoots from high current areas yielded a superior shoot generation rate in comparison to shoots from low current areas. Harvest rate from high current areas equaled 18,000 shoots per man hour (mh). Total labor requirements were 250 and 493 mh/ha in low and high current areas, respectively. Sediment stabilization was dependent on current velocity reduction and wave dampening, which were functions of meadow size and ambient current and wave regimes. Eelgrass was capable of trapping and maintaining at least 90 cubic meters of sand/ha of bottom covered. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 281 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Restoration and management of seagrass systems: a review SOURCE: In International symposium on ecology and management of wetlands. Coll. Charleston, Charleston, SC. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3 RESPONSE: PGENUS: ZOSTERA, THALASSIA, HALODULE, RUPPIA, SYRINGODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration and management of seagrass systems throughout the coastal U.S. and presents a chronological summary of selected seagrass transplanting efforts with geographic location, species, and a synopsis for each of 35 references. Topics include: 1) seagrass restoration as a mitigative tool; 2) indirect and direct impacts of seagrass transplanting; 3) site selection; and 4) monitoring (success, planning acreage, permit conditions, and functional equivalency). The authors make 10 management recommendations for restoration of seagrasses, with emphasis on conservation of existing seagrass habitat, appropriate mitigation site selection, continued monitoring of plantings, and encouragement of research and data acquisition on the functional value of transplanted meadows. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 283 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Transplanting of the seagrasses Halodule wrightii, Syringodium filiforme, and Thalassia testudinum for sediment stabilization and habitat development in the southeast region of the United States SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. EL-87-8. 62 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3, E2-US2, E2-US3, M2-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM, THALASSIA, LAURENCIA, HALIMEDA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report assesses seagrass shoot generation and coverage rates under different environmental conditions at sites near Panama City, FL, and the Florida Keys. Temperature, sediment fluctuation, sediment depth, and biotic disturbance affected transplants more than salinity, light attenuation, water depth, hydraulic regime, or sediment type. Biotic factors were probably most influential in transplant survival and coverage through shading, temperature increases due to reduced circulation, excavation, and grazing. Shoot generation rates varied as a function of species, planting season, and latitude. On the basis of shoot generation rates, Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme were recommended as primary transplant species, followed by Thalassia testudinum. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 284 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, G.W. Thayer, D.Y. Heller, and K.M. Cheap PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Transplanting of the seagrasses Zostera marina and Halodule wrightii for sediment stabilization and habitat development on the east coast of the United States SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. EL-85-9. 63 pp. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, CUT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: ZOSTERA, HALODULE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses results of a study in Back Sound, Carteret County, NC, that evaluated critical environmental factors controlling eelgrass and shoalgrass growth to determine sites most suitable for transplanting these species. Recommended limits and monitoring procedures are included for temperature, salinity, light depth, hydrodynamics, sediment characteristics, and sediment fluctuation. Semi-enclosed embayments protected from prevailing winds are suggested as preferred planting sites. Equations for determining amount of transplant stock and spacing required to cover sites in a specified number of days and recommendations for selecting stock also are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 285 AUTHOR: Fonseca, M.S., G.W. Thayer, and W.J. Kenworthy PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: The use of ecological data in the implementation and management of seagrass restorations SOURCE: Pages 175-187 in M.J. Durako, R.C. Phillips, and R.R. Lewis, III, eds. Proceedings of a symposium on subtropical- tropical seagrasses of the southeastern United States. Florida Dept. Nat. Resour., Bur. Mar. Res., St. Petersburg, Mar. Res. Publ. No. 42. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SOIL, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, M2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: THALASSIA, HALODULE, SYRINGODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of ecological data to select seagrass restoration sites and compares seagrass-population-growth models developed from study sites near Panama City, FL, and in the Florida Keys. Environmental factors such as light, temperature, salinity, tidal range, and sediment stability may be used to determine whether seagrass growth could be supported at a given site. Data suggested that unvegetated patches among natural meadows should not be planted (as mitigation for destruction of existing meadows) due to unfavorable environmental conditions. The use of seagrass population growth models can be an effective tool for planning, monitoring, and predicting responses of seagrass restoration projects. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1034 AUTHOR: Foote, A.L., and J.A. Kadlec PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Effects of wave energy on plant establishment in shallow lacustrine wetlands SOURCE: J. Freshwater Ecol. 4(4):523-532. STATE: UT STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: L2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SCIRPUS, DISTICHLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses a study of the effects of wave energy on plant establishment during June to September on exposed mud flats in the Bear River Bay, Great Salt Lake, UT. Wave energy resuspended a minimum of 18 and maximum of 511 metric tons of sediment per ha. Sediment traps captured seeds removed from the seed bank when sediments resuspended. Survival of alkali bulrush buds on protected and exposed sites was described. Wave break exclosures produced protected site conditions. The survival rate of protected buds was almost twice that of exposed buds. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1122 AUTHOR: Forbes, J.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Development of eelgrass transplanting techniques for the Nanaimo River Estuary SOURCE: Pages 4-6 in C.D. Levings, ed. An account of a workshop on estuarine habitats. Can. Manuscript Rep. Fish. Aquatic Sci. No. 1571. STATE: CANADA, BRITISH COLUMBIA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, R1-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes experimental planting of Zostera marina at Jack Point and Holden Channel (upper and lower intertidal areas), Nanaimo River Estuary, British Columbia. Several techniques were tested. Tin can cores (48 oz cans with both ends removed) were used to take roots, shoots, and associated sediment. PVC pipe (1.5 m long by 182 cm cross section) cores were taken and stored until planting. Turf cutters were used to obtain sections of turf that were then lifted by shovel. Sprig transplants were uprooted and replanted in groups of 3 by hand. Minor variations in elevation had a major effect on transplant survival. Sediment texture and water content, currents, and exposure were also discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1035 AUTHOR: Ford, K.V. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Wetland restoration at Four Corners Mine SOURCE: Pages 134-147 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-FO4, PO-EM1, L.-... RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 286 AUTHOR: Forney, J.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1968 TITLE: Production of young northern pike in a regulated marsh SOURCE: New York Fish Game J. 15(2):143-154. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: TYPHA, JUNCUS, ALISMA, ELEOCHARIS, CAREX, PHALARIS, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses production and survival of young northern pike from 1964-1967 in an experimental marsh created by impounding a temporary stream one-fourth mile from Oneida Lake in NY. Flooded vegetation consisted of winter wheat and natural vegetation, primarily sedges, grasses, and water plantain. Mortality between spawning and hatching was 81-84%; loss of young between hatching and emigration was 83%. Recoveries of fin-clipped fish suggested that few pike less than 65 mm long survived after they left the marsh. The author suggests that maintenance of northern pike populations in many lakes may depend primarily on producing large juvenile fish in nursery areas before they emigrate to the lake. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 287 AUTHOR: Fowler, B.K., C.S. Hardaway, G.R. Thomas, C.L. Hill, J.E. Frye, and N.A. Ibison PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Vegetative growth patterns in planted marshes of the vegetative erosion control project SOURCE: Pages 110-120 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article documents the planting of 24 marshes for erosion control on the shores of the Lower Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Planting locations exhibited diverse environmental conditions. Observations based on the results of 3 years of monitoring and maintenance planting include: 1) marshes established on lower energy shorelines are more productive; 2) Spartina alterniflora should be planted between mean sea level and mean high water-spring high water; 3) Spartina patens areas accumulate wind-blown sediment, raising the elevation of the backshore; and 4) marshes should be fertilized twice every summer. Measurements of stem density and culm diameter also are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 288 AUTHOR: Fowler, D.K., and D.A. Hammer PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Techniques for establishing vegetation on reservoir inundation zones SOURCE: J. Soil Water Conserv. 31(3):116-118. STATE: TN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, FERT WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-US3, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: LOLIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes 3 methods for seeding reservoir inundation zones (either steep shoreline or extensive mud flats) at several sites in TN. Hydroseeding was used on sloping inundation zones; an aquaseeder was developed for this purpose. Production cost (seed, fertilizer, labor, vehicle operation) was $18/acre. Air cushion vehicles were used to seed mud flats. Equipment modifications cost $2,500; areas inaccessible to other equipment were successfully seeded at a cost of $5.89/acre. Helicopters were used to seed extensive mudflats; total costs were $5.59/acre. Vegetation was successfully established by all 3 techniques; time and extent of mud flat exposure were critical factors in technique selection. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 289 AUTHOR: Fowler, D.K., D.M. Hill, and L.J. Fowler PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Colonization of coal surface mine sediment ponds in southern Appalachia by aquatic organisms and breeding amphibians SOURCE: Pages 261-285 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds. Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour., University Park. STATE: TN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, STOCK, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, AMPHIB, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: TYPHA, CAREX, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS, LUDWIGIA, LINDERNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes an experiment to determine the colonization rates of aquatic organisms and breeding amphibians in 9 newly constructed coal surface mine sediment ponds in Campbell County, TN. The disturbed areas were regraded, revegetated, and stabilized prior to stocking with game and forage fish. Breeding amphibians and aquatic insects are described. Benthic samples were taken using an Ekman dredge and pipe sampler. Water quality measurements are included. KEYWORDS: =========================================================================== NUMBER: 290 AUTHOR: Fowler, D.K., and J.B. Maddox PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Habitat improvement along reservoir inundation zones by barge hydroseeding SOURCE: J. Soil Water Conserv. 29(6):263-265. STATE: TN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL, EROSION ACTION: SOIL, SEED, FERT WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: ECHINOCHLOA, FAGOPYRUM, LOLIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the planting of Japanese millet, common buckwheat, and Italian ryegrass along Reservoir inundation zones. The study site was Cherokee Reservoir near Mooresburg, TN; the feasibility of barge hydroseeding along the drawdown zone was examined. Potential benefits of vegetating this area included aesthetics, provision of food for wildlife (waterfowl), and erosion control. Costs for seed, fertilizer, and labor were about $30/acre. Japanese millet seemed to be best adapted to site conditions. Timing of planting is important (seeding should not occur after early August) for minimization of potential frost damage. Both millet and buckwheat were frost damaged during this study; ryegrass grew vigorously until the weather was cold and remained green during the winter. Habitat improvement implications are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 291 AUTHOR: Fowler, D.K., and L.J. Turner PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Surface mine reclamation for wildlife: a model reclamation plan for southeast Appalachia SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-81/09. 27 pp. STATE: TN STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1 RESPONSE: ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents a reclamation plan for surface coal mines in southern Appalachia. The plan includes suggestions for establishing groundcover and trees and retaining sediment ponds to provide wetland habitat. The costs of reclaiming the site for forestry and wildlife are compared to costs for a more traditional forestry (monoculture) option. Costs of reclaiming land for wildlife, which involved retaining sediment ponds, were less than costs of the forestry option, which included removing sediment ponds. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 292 AUTHOR: Francis, G.R., J.J. Magnuson, H.A. Regier, and D.R. Talhelm PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Rehabilitating Great Lakes ecosystems SOURCE: Great Lakes Fish. Comm., Ann Arbor, MI, Tech. Rep. No. 37. 99 pp. STATE: MN, WI, IL, IN, MI, OH, PA, NY, ONTARIO, CANADA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL, STOCK, HYDRO, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., R.-..., PO-EM1 RESPONSE: ECON PGENUS: CLADOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report reviews the state of the art for ecological rehabilitation of aquatic ecosystems and assesses the feasibility of applying it to the Great Lakes. Sixteen man-induced stresses were identified and some useful rehabilitative techniques (and a measure of current feasibility of implementing these techniques from technical, economic, and institutional viewpoints) are presented. Stresses included fishing and other harvesting, introduction of exotics, various contaminants, stream modifications, dredging and filling, and acid precipitation. This document serves as a framework for developing effective strategies for rehabilitation of Great Lakes ecosystems. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 293 AUTHOR: Fraser, J.E., and D.L. Britt PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Liming of acidified waters: a review of methods and effects on aquatic ecosystems SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/40.13. 189 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM, STOCK WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., R.-AB. RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report summarizes current information on liming and how it relates to aquatic habitats potentially impacted by the acidification process. Primary emphasis is on the fishery resource. Introductory information discusses acid-sensitive regions and the effects of acidification on fisheries of each region. Other chapters address preventative and mitigative liming, liming techniques, aquatic ecosystems, and information needs. Appendices provide a summary of liming projects in the Northeast and Midwest; a listing of state, federal, and private sector contacts to facilitate liming projects; and a review and evaluation of models and predictive techniques for establishing liming requirements. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 294 AUTHOR: Fredette, T.J., M.S. Fonseca, W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Seagrass transplanting: 10 years of US Army Corps of Engineers research SOURCE: Pages 121-134 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: ZOSTERA, SYRINGODIUM, HALODULE, THALASSIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article summarizes 10 years of research on seagrass transplanting by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Site suitability, recommended environmental measurements (light/depth penetration, salinity, temperature, sediment flux, current, fetch/waves, and sediment depth), planting methods, and species selection are discussed. The recommended planting method is the bare-root technique using 5-15 shoots attached to anchors. In some areas, multispecies transplanting is recommended due to slow growth rate of Thalassia. Vegetative reproduction of Halodule is rapid, whereas Syringodium grows at an intermediate rate. Continuing research needs are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 295 AUTHOR: Fredrickson, L.H., and F.A. Reid PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Wetland and riparian habitats: a nongame management overview SOURCE: Pages 59-96 in J.B. Hale, L.R. Best, and R.L. Clawson, eds. Management of nongame wildlife in the Midwest; a developing art. Proceedings 47th Midwest Fish Wildl. Conf., N. Central Sect. Wildl. Soc., Grand Rapids, MI. STATE: MO STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., R2-..., PO-FO., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of nongame habitat use and management of wetland and riparian habitats throughout the U.S. A few case histories of management in MO are discussed. Topics include: 1) current status and trends of wetland and riparian habitats; 2) characteristics of wetland and riparian habitats, 3) habitat complexes; 4) conceptual approaches to management; and 5) specific management practices (marsh, moist-soil, and riparian habitat). Case histories include discussions of shorebird, rail, and wading bird management. The authors present an integrated management scheme for 5 wetland basins in MO and conclude that habitats should be manipulated as complexes with dynamic water regimes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 296 AUTHOR: Fredrickson, L.H., and T.S. Taylor PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Management of seasonally flooded impoundments for wildlife SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Res. Publ. No. 148. 29 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO, CUT, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-... RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG PGENUS: LEPTOCHLOA, POLYGONUM, PANICUM, CYPERUS, ECHINOCHLOA, DIGITARIA, XANTHIUM, BIDENS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses moist soil management to attract wildlife on manmade impoundments. Low sites where row crops are often lost to flooding are particularly well suited for moist soil management. Optimum success requires good levees, control structures for precise water manipulations, and a pumping system to remove or add water. A group of small impoundments provides more management flexibility than a single large impoundment. Guidelines are presented for developing moist soil impoundments (construction, costs, benefits), vegetation management of seasonally flooded impoundments, manipulations of water levels for wildlife, and developing integrated management plans. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1491 AUTHOR: Freeman, R.J. Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Constructed wetlands experience in the Southeast SOURCE: Pages 69-74 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: AL, LA, MS, KY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT, SOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Free-water surface (FWS) constructed wetland systems and vegetated submerged bed (VSB) wetland systems are compared in their use and effectiveness in the Southeast. Several sites were converted or designed with VSB or FWS or a combination of the two to treat wastewater. Although VSB systems boast of a greater assimilation rate with less land requirements, no visible flow, vector problems, or odor, and more cold tolerant, serious questions are surfacing as to the actual efficiency of this system in the Southwest. Difficulties meeting NH3 and BOD effluent limits, and the appearance of surface water due to substrate plugged with algae are the primary problems being faced. New designs to remedy these problems include significantly lowering the loading rates and increasing land use as much as 90 acres. This tends to dismiss this type of constructed wetland as a cost-effective method for treating wastewater. Design change improvements addressing short-circuiting and inadequate oxygen transfer in FWS systems include an addition of deep zones separating cells to redistribute flow and prohibit plant growth and shallow inlets to maximize oxygen transfer. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1382 AUTHOR: Frenkel, R.E., and J.C. Morlan PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Restoration of the Salmon River salt marshes: retrospect and prospect SOURCE: Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 142pp. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the evaluation of a restored salt marsh along the Salmon River and compares it to a control wetland. The objective was to return the estuary to its state prior to diking and agricultural alteration and reestablish a functioning natural salt marsh community and ecosystem. Three criteria were used for evaluation: 1) composition of restored salt marsh, 2) environmental structure of the site, and 3) function of the wetland system. Pasture communities were replaced by five salt marsh communities which including, Carex, Salicornia, Distichalis, and Juncus. Elevation profiles showed the restored wetland was 35 cm lower than the control wetland, however, elevation is increasing rapidly. Although the functioning restored salt marsh is now completely integrated into the lower Salmon River estuary it is not comparable to the original salt marsh in composition, structure, or function. Long term prospects for complete restoration to the original pristine conditions are largely dependent of the marsh elevation. Therefore, the goal of reestablishing a functioning salt marsh community is more realistic. The authors list general and specific recommendations to managers in planning and monitoring coastal wetland restoration projects. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1109 AUTHOR: Friedman, J.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Decomposition rates of peat in drained and undrained wetlands SOURCE: Pages 55-59 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coord. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual meeting. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: WI STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB4 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: PHALARIS, CAREX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes an investigation of decomposition rates in drained and undrained peat deposits. Influences of water table and substrate characteristics on peat decomposition rates is included. The study sites are 3 neutral pH wetlands along the yahara chain of lakes in Dane County, WI: Gardner Marsh, Wingra Fen, and Waubesa Mound. An observed decline in decomposition rate with depth was correlated with substrate and microenvironment characteristics; the effect of water table depth was less than expected, and reasons for this are discussed briefly. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1545 AUTHOR: Friedman, J.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Gardner marsh: drainage, subsidence and restoration of a peat deposit SOURCE: Master of Science Thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. 170 pp. STATE: WI STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-ML1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: CAREX, GENTIANOPSIS, PHALARIS, URTICA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis describes and compares drainage and subsidence of two drained and one undrained peat marshes. Peat decomposition was measured by carbon dioxide release, mass loss, litter decomposition and standing crop, soil parameters, temperature, and water table level. Study results indicate Gardner Marsh and Wingra Fen have a higher rate of decomposition than production thus resulting in subsidence. Restoration efforts proposed for Gardner Marsh include reestablishing a natural water table regime through water-level manipulations, removal of existing shrubs, raising the water table, replanting certain sedge meadow species, and continued management to keep out undesirable species. Pending problems due to flooding and ponding are discussed as well as monitoring proceedures and various civic benefits resulting from restoration. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1565 AUTHOR: Fry, J., F.R. Steiner, and D.M. Green PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Riparian evaluation and site assessment in Arizona SOURCE: Landscape and Urban Planning 28:179-199. STATE: AZ STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: EVALUATION WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR RESPONSE: NONE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses classification and evaluation of riparian zones based on their biophysical elements, functions, values, and benefits in order to protect existing areas along the Agua Fria River watershed. A point system was used called the RESA evaluation (riparian evaluation and site assesment). A total of 50 points were applied for the three RE categories and 90 points for the nine SA criteria. Ten sites representive of the landscape types along the river were described and evaluated. Three sites scored greater then 100 points and are to be protected by a 30 m buffer zone on either side of the channel. Five sites received 60 to 100 points and will have 23 m maintenance buffers on either side of the channel. Finally, the two sites having the lowest ratings will receive 30 m enhancement buffers on either side of the channel. Ideas for enhancement, mitigation techniques, and corridor plannng are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 297 AUTHOR: Funk, W.H., and H.L. Gibbons PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Lake restoration by nutrient inactivation SOURCE: U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, EPA 440/5-79-001:141-151. STATE: OH, WA, OR, WI STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-..., PO-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the techniques, methodology, equipment, and costs of treatment used to improve water quality of several eutrophic lakes: 1) Horseshoe Lake, Manitowoc County, WI; 2) Twin and Dollar Lakes, near Kent, OH; 3) Medical Lake, WA; 4) Clines' Pond, Corvallis, OR; and 5) Liberty Lake, WA. Aluminum compounds were commonly used to inactivate (excess) lake nutrients, primarily phosphorus. The treatment was successful in reducing algal blooms by removing phosphorus at ice-out and neutralizing the release of phosphorus from aquatic plant matter and from lake sediment. Most treatments were effective for 2-3 years. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 298 AUTHOR: Funk, W.H., H.L. Gibbons, and G.C. Bailey PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Lake assessment in preparation for a multiphase restoration treatment SOURCE: U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, EPA 440/5-81-010:226-237. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: SOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., L2-AB3, L2-AB4, R.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: GLOEOTRICHIA, ANABAENA, APHANIZOMENON, ELODEA, POTAMOGETON, CERATOPHYLLUM, MICROCYSTIS, COELOSPHAERIDIUM, CERATIUM, TABELLARIA, MELOSIRA, FRAGILARIA, ASTERIONELLA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses efforts to restore Liberty Lake in eastern WA, a heavily used recreational lake plagued by massive blue-green algal blooms during summer. In 1974, alum treatment of the 288 ha lake aimed at late summer and fall release of phosphorus successfully demonstrated the need to control internal cycling of nutrients as well as surface and subsurface input. Macrophytes growing in rich sediments acted as nutrient pumps releasing phosphorus above the floc layer. The alum treatment kept blue-green algal problems under control for 3 years. Further restorative efforts began in 1978 with sewering of the lake periphery and marsh runoff diversion the following year. Suction dredging followed by alum treatment is scheduled for Fall 1980. Water quality, phytoplankton, macrophyte, and aquatic invertebrate data are presented for 1978-79. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 299 AUTHOR: Fuss, C.M., Jr. and J.A. Kelly, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: Survival and growth of sea grasses transplanted under artificial conditions SOURCE: Bull. Mar. Sci. 19(2):351-365. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LAB, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: THALASSIA, DIPLANTHERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes procedures of transplanting seagrasses in aquaria and seawater tanks. Sprigs of Thalassia testudinum and Diplanthera wrightii were removed from natural sites near St. Petersburg, FL, and transplanted in aquariums and through-flow seawater tanks. The tanks were filled to a depth of approximately 40 cm at 25 degrees C. Thalassia sprigs survived 7 months in an aquarium; Diplanthera sprigs died after 3.5 months. Rhizomic and short-shoot growth of Thalassia in the tanks was recorded. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 300 AUTHOR: Fuxing, J., and L. Baoshu PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Salt tolerance of several species of Spartina SOURCE: Pages 340-341 in Research advances in partina-- achievements of past 22 years. J. Nanjing Univ., China. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reviews salt tolerance of Spartina anglica, S. alterniflora, S. patens, and S. cynosuroides grown in anaerobic, high salinity environments, and the effects of salt on seed germination and growth. Substrate salinity of intertidal zones where S. alterniflora and S. anglica occur is higher than that of supratidal zones where S. patens and S. cynosuroides are found. However, all 4 species will grow in fresh water. Maximum rate of germination occurs in fresh water and rates decrease with increase of salt content. Salt glands on leaves of Spartina are the main paths of salt excretion. Spartina roots possess the capability of high salt resistance. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1554 AUTHOR: Galatowitsch, S.M. and A.G. van der Valk PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Restoring prairie wetlands: an ecological approach SOURCE: Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa. 246 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: P0-EM1, PO-AB2, PO.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: MANY, SUCCESS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This book discusses the decline and effect of prairie potholes on groundwater, drainage, plant and animal species, and nonpoint source pollution. Options and design considerations for locating and restoring prairie wetlands are offered. Recomendations are included for site selection, diking, removing tile lines, evaluation and management, restoration goals, revegetation, and available assistant programs. Lists of potential wetland soil types are also provided as well as a list of possible permits required for restoration projects. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1328 AUTHOR: Gale, J.G., and P.B. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Integrating tidal wetland restoration with coastal flood basin design: the example of Shorebird Marsh, Corte Madera, California SOURCE: Proceedings of the National Wetland Symposium: Urban Welands. June 26-29, 1988. Oakland, California pp. 83-90. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: M1.-..., M2.-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the basin design of a tidal wetland restoration project done on Shorebird Marsh in Corte Madera, California. The purpose of this project was to integrate wetland enhancement with flood control. A limit of the National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD) was not to exceed 1.0 ft. in order to prevent flooding of low-lying areas. Tidal fluctuation was allowed between March 1 and November 15 when there was the least threat of stormwater flooding. During this time an automatic slide gate would monitor the water level at 1.0 ft NGVD and .75 ft NGVD. During the rest of the year, when stormwater threat was greater water surface in the marsh would be lowered to -2.0 ft. NGVD. In addition, pumps would be used to prevent water level from exceeding +1.0 ft NGVD. The author also discusses operating and management problems. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 301 AUTHOR: Gallagher, J.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Marsh creation: effects of pesticides on the flora SOURCE: Pages 136-139 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes effects of pesticides on marsh vegetation. Various examples of herbicide/insecticide application, sometimes as part of marsh management, are described. In other cases, wetlands are nontarget recipients of pesticides. The fate of pesticides, including their transfer through food chains, is not well understood. Effects on wetland systems may be direct or indirect. Several examples of pesticide loss from soils are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 302 AUTHOR: Gallagher, J.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Salt marsh soil development SOURCE: Pages 28-34 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SPOROBOLUS, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of: 1) salt marsh soil and its development; 2) characteristics of original marsh sediment (i.e., dredged material); and 3) plant selection to facilitate desired substrate changes. Whereas natural marsh soils are tidally deposited with fairly uniform grain size fractionation, dredged materials are variable and may be more difficult to vegetate. Salt marsh soil stability, acidity, moisture, salinity, and nutrients are discussed in detail. Plants tolerant of special soil conditions or useful in facilitating desired changes in substrate are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 303 AUTHOR: Gallagher, J.L., F.G. Plumley, and P.L. Wolf PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Underground biomass dynamics and substrate selective properties of Atlantic coastal salt marsh plants SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-28. 167 pp. STATE: GA, DE, ME STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SPOIL, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, SPOROBOLUS, BORRICHIA, CAREX, DISTICHLIS, ELEOCHARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report summarizes studies of underground biomass dynamics and substrate selection of salt marsh plants in 18 stands along the Atlantic Coast of GA, DE, and ME. Study sites included natural marshes and those composed of various types of dredged material. Findings indicated that in developing a salt marsh on dredged materials, substrate problems should be considered: stability (dredged material texture and exposure to wave action); pH; salinity; soil characteristics; and nutrients, of which nitrogen appears to be the key element. The authors provide recommendations on the use of dredged material and plant species for marsh development and advise the use of a field bioassay prior to dredging. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 304 AUTHOR: Gallagher, T.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Eugene's urban wildlife area: delta ponds SOURCE: Pages 122-126 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: POPULUS, SALIX, RUBUS, TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the delta ponds of Eugene, OR. The ponds are located on former pasture that was mined for gravel before 1980. The city of Eugene acquired the delta ponds. Recommendations for a management plan are listed. Considerations include environment (reshaping ponds and managing for wildlife), recreation (fishing, canoeing, hiking, wildlife observation), education, visual quality, safety, and economics (additional mining of the site could fund many improvements). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 305 AUTHOR: Gambrell, R.P., R.A. Khalid, and W.H. Patrick, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Disposal alternatives for contaminated dredged material as a management tool to minimize adverse environmental effects SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. DS-78-8. 163 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides guidelines for selecting alternative methods for dredged material disposal to minimize adverse environmental effects. The focus is on manipulation of spoil and disposal techniques for contaminated sediments. Potentially toxic soils should be placed in low-energy regimes to minimize resuspension and transport of contaminated solids into adjacent aquatic systems. Unconfined subaqueous disposal represents a high environmental risk due to transformation of the contaminants to more mobile, available forms. Short- and long-term considerations for subaqueous intertidal and upland disposal alternatives are discussed. Initial considerations and soil conditions necessary for disposal are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1036 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: "Green grow the rushes": tidal marsh synthesis in the Chesapeake Bay SOURCE: Potomac Appalachian Mag. (1):17-27. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, TYPHA, PANICUM, AMMOPHILA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article presents an overview of efforts to create, restore, and maintain Chesapeake Bay tidal marshes. A case study of a created intertidal sand flat at Hambleton Island is discussed in greater detail. Approximately 3,000 cubic yards of biologically sterile sand was placed in the bay and planted with 60,000 seedlings of cordgrasses, saltmarsh hay, cattails, common reed, switchgrass, and American beachgrass. Within 8 months after planting, benthic invertebrate species diversity was identical to that found in an undisturbed intertidal control area. Consumption of submerged rhizomes by geese, swans, muskrats, and raccoons reduced vegetative establishment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 306 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Revegetation and development of tidal marshlands SOURCE: Proc. Soil Conserv. Soc. Am. Annu. Meet. 32:179-184. STATE: NJ, MD STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents guidelines, techniques, and mitigation opportunities for restoring marshlands lost as a result of construction/development activities. Tidal marsh establishment to reduce shoreline erosion and improve wildlife habitat was successful in Chesapeake Bay and southern NJ. Filling and resurfacing with marsh materials was best accomplished in winter when production was low and plants were dormant. Peat was the least desirable substrate material. Surface slopes were as low as possible (without impounding water). Proper surface elevation was important for successful vegetative establishment. Toxic salt concentrations in the soil can become a major limiting factor, inhibiting growth of marsh plants. Guidelines for establishing wildlife habitat on dredge material is included. KEYWORDS: marshes/dredge spoil/wildlife/wildlife habitat/habitat/habitat development/transplanting/technique/revegetation/tidal wetlands/ restoration/dredged material =========================================================================== NUMBER: 307 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Marsh development for shore erosion control SOURCE: Pages 77-94 in Great Lakes Basin CommitteeP proceedings of the workshop on the role of vegetation in stabilization of the Great Lakes shoreline. Great Lakes Basin Comm., Ann Arbor, MI. STATE: NY, PA, OH, IN, IL, WI, MI, MN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-... RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses bank sloping in relation to marsh development for shore erosion control on the Great Lakes. Brief examples of marsh creation on existing and on physically altered shores are presented with diagrams and photos. The author stresses conducting preliminary research on marsh creation technology in the Great Lakes region and emphasizes that most marsh development would have to take place within low-profile protective enclosures or behind breakwaters due to the extensive wave exposure of the Great Lakes shoreline. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 308 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr., P.B. Woller, and R.J. McCallum PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Salt Marsh Establishment and Development SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, VA. Technical Memorandum No. 52. 110 pp. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, AMMOPHILA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Intertidal and subtidal zones of several sites in Mid-Chesapeake Bay were planted with experimental seagrass seedlings. No limitations for vegetation establishment above mean high water were found. Net production of seagrasses increased 135-860% in the moderate to low-energy sandy areas after application of fertilizer. Macrobenthic invertebrate response was monitored; the subtidal zone had the larger population, which decreased with increasing elevation. Seedlings were protected from grazing Canada geese by covering the site with netting. Transplant mortalities were reduced in the high-energy zone by delaying planting until mid-June. KEYWORDS: Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/intertidal/Spartina patens/ Distichlis spicata/dredged material/sediment/elevation/ colonization/benthos/monitoring/Spartina cynosuroides/ Ammophila breviligulata/macrobenthic invertebrates/erosion/ stabilization/fertilization/marshes/Chesapeake Bay =============================================================================== NUMBER: 310 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Wetland rehabilitation SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-78/97:217-219. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., PO-EM. RESPONSE: VEG, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This overview of wetland rehabilitation efforts includes discussion of marsh rehabilitation, planting techniques and costs, and functions of rehabilitated marshes. The technology for rehabilitation of tidal marshes has been developed well enough to play a significant role in the development of guidelines for site preparation and vegetative establishment. Depending on marsh establishment design, important marsh functions, including vegetative productivity, wildlife use, erosion control, and water quality improvement, maximize operationally within 1-3 years of initial establishment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 312 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Recent and planned marsh establishment work throughout the contiguous United States--a survey and basic guidelines SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-77-3. 48 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, E2-SS3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, RHIZOPHORA, PELTANDRA, PONTEDERIA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reports on 105 marsh establishment projects throughout the U.S. Surface slope and elevation are the 2 most important factors in marsh site preparation. Marsh plant selection guidelines include consideration of: 1) native species; 2) project objectives; 3) growth rates and sediment stabilizing characteristics; 4) site elevation; and 5) time of planting. For plantings in high stress areas, properly developed nursery stock is most successful. Transplant spacing and fertilization requirements are discussed. Three major requirements for marsh establishment are: 1) removal of debris and litter; 2) protection against waterfowl depredation; and 3) fertilization. KEYWORDS: waterways/Canada geese/elevation/management/protection/ waterfowl/wetlands establishment/Canada/fertilization =============================================================================== NUMBER: 309 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh development site, James River, Virginia. Appendix B: propagation of vascular plants SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 157 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, PELTANDRA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes marsh planting results on off-dike, unconfined dredged materials at the James River habitat Development Site, Windmill Point, Prince George County, VA. Plants were monitored to determine optimum elevations and fertilization needs for successful propagation. Results of seeding and sprigging were compared. Laboratory tests conducted on seed germination also are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 311 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Highways and wetlands: compensating wetland losses SOURCE: Fed. Highway Admin., Off. Implement., McLean, VA, FHWA-1P-86-22. 60 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, BIOCIDE, FERT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-EM2, E2-EM2, E2-AB3, PO-AB3, E2-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: ACORUS, CAREX, CEPHALANTHUS, DESCHAMPSIA, DISTICHLIS, FESTUCA, LEERSIA, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, PANICUM, PELTANDRA, POLYGONUM, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, SAURURUS, SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, TYPHA, ZOSTERA, RUPPIA, POTAMOGETON, VALLISNERIA, THALASSIA, HALODULE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This illustrated handbook contains information on wetland restoration, enhancement, and establishment procedures. Specifications for wetland establishment, from final grading to maintenance requirements and costs, are described. Factors that limit the success of wetland establishment projects include improper final grade, poor choice of plant species, inadequate water level control, errors in the timing of plantings, erosion, vandalism, low quality materials, degradation by wildlife or livestock, development of salt stress zone, and litter deposition/accumulation. A guide to perennial wetland plants includes information on range, habitat, seed harvest and storage, recommended propagules, and site seeding potential for over 25 species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1167 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Information needs in the planning process for wetland creation and restoration SOURCE: Pages 9-13 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II. Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., R.-..., E.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses factors which should be contained in wetland creation and restoration plans, and factors which should be addressed during the permitting process. Mitigation plan contents are described in detail and include site hydrology, construction timetable, site description, elevations and slopes, maintenance programs, critical elements, timetables and monitoring. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 313 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr., and L.B. Coleman PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Tidal freshwater marsh establishment in Upper Chesapeake Bay: Pontederia cordata and Peltandra virginica SOURCE: Pages 285-298 in R.E. Good, D.F. Whigham, R.L. Simpson, eds. Freshwater wetlands: ecological processes and management potential. Academic Press, New York. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, R1-EM2, R1-UB4 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PELTANDRA, PONTEDERIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the effects of tidal elevation, substrate type, and fertilization on Peltandra virginica and Pontederia cordata. The study area is in a small cove on the Northeast River in Upper Chesapeake Bay, MD. Seeds (for seedling stock) were harvested in the James River, stored in cold water, germinated, and transplanted at the study site. P. virginica establishment at elevations above mean high water was about 93%; at mean low water, germination was only 5%. P. virginica seedlings had a low rate of productivity and did not flower during the first year's growth. Establishment by 1-year-old bulbs or 2-year-old seedling stock may be more successful. Germination of P. cordata seed was 20% or less at all elevations and on all substrate types; 3-month-old seedling transplants were more successful. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1537 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W. and J.L. Garbisch PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Control of upland band erosion through tidal marsh construction on restored shores: application in the Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay SOURCE: Environmental Management 18(5):677-691. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, STABIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM1, L2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the restoration of shores with no incoming sand supplies for upland bank erosion control. Considerations and suitability criteria for site construction applications are listed. Design standards for containment structure construction are detailed and illustrated. Vegetation specifications for revegetation are listed for areas with various salinity levels. Maintainence considerations for the property owner to insure success of a project are recommended. In addition, a cost analysis comparison of the authors' erosion control technique to that of rip-rap and wooden bulkheads is compared. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 314 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr., and P.B. Woller PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Marsh development on dredged materials at Slaughter Creek, Maryland SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Baltimore, MD. 110 pp. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG PGENUS: AMMOPHILA, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses creation of a 2.9 acre salt marsh on dredged material at the entrance canal to Slaughter Creek, Dorchester County, MD. The area is subject to severe wave stress during winter from Little Choptank River on the eastern edge of Chesapeake Bay. Establishment of cordgrass and salt grass plantings was more successful on unfertilized soft mud dredged material than unfertilized coarser grained material. Fertilization of the latter material greatly accelerated plant development. Loss of early established vegetation due to erosion and burial was estimated at 20-30%. The area is expected to stabilize within 2 years of plant establishment. Erosion of mainland directly behind the new marsh has been abated entirely. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 315 AUTHOR: Garbisch, E.W., Jr., P.B. Woller, W.J. Bostian, and R.J. McCallum PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Biotic techniques for shore stabilization SOURCE: Pages 405-426 in L.E. Cronin, ed. Estuarine research, volume II: geology and engineering. Academic Press, New York. STATE: MD, VA, NJ STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, PHRAGMITES, PANICUM, AMMOPHILA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes planting techniques for estuarine shore stabilization. Seven project sites are described: six along the Chesapeake Bay shoreline and one at Ocean city, NJ. These projects have been initiated to establish salt, brackish, and freshwater marshes on a variety of coastal substrates and shorelines. Each site is described in detail; planting results are summarized. Substrate limitations, fertilizer requirements, effects of stress, recovery of benthos (artificial tide flats), and methods of vegetative establishment are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1317 AUTHOR: Garbish, E.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wetland enhancement, restoration, and construction SOURCE: Pages 261-274 in S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and R.W. Tiner, eds. Wetlands ecology and conservation: Emphasis in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Easton, PA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, SEED, FERT WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: SUCCESS, WQUAL, VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper lists elements which provide for successful enhancement, restoration, and creation of wetlands. The author proposes criteria to determine success based on standard engineering, hydrological, and biological principles. Key problems effecting the success of wetland restoration and creation projects, and their avoidance, including animal depredation, salt stress, ice damage, and water-logged soils, are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 316 AUTHOR: Gardner, W.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Salt marsh creation: impact of heavy metals SOURCE: Pages 126-131 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article examines the factors that affect the impact of toxic heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, As) on salt marsh systems. Sources of these metals include input from rivers and river drainages, local pollution, and dredging. Redox and pH changes incurred by dredging may release metals already present in sediments into the water. Physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect distribution or concentration of heavy metals are discussed. Plants, for example, may remove metals from solution, transfer them from sediment into the water, or store them in plant tissue. Estuarine sediments retain approximately 10-20% of the cadmium, copper, and mercury; 100% of the iron; and 60% of the manganese they receive. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1381 AUTHOR: Garfitt, W. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Conversion, development and management of a small worked-out gravel pit for sport, fish production and wildlife SOURCE: Pages 151-163 in Wildlife on man-made wetlands. Buckinghamshire, England. STATE: ENGLAND STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: CUT, SOIL, PLANT, STOCK, LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-US5 RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, FISH, HUSE, VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes efforts to develop and restore a gravel pit in England for fish and wildlife habitat. The gravel pit was deepened and widened and three additional lakes where created, two specifically created for trout. The banks were maximized and bays were planted with water plants which provided the greatest cover and food production for attracting waterfowl. Another lake was created for carp with an island in the center for maximizing the edge for the fish, providing privacy for the fisherman, and providing protected nesting grounds for waterfowl. The banks of the lakes were set at a 33 degree slope and seeded with a fescue/clover mixture. A four inch pvc pipe was set underground connecting all lakes to allow draining the stock ponds and refilling them. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 317 AUTHOR: Gates, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: An inventory of California coastal wetlands with a potential for restoration and enhancement SOURCE: Pages 11-21 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll. Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E1-..., E2-..., M1-..., M2-..., PO-... RESPONSE: ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This inventory identifies coastal wetlands in CA in terms of potential for preservation and restoration. Criteria used to select these wetlands are based on the type and degree of artificial alteration of wetland habitat. A total of 44 wetland enhancement projects in San Francisco Bay and other coastal areas are listed. Project description, agency, project status, and future actions are included in table form. Wetlands with potential for future restoration also are listed; those that have multiple use values are more likely to be funded as restoration projects. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 318 AUTHOR: Gatewood, S.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Marshland reflooding in the Kissimmee River Valley, Florida SOURCE: Pages 1-17 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the reflooding of a previously channelized marsh (Armstrong Slough) adjacent to the Kissimmee River Floodplain in FL. The project is designed to evaluate methods for improving water quality and pollution control for Lake Okeechobee; results also will be applied to the restoration of the Kissimmee River. Control structures were used to restore natural water fluctuation patterns in the marsh; channel blocking has caused sheet-flow throughout the area, initiating prechannelization flow conditions. This facilitates pollutant assimilation by marsh vegetation. Project evaluation will include an assessment of: 1) fish and wildlife response to reflooding; and 2) impacts on watershed hydrology and chemical loading. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1037 AUTHOR: Gaudet, J.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Natural drawdown in Lake Naivasha, Kenya, and the formation of papyrus swamps SOURCE: Aquatic Bot. 3(1):1-47. STATE: KENYA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., PO-EM1, L2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: CYPERUS, CONYZA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses plant succession on wet mud at the edge of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, after a natural lake drawdown. Three zones developed: a Sphaeranthus zone (closest to the lake water), a sedge zone (dominated by papyrus), and a composite zone (closest to dry land). Succession continued after reflooding and resulted in a papyrus fringe swamp. Production of papyrus swamp along the lake edge was correlated with larger cycles (1-3 years) of drying and flooding. Papyrus was the most adaptable species present. The appendix includes a list of the 108 plant species known to occur on the lake's edge. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 319 AUTHOR: Gay, B.L., and J.T. Tanacredi PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Shoreline stabilization through marsh restoration SOURCE: Parks 7:19-20. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1, E2-... RESPONSE: SOIL, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes beach restoration at Gateway National Recreation Area, NJ and NY. To address severe beach erosion problems, Phase I of this project involves the construction of a tire mattress parallel to the beach and several tire bundles (finger projections) perpendicular to the beach. Phase II is the establishment of a Spartina alterniflora marsh system along the shore. It is hoped that this system will also absorb sewage effluent nutrients. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1503 AUTHOR: Gearheart, R.A. and M. Higley PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Constructed open surface wetlands: the water quality benefits and wildlife benefits-City of Arcata, California SOURCE: Pages 561-567 in G.A Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: WFOWL, SHOREB, HUSE, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: POTAMOGETON, RUPPIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reviews efforts and results over the last twelve years of the development of the Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS). The AMWS began in 1985 as two treatment marshes (2.5 acres each) to treat primary and secondary treated effluent from Arcata, CA. At the present it encompasses 150 acres comprised of three effluent receiving marshes, an esturine fishing lake, a fresh-water swamp, a closed-out landfill, a restored estuary, and various open land areas. BOD removal efficiency rates generally produce BOD levels of less then 20 mg/L. The amount of dissolved oxygen and pH increased as vegetation coverage increased. Suspended solids met the secondary effluent requirements of less than 20 mg/L 78% of the time and the primary effluent requirements of less than 30 mg/L 100% of the time. The AMWS has become a haven for wildlife with annual bird use days/5ha of 180,451 water birds and 13,054 waterfowl. The marsh project also provides community benefits such as birdwatching, picnicking, foot paths, education, and fishing. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1248 AUTHOR: Gearheart, R.A., F. Klopp, and G. Allen PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Constructed free surface wetlands to treat and receive wastewater: pilot project to full scale SOURCE: Pages 121-137 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Freshwater wetlands (experimental and full-scale) were constructed by the City of Arcata, Humboldt Co., CA to polish secondary-treated effluent. Results/conclusions from 2 pilot studies and from the full scale operational wetland (after 2 years) are presented. Experimental cells received hydraulic loads ranging from 0.02-0.24 m3/m2/day; loads were similar to those expected for the full scale operation. Scirpus validus was the dominant plant species used. Depth, detention time, vegetation harvest rates, and the amount of open water varied from cell to cell. Levels of suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand and fecal coliform were monitored. Detailed results are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1038 AUTHOR: Gebhardt, K.A., J. Gebhardt, G. Koonce, B. O'Brien, S. Sweet, and R.B. Tiedmann PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Created wildlife and wetland amenities in an urban environment SOURCE: Pages 157-161 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc. Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO. STATE: ID STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., R2-... RESPONSE: FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, HUSE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper summarizes wetland creation work at Spring Meadow on the Boise River, Boise, ID. The project involved relocation and improvement of a side-channel stream adjacent to the Boise River, and construction of an emergent wetland within 1-2 m of the stream. Flow design and hydrological functioning are described. Wildlife habitat creation and enhancement is based on consideration of several key design species: bald eagle, red fox, great blue heron, wood duck, and several species of fish. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1403 AUTHOR: Gebhardt, K.A., J. Gebhardt, G. Koonce, B. O'Brien, S. Sweet, and R.B. Tiedmann PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Creating wildlife and wetland amenities in as urban environment SOURCE: Pages 157-161 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies, Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235 pp. STATE: ID STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SEED, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-SS, PO-F01, L2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HUSE, WFOWL, MAMMALS, HYDRO, NGBIRDS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A mitigation project was developed for wetland and stream creation as well as wildlife habitat creation and enhancement along the Boise River. Loggers Creek was reconstructed by removing 5,000 cubic meters of soil. Pool and riffle placement were positioned to provide in stream habitat, and the creek was lined with river cobble. The normal flow was designed to operate at 1.7 m3/sec. Native grasses were hydromulched and other vegetation was transplanted to the enhancement area. Wildlife structures were constructed including: fox dens, dead trees for avian perching and nesting habitat, and maximum cover was provided between Logger Creek and the footpath. The second phase of construction involved the creation of an emergent wetland. Excavation depths were below normal low groundwater surface and vegetation became established within two to three months. Within one year of construction the emergent wetland was productive and supported waterfowl. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 320 AUTHOR: Geis, J.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Shoreline processes affecting the distribution of wetland habitat SOURCE: Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 44:529-542. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., L2-EM2, L.-AB1, PO-SS., PO-FO., L2-AB3, L2-AB4, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MYRIOPHYLLUM, CERATOPHYLLUM, VALLISNERIA, CHARA, NAJAS, POLYGONUM, TYPHA, CALAMAGROSTIS, CAREX, CORNUS, POTAMOGETON, NUPHAR, NYMPHAEA, LEMNA, ELODEA, CLADOPHORA, RANUNCULUS, UTRICULARIA, ILEX, ACER CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses results of a wetland inventory along the shoreline of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River in Jefferson County, NY, during an episode of higher than normal water levels (1972-1974). Panchromatic black and white transparencies were used for cover mapping. Data from other studies of wetland distribution, plant composition, primary production, and environmental control of wetland dynamics were reviewed to provide an understanding of shoreline processes affecting wetlands. The higher water levels resulted in a widespread dieback in shoreline vegetation, primarily emergents. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1348 AUTHOR: Gelin, C. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: The restoration of freshwater ecosystems in Sweden SOURCE: Pages 323-338 in M.W. Holdgate and M.J. Woodman, eds. The Breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. Plenum Press, New York, New York. STATE: SWEDEN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: SOIL, CONTAM, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, CHEM, ECON PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, CAREX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Three case studies for restoring freshwater ecosystems in Sweden using three different methods are reported in this paper. The first study discusses a receiver for waste water which was restored by suction dredging nutrient-rich sediment layer into sedimentation ponds on land. Three years later phosphate concentration in the interstitial water was 200-500 times lower, water clarity increased, and phytoplankton productivity decreased. The next study restored a lake polluted by sewage through biochemical oxidation of polluted lake sediment with nitrate. BOD was reduced 50%, phosphorous was decreased, and transparency increased. Finally, emergent vegetation was removed and preparation of the bottom (stubble mats and root felts) was done in connection with raising the water level of a lake. Waterfowl fauna increased as open water was restored. Cost estimates for each project are also presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 321 AUTHOR: Gelin, C. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: The restoration of freshwater ecosystems in Sweden SOURCE: Pages 323-338 in M.W. Holdgate and M.J. Woodman, eds. The breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. Plenum Press, New York. STATE: SWEDEN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: SOIL, HYDRO, CUT, FIRE, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., L2-AB3, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: MICROCYSTIS, POTAMOGETON, JUNCUS, NITELLA, PHRAGMITES, CAREX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration of 3 lakes in Sweden. Two of the lakes had received wastewater for up to 22 years and were eutrophic with excessive blue-green algae during summer and oxygen deficiency and fish kills during winter. On 1 lake, a suction dredging technique was used to remove the nutrient-rich sediment layer. Organic nitrogen and total phosphorus of surface water was greatly reduced. The other lake was denitrified by injecting iron chloride, slaked lime, and calcium nitrate into the sediments. Biological oxygen demand greatly decreased and transparency increased. The third lake was overgrown with emergents and a series of burning, cutting, and disking was used to replace emergent vegetation with submergents to increase waterfowl use. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 322 AUTHOR: Geller, M.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1972 TITLE: Phragmites: life preserver of the salt marsh SOURCE: Underwater Nat. 7(3):4-11. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses the general ecology of Phragmites communis in salt marshes. Undisturbed marshes contain little or no Phragmites; however, the plant is commonly found on disturbed sites. Phragmites has been found to purify water degraded by contaminants such as phosphates and oil. The plant can tolerate higher levels of effluents than the classic marsh grasses (Spartina spp.). The author argues that Phragmites marshes can support a great diversity of animal life and serve as erosion control until water quality improves enough to permit growth of the classic marsh grasses. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 323 AUTHOR: George, D.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Lagoon restoration at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida SOURCE: Pages 84-101 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E2-SS3 RESPONSE: SHOREB, FISH, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: RHIZOPHORA, SPARTINA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A lagoon along the North Banana River, FL, was the site of a pilot project to assess effects of estuarine tidal flushing on impounded areas. The objective was to restore mangrove lagoon and tidal marsh characteristics. Existing culverts were opened. Subsequent tidal flushing resulted in the return of several resident species of fish and wildlife. Various water quality chemical parameters were recorded before and after flushing. Although this mangrove/ salt marsh ecosystem cannot be restored to its full natural state, it apparently can be restored to the point of being ecologically productive. The importance of lagoon productivity to the estuarine and riverine food chains is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1189 AUTHOR: Gerritsen, J., and H.S. Greening PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Marsh seed banks of the Okefenokee Swamp: effect of hydrologic regime and nutrients SOURCE: Ecology 70(3):750-763. STATE: GA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, HYDRO ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-..., PO-UB4, PO-ML1 RESPONSE: HYDRO, VEG, CHEM PGENUS: NYMPHAEA, ERIOCAULON, ORONTIUM, RHYNCHOSPORA, ELEOCHARIS, IRIS, LACHNANTHES, NYMPHOIDES, PANICUM, PELTANDRA, PONTEDERIA, UTRICULARIA, XYRIS, SPHAGNUM, CAREX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a study of the effects of 3 hydrologic regimes and 4 sets of nutrient conditions on seed germination from seed banks of a deep macrophyte marsh and a shallow sedge marsh in the Okefenokee Swamp, GA. Relationships among drawdown, inorganic nutrient availability, and seedling growth are described. Greenhouse experiments examined germination in both marsh types; seedling growth, flowering, plant N and P content, dissolved nutrients, and sediment P and N. Marsh plant growth was limited by nitrogen during drawdown; several species were limited by phosphorus during inundation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 324 AUTHOR: Gersberg, R.M., R. Brenner, S.R. Lyon, and B.V. Elkins PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Survival of bacteria and viruses in municipal wastewaters applied to artificial wetlands SOURCE: Pages 237-245 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publ., Orlando, FL. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses survival of indigenous total coliform bacteria and seeded MS-2 bacteriophage in artificial wetlands receiving primary municipal wastewaters from Santee, CA. At the hydraulic application rate of 5 cm/day, the mean effluent total coliform level was reduced 99.1% in the effluent of a 18.5 m by 3.5 m (0.76 m deep) bulrush bed and 95.7% in the effluent of an unvegetated bed. Concentrations of MS-2 bacteriophage was reduced 98.3% in the vegetated bed. Results indicated that artificial wetlands may serve as low-cost alternatives to conventional treatment systems for reducing the load of disease-causing bacteria and viruses in the aquatic environment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 326 AUTHOR: Gersberg, R.M., B.V. Elkins, and C.R. Goldman PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Nitrogen removal in artificial wetlands SOURCE: Water Res. 17(9):1009-1014. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: SCIRPUS, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the use of artificial wetlands for removal of nitrate from secondary wastewater effluent at high application rates. The nitrified effluent was provided by an existing treatment plant--the Santee Water Reclamation Facility of the Padre Dam Municipal Water District, Santee, CA. Removal of nitrogen, BOD, suspended solids, orthophosphates, and total phosphorus is described in detail and compared among mulched and nonmulched vegetated beds, and nonmulched, nonvegetated beds. The system described has proven to be successful; other similar systems are compared. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 325 AUTHOR: Gersberg, R.M., B.V. Elkins, and C.R. Goldman PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Wastewater treatment by artificial wetlands SOURCE: Water Sci. Technol. 17(4/5):443-450. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB1 RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of the use of 4 artificial wetland beds at the Santee Water Reclamation Facility, Santee, CA, for treatment of municipal wastewaters. Both secondary and advanced treatment were accomplished. At an application rate of 6 cm/day, 16 acres of constructed wetlands were required to treat 3,785 m3 of primary wastewater to secondary treatment levels. Detailed information on BOD, suspended solids removal, and nutrient removal is provided. Cost data indicate that artificial wetlands are competitive with other treatment technologies used by small or medium communities. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 327 AUTHOR: Gersberg, R.M., B.V. Elkins, S.R. Lyon, and C.R. Goldman PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Role of aquatic plants in wastewater treatment by artificial wetlands SOURCE: Water Res. 20(3):363-368. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The report describes the results of studies at the Santee Water Reclamation Facility, Santee, CA, to assess the roles of Scirpus validus, Phragmites communis, and Typha latifolia (in artificial wetland systems) in the removal of nitrogen, BOD, and total suspended solids from primary wastewaters. Bulrush and reed beds exhibited high efficiency in removal of ammonia-N and BOD. Based on study results, an estimated 20 acres of artificial wetlands would be required to effectively treat 1 million gallons of effluent per day at a significantly lower cost than conventional secondary treatment processes. The role of wetland plants in performing integrated secondary and advanced municipal wastewater treatment is described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1247 AUTHOR: Gersberg, R.M., S.R. Lyon, R. Brenner, and B.V. Elkins PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Integrated wastewater treatment using artificial wetlands: a gravel marsh case study SOURCE: Pages 145-152 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A Scirpus dominated artificial wetland system (gravel substrate) was constructed in Santee, San Diego Co., CA to determine whether such systems could be used to treat primary effluent and to decrease nitrogen and total coliform bacteria to acceptable levels. Between October 1983-August 1984 cells supplied with 5 m/day primary effluent reduced BOD5 and suspended solids an average of 90%. BOD5 levels exceeded 30 mg/l in late winter but again dropped below 10 mg/l within a month. Ammonia N removal was monitored for cells dominated by Scirpus, Juncus, or Typha or for cells left unvegetated. Removal rates were highest (96%) for Scirpus cells and lowest (69%) for unvegetated cells. Total coliform bacteria removal averaged 97% from November 1984- June 1985. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 328 AUTHOR: Getter, C.D., G. Cintron, B. Dicks, R.R. Lewis, III, and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The recovery and restoration of salt marshes and mangroves following an oil spill SOURCE: Pages 65-113 in J. Cairns, Jr. and A. Buikema, Jr., eds. Restoration of habitats impacted by oil spills. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, SPARTINA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of effects of oil on marine wetlands and an evaluation of restoration attempts. Salicornia and related species were less resistant to oil spills, whereas Juncus and Spartina were more resistant. In general, perennial plants with large root systems, which enabled them to grow back following oil spills, were the most resistant. Results of the author's studies showed that natural revegetation was limited and restoration was necessary. Planting should be delayed until the spring after the spill. Methods and techniques (with specific quantitative information on plant growth responses) relating to creating and restoring areas impacted by oil spills are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1185 AUTHOR: Giessman, N.F., D.E. Wesley, and R.K. Baskett PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Cooperative restoration of a riverine wetland in Missouri SOURCE: Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:386-390. STATE: MO STUDY TYPE: CASE, PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-AB., PO-EM., RIPARIAN RESPONSE: WFOWL, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the restoration of the Grand Pass Wildlife Area on the Missouri River in west central MO. The area had formerly been drained and converted to cropland. A complex of water-control structures will provide about 500 acres of seasonally flooded wetlands in 10 separate units. Some of these units will have multiple drainages that will allow extensive water level manipulation. Three different water level management regimes will be implemented; each treatment will be rotated annually to a different set of pools. Development of funding sources is also discussed as part of a cooperative effort involving Ducks Unlimited, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Missouri Department of Conservation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 329 AUTHOR: Gifford, C.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Use of floating tire breakwater to induce growth of high marsh and foredune plants along a shoreline SOURCE: Pages 136-148 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings fifth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: STABIL WETLAND TYPE: M2-US2, M2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA, RUPPIA, THALASSIA, DISTICHLIS, IVA, PANICUM, JUNCUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A floating tire breakwater was put in place on the north shore of Santa Rosa Island, Pensacola Beach, Escambia County, FL, to control shoreline erosion. Consequently, unexpected volunteer plant growth occurred along the shoreline. The breakwater created conditions where active movement allowed the deposition of sand and organic detritus. Iva and Spartina were successful colonizers in this area. Salinity, conductivity, and groundwater temperature were measured. Rumex, Panicum, Distichlis, Sesuvium, Solidago, Helianthum, and other plants were found along the crest of the berm. In the high beach area, only Distichlis was successful. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 330 AUTHOR: Gilbert, T., T. King, and B. Barnett PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: An assessment of wetland habitat establishment at a central Florida phosphate mine site SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-81/38. 96 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-SS. RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: PANICUM, STILLINGIA, TYPHA, ECHINOCHLOA, PLUCHEA, POLYGONUM, ASTER, EUPATORIUM, SALVINIA, ECLIPTA, JUNCUS, LUDWIGIA, ALTERNANTHERA, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, SALIX, DIGITARIA, PISTIA, BACOPA, ELEOCHARIS, CYNODON, SIDA, AESCHYNOMENE, ELEUSINE, COMMELINA, BACCHARIS, PASPALUM, IMPERATA, AMPELOPSIS, ARISTIDA, AMBROSIA, RUBUS, DESMODIUM, SESBANIA, INDIGOFERA, URENA, ANDROPOGON, CYPERUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report examines wetland restoration efforts over a 3 year period on a phosphate mine adjacent to Peace River, west central FL. Tables provide analysis results of soil chemical data, inundation values, rainfall, water quality parameters, and relative abundance of plants, reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals, and benthic macroinvertebrates. Test plantings were made using various marsh and upland plant species. Survival rates in the lower emergent, upper emergent, and lower transition zones are reported. The optimum conditions for reclamation occurred in the lower emergent areas. Restoration considerations and wetland habitat planning objectives are included. KEYWORDS: assessment/wetlands/wetland habitat/habitat/central Florida/ Florida/restoration/soils/values/waterquality/reptiles/ amphibians/birds/mammals/macroinvertebrates/marshes/upland plants/phosphate mine site/soil/inundation/plants/reclamation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 331 AUTHOR: Gilbert, T., T. King, B. Barnett, J.N. Allen, and R.S. Hearon PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Wetlands reclamation technology development and demonstration for Florida phosphate mining SOURCE: Pages 87-101 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-FO1, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL PGENUS: SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, JUNCUS, PINUS, JUNIPERUS, TAXODIUM, CATALPA, POPULUS, PLATANUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, NYSSA, ACER, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses the restoration of wetland habitat for fish and wildlife on phosphate mined lands in Polk and Hillsborough Counties, FL. Techniques for establishing freshwater wetland habitat are discussed. Planting techniques include transplanting local trees and freshwater marsh plants, planting bare-root nursery seedlings, and direct seeding. Natural plant succession will be documented. Vegetation survival and growth, plant succession trends, hydrology, aquatic community development, effects of aquatic communities on water quality, and wildlife use trends are included in the test site monitoring program. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 332 AUTHOR: Gilbert, T., T. King, and L. Hord PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: An assessment of wetlands establishment techniques at a Florida phosphate mine site SOURCE: Pages 245-263 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL, SOIL, HYDRO, VEG, MAMMALS, INVERT, FISH, REPT, AMPHIB, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, WFOWL PGENUS: SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, JUNCUS, TAXODIUM, ACER, FRAXINUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, NYSSA, CATALPA, POPULUS, PLATANUS, QUERCUS, PINUS, ALTERNANTHERA, CEPHALANTHUS, CYPERUS, EICHHORNIA, FIMBRISTYLIS, HYDROCOTYLE, LEMNA, LUDWIGIA, LINDERNIA, NAJAS, PASPALUM, PISTIA, POLYGONUM, SACCIOLEPIS, SALIX, SCIRPUS, THALIA, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents the first year monitoring results for a 3 year project evaluating wetland creation techniques on a phosphate-mined site near Bartow in central FL. Plantings of herbaceous freshwater marsh plant species and tree seedlings (especially bald cypress, red maple, and sweet gum) had high survival rates. Plant invasion was rapid. Soil data, water quality, and hydrology are discussed. Aquatic systems developed rapidly and included abundant fish, amphibians, and aquatic insects and other invertebrates. Wildlife use of the site was high--observations included 8 species of fish, 15 species of reptiles and amphibians, 73 species of birds, and 12 species of mammals. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 334 AUTHOR: Gilio, J.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Design and attainment of water quality and chemical free maintenance through ecological balance in a man-made condominium lake in south Florida SOURCE: Pages 93-107 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL ACTION: STOCK, PLANT, FERT, BIOCIDE, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: CHEM, FISH, INVERT, WQUAL, VEG, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SUCCESS PGENUS: VALLISNERIA, SAGITTARIA, CLADIUM, SPARTINA, CYPERUS, TYPHA, BACOPA, NUPHAR, NYMPHAEA, PANICUM, LUDWIGIA, ALTERNANTHERA, HYDROCOTYLE, SPIROGYRA, NAJAS, PITHOPHORA, HYDRODICTYON, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A manmade retention lake in a residential community was planted with native vegetation. Tapegrass grew rapidly throughout the littoral zone, stabilizing and trapping sediment, and was positively correlated with increased water clarity. A number of fish species were established through stocking and natural flooding. A recreational fishery is now maintained. Manual maintenance has been reduced and no chemical control has been needed for 2 years due to establishment of biocontrols in the lake system. During this time the lake has shifted from eutrophic to oligo-mesotrophic. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 333 AUTHOR: Gilio, J.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Conversion of an impacted freshwater wet prairie into a functional aesthetic marshland SOURCE: Pages 94-111 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SOIL, STOCK, BIOCIDE, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, CLADIUM, NYMPHAEA, SPARTINA, ACER, BACOPA, ELEOCHARIS, FIMBRISTYLIS, XYRIS, MYRICA, JUNCUS, HABENARIA, AZOLLA, SPIROGYRA, LEMNA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the process of converting a drowned wet prairie into a biologically diverse, aesthetically pleasing marsh. The site is in Palm City, Martin County, FL. Removal of undesirable plants was followed by extensively transplanting a variety of marsh plants. Several mallards were introduced for biological control of Lemna and Spirogyra. After marsh restoration, aquatic bird use increased, including use by species of special concern in FL (little blue heron, snowy egret) and the federally endangered wood stork. Estimates of man-hours required for marsh maintenance also are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 335 AUTHOR: Gilmore, R.G., D.W. Cooke, and C.J. Donohoe PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: A comparison of the fish populations and habitat in open and closed salt marsh impoundments in east-central Florida SOURCE: Northeast Gulf Sci. 5(2):25-37. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-UB3, E2-EM1, E2-SS3, E2-AB3, E2-FO3 RESPONSE: FISH, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: BATIS, SALICORNIA, RUPPIA, AVICENNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study comparing vegetation and fish populations associated with 2 salt marsh impoundments along the Indian River Lagoon, FL. The marsh impoundment closed to tidal influence contained 12 fish species. Water temperature varied from 14-34 degrees C, salinity from 2.0-200 ppt, and dissolved oxygen from 1.2-14.2 ppm. The impoundment reopened to tidal influence (using an 80 cm diameter culvert) contained 41 fish species. Temperatures varied from 13.5-30 Degrees C, salinity from 25-38 ppt, and dissolved oxygen from 2.2-7.5 ppm. Extensive regrowth of black and red mangroves, saltwort, and glasswort occurred on the reopened impoundment. KEYWORDS: comparison/fishes/fish populations/habitat/salt marshes/marshes/ impoundments/food web support/vegetation/losses/Florida/open salt marsh impoundments/closed salt marsh impoundments/east-central Florida/ichthyofauna/fauna =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1039 AUTHOR: Girts, M.A., and R.L.P. Kleinmann PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Constructing wetlands for treatment of mine water SOURCE: Soc. Mining Eng. Fall Meeting, St. Louis, MO, Unpubl. Pap. 23 pp. STATE: OH, WV, PA, MD, AL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-ML1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: SPHAGNUM, TYPHA, EQUISETUM, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of constructing wetlands for treating mine water in the eastern U.S. Full-scale field tests initiated at 25 mine sites during 1984-1985 indicated that water quality can be upgraded to meet discharge standards with relatively minor maintenance requirements for constructed wetlands treating small flows of acid mine water. Metals are removed by wetland vegetation (primarily sphagnum moss) and indigenous bacteria. Iron concentrations of 25-85 mg/l in influent water fall to less than 2 mg/l during flow through small wetlands. Manganese is removed less efficiently. Flow over limestone at the discharge raises pH. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1384 AUTHOR: Girts, M.A. and R.L.P. Kleinmann PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Constructed wetlands for treatment of acid mine drainage: a preliminary review SOURCE: Pages 165-171 in D.H. Graves, ed. Symposium on mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: HYDRO, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: CHEM, PLANT, WQUAL PGENUS: SPHAGNUM, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents a survey of 20 constructed wetlands built prior to 1986 to determine the effect of alternative designs and water conditions on treatment efficiency. Cattails were planted at all of the wetland sites and Sphagnum moss at half the sites. Wetlands planted with Sphagnum showed a decrease in pH during the winter months even though metal removal continued. A major problem of the surveyed wetlands were associated with high flow such as breaching of banks, regulation of water depth, and channelization. Hydrogen and iron ion removal efficiencies ranged from 80-96%, acidity showed a decrease from 68-76%, and manganese and sulfate were reduced 22-50%. Construction costs ranged from $1,500 to $65,000 with low annual maintenance costs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1040 AUTHOR: Glass, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Rebirth of a river SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 5(1):6-14. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, R2-... RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PISTIA, EICHHORNIA, PONTEDERIA, JUNCUS, MYRICA, ACER CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses history of the Kissimmee River Flood Control Project in FL and efforts to restore the river. Between 1964 and 1971, the Corps of Engineers reduced the 160 km river channel to a 78 km canal. The result was a reduction of flood damage in the lower basin and replacement of marshes and wetlands with dry plains. Consequently, populations of bald eagles, alligators, waterfowl, and other wetland species declined drastically. Restoration of the Kissimmee will include annual pool fluctuations to reestablish former floodplain wetlands, sheet pile weirs to divert water into oxbows, installation of culverts and construction of berms at several locations to create a flowthrough marsh, and dike removal. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 336 AUTHOR: Glazier, R.C., R.W. Nelson, and W.J. Logan PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Planning for mine cut lakes SOURCE: Pages 533-540 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1981 symposium on surface mining hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-... RESPONSE: ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses some concepts and principles useful in developing mine cuts into valuable permanent water impoundments. The costs of providing lake and surrounding watershed features as a feasible postmining land use are a fraction of the backfilling costs necessary to restore premining topography and land use. Many design features can be provided at a reasonable cost to ensure future design of mine-cut lakes for fish and wildlife habitat, recreation, water supply, and allied purposes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 337 AUTHOR: Gleason, M.L., D.A. Elmer, N.C. Pien, and J.S. Fisher PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Effects of stem density upon sediment retention by salt marsh cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel SOURCE: Estuaries 2(4):271-273. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses a laboratory experiment conducted to determine whether retention of waterborne sand by salt marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is directly related to the number of stems per unit area. Plant densities of 27, 54, and 108 stems/m2 were tested on 3% and 6% slopes subjected to 60 waves (6-10 cm high). The amount of accretion appeared to be a positive nonlinear function of stem density. With increasing stem density, the peak of the berm became more pronounced and located further downslope. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 338 AUTHOR: Glue, D.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1970 TITLE: Changes in the bird community of a Hampshire gravel pit 1963-68 SOURCE: Bird Stud. 17:15-27. STATE: ENGLAND STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-US1, PO-UB1 RESPONSE: WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG PGENUS: SALIX, ANTHEMIS, PAPAVER, FUMARIA, SINAPSIS, POLYGONUM, TRIFOLIUM, JUNCUS, HEDERA, PHRAGMITES, CAREX, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, POPULUS, ULMUS, RUBUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of annual breeding bird surveys at the Hampshire Gravel Pit, Great Britain, and discusses the probable factors influencing population changes during 1963-1968. The 100 acre gravel pit was bulldozed and plant succession progressed from bare ground with shallow pools in 1962, to wet and dry grassland, to willow dominance with little standing water, to a mixed immature willow woodland at the end of the study. The bare gravel habitat is a transient stage and requires regular willow clearing to maintain bare ground nesting birds (e.g., plovers, lapwings). Dry and wet grasslands support a comparatively sparse bird community, but this can be increased by raising the water level and, consequently, the spread of Salix, Juncus, and Carex. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 339 AUTHOR: Goforth, H.W., and T.J. Peeling PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Intertidal and subtidal eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) transplant studies in San Diego Bay, California SOURCE: Pages 327-356 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E1-UB2, E2-UB2, E2-UB3, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, ECON PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes several Zostera marina planting projects in San Diego Bay, CA. The first study (1976) satisfied a mitigation requirement. The subtidal transplant operation used the plug method and biodegradable fiber pots. The second transplant project (1978), also a mitigation project, established 4 acres of Zostera on dredged material in subtidal and intertidal areas. Estimates of manpower requirements and material costs are provided. Transplant survival was affected by plug size, site selection (water depth and sediment characteristics), and the use of biodegradable fiber pots (which effectively doubled transplant survival). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 340 AUTHOR: Goforth, H.W., and J.R. Thomas PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Plantings of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle L.) for stabilization of marl shorelines in the Florida Keys SOURCE: Pages 207-230 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3 RESPONSE: SOIL, VEG, ECON PGENUS: RHIZOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study explores the planting of mangroves as a superior alternative to traditional construction for shoreline stabilization. Red mangroves were planted along marl shoreline at Key West, FL. After 23 months, survival rates were: 1) 45% for propagules; 2) 48% for seedlings; and 3) 98% for small trees (2-3 years old). Degree of exposure to erosion or burial was a significant determinant for seedling survival. The use of a power auger to bore holes and the application of seagrass wrack as mulch was an effective and economical combination. The total cost of transplanting 142 mangroves was $470, which was cost effective compared to nonbiological alternatives (riprap, seawalls). Peat offered little advantage over seagrass wrack in terms of transplant survival and growth. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 341 AUTHOR: Goforth, H.W., and M. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Survival and growth of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle L.) planted upon marl shorelines in the Florida Keys SOURCE: Pages 130-148 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: SPOIL, PLANT, SOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: RHIZOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The purpose of this study was to test the effects of tidal height, degree of exposure to erosion, and organic additions (Sphagnum peat and seagrass detritus) to marl substrate on the growth of red mangrove transplants. Planting sites (including controls) were located on stock island in the Florida Keys; 126 red mangroves were planted in 3 developmental stages. After 5 years, plant survival rates on exposed shores, protected shores, and partially protected shores were 0%, 64%, and 43%, respectively, for propagules; 0%, 43%, and 64%, respectively, for seedlings; and 79%, 75%, and 94%, respectively, for small trees. Success of mangrove establishment on marl shorelines was attributed to the: 1) use of a power auger to loosen substrate; 2) addition of organic materials to augment nutrient supply; and 3) use of stakes for anchoring transplants. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 342 AUTHOR: Goldley, J.S., and R.J. Callahan PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Creation of wetlands in a xeric community SOURCE: Pages 112-129 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: AMPHIB, VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: PINUS, QUERCUS, MYRICA, JUNIPERUS, PARKINSONIA, PRUNUS, LYONIA, ILEX, BACCHARIS, HAMELIA, GARBERIA, CERATIOLA, SERENOA, YUCCA, ERYTHRINA, LANTANA, CALLICARPA, VIBURNUM, ZAMIA, HELIANTHUS, RUBUS, OPUNTIA, TEPHROSIA, VACCINIUM, ELEPHANTOPUS, PASSIFLORA, PILOBLEPHIS, PHOEBANTHUS, BERLANDIERA, TAXODIUM, ACER, SABAL, ILEX, MAGNOLIA, SALIX, PONTEDERIA, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, NUPHAR, IRIS, SAGITTARIA, CLADIUM, NYMPHAEA, TRADESCANTIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the creation of wetlands for stormwater retention near Hudson in Pasco County, FL. The site consisted of well-drained sandhills; a clay liner was spread over the bottom of wetland depressions for water retention. The clay was covered with organic soils and planted with native wetland and upland species. Over 8,000 plants of 48 species were planted. Most were transplants from nearby areas. Survival of the 15 wetland species varied from 71-100%. High survival was attributed to adequate water-retention of the clay layer, addition of the organic (peat-much) soil layer, planting of herbaceous plants on the same day they were dug up, transplanting of entire plants rather than plugs, and starting trees in containers before transplanting. One major problem was stabilization of water levels at the center of the marsh areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 343 AUTHOR: Goldner, B.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian restoration efforts associated with structurally modified flood control channels SOURCE: Pages 445-451 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS., PO-FO., R2-..., R1-..., E2-EM1, RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: QUERCUS, POPULUS, PLATANUS, RUBUS, SALICORNIA, ALNUS, SCIRPUS, COTULA, RHUS, CAREX, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reviews revegetation projects along streams and rivers in the semiarid Santa Clara Valley, north of Monterey Bay, CA. Plant selection was based on drought tolerance and compatibility with flood control channel environment. Nursery plants in peat- pots and a mixture of annual and perennial flowers were planted and hydroseeded. Projects were evaluated by determining percent seed germination and growth of weeds. Planting site preparation, the irrigation system, and maintenance requirements are discussed. Recommendations include: 1) installing a fixed irrigation system, 2) using root cuttings for plant establishment; 3) implementing a weed management program; and 4) protecting sites from vandalism. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 344 AUTHOR: Goldstein, A.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Utilization of a recreated freshwater marsh for detention and reduction of nutrients in rural nonpoint source runoff SOURCE: Pages 194-211 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A previously drained and channelized backwater marsh in the Kissimmee River Basin, FL, was reconstructed. The recreated marsh was used as a demonstration of the effectiveness of such a system in the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural runoff. The marsh experienced low to moderate flows during the 9-month study. A net reduction in nutrient load to receiving waters was measured. Net uptake (removal) efficiency of the marsh was 54% for nitrogen and 69% for phosphorus. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 345 AUTHOR: Golet, F.C. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Critical issues in wetland mitigation: a scientific perspective SOURCE: Natl. Wetlands Newsletter 8(5):3-6. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., E.-..., M.-..., PO-..., R.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses critical wetland mitigation concepts and issues as they relate to regulatory agency decision making. Important points include: 1) mitigation should be limited to reducing or compensating for unavoidable wetland impacts or losses; 2) criteria for selecting the best mitigation plan should address restoration of wetland functions and values; 3) both short and long term results of mitigation efforts are uncertain--therefore success is uncertain; 4) mitigation should serve to restore specific wetland functions and values, not to substitute alternative functions and values; and 5) wetland evaluation methods should be used with caution. A regulatory agency philosophy for mitigation is proposed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 346 AUTHOR: Gonor, J.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: An evaluation of the ecological basis of mitigation requirements in Oregon statewide estuarine resources planning SOURCE: Pages 93-102 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes mitigation requirements for protecting estuarine resources in OR. Priorities in these guidelines include: 1) restoration of replacement sites in close proximity to the altered site; 2) restoration of sites elsewhere in the estuary; and 3) restoration of areas or resources made scarce by past removals and not necessarily having the same ecological qualities as those lost at the site being developed. A set of ecological specifications and standards for mitigation site identification and assessment is described. An area-submergence time method for equalizing unlike areas in tideland mitigation and methods for predicting the outcome and evaluating the adequacy of mitigation restoration actions are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1225 AUTHOR: Good, B. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Coastal vegetation program of the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources SOURCE: Pages 91-105 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, EROSION ACTION: PLANT, SEED, STABIL, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO2, PO-EM1, E2-EM1.3 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, SOIL, ECON, HYDRO PGENUS: SPARTINA, ZIZANIOPSIS, TAXODIUM, SCIRPUS, EICHHORNIA, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Wetland restoration projects (in Cameron, Vermilion, Terrebonne, LaFourche, Plaquemines, Tangipahoa, St. Tammany, and St. Charles Parishes) funded by Louisiana's Coastal Vegetation Program are briefly described. A technique for planting Spartina in high wave energy areas is presented. Hydroseeding (Spartina) was used in a brackish marsh. Fencing was used to dampen wave energy and prevent damage from nutria and water-borne matter (e.g., rafts of water hyacinth). The annual loss of coastal wetlands costs the state an estimated $44-100 million (about $1,300-4,000 per 0.4 ha) based on commercial fish/wildlife, recreation, real estate, and reduction in storm damage values. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1458 AUTHOR: Good, B. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Louisiana's wetlands: combatting erosion and revitalizing native ecosystems SOURCE: Restoration and Management Notes 11(2):125-133. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION, HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E.-... RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This overview discusses efforts undertaken to assess and restore Louisiana's coastal wetlands. State and federal legislation to appropriate funds towards wetland projects is reviewed. Restoration project strategies are categorized by the author as 1) amelioration of alterations to historical hydrologic conditions, 2) shoreline erosion reduction, and 3) fetch reduction. Freshwater riverine diversions into the Breton Sound and Barataria estuaries are expected to increase the amount of entering sediments and nutrients, and re-establish former salinity patterns. Crevasse-splay projects have created 266 ha of emergent marsh in the Mississippi River Delta over 7 years. Eighty breakwater structures have been constructed since 1991 to protect and enhance 10.9 km of shoreline. Island construction and planting has increased the life expectancy of barrier islands and revetments combined with planting have been successful in channel-bank stabilization. Finally, fetch reduction has been accomplished through the use of brush fences and terracing. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1315 AUTHOR: Good, J.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Mitigating estuarine development impacts in the Pacific Northwest: from concepts to practice SOURCE: The Northwest Environmental Journal 3(1):93-112. STATE: OR, WA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: E1-..., E2-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of estuarine mitigation in the Pacific Northwest, in addition to summarizing individual projects in Oregon and Washington. Goals and strategies of the projects are briefly discussed as well as regional goals and estuary-wide mitigation. Finally, the article includes suggestions for improving estuarine mitigation and monitoring technology. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 347 AUTHOR: Gordon, T.U. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Local commitment to lake restoration: the Cobbossee Watershed example SOURCE: Pages 4-9 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters: international symposium on inland waters and lake restoration. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA 440/5-81-010. STATE: ME STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: ANABAENA, APHANIZOMENON CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the Cobbossee Watershed District's program for lake restoration and protection within their 622 km2 watershed of the Kennebec River Basin, 80 km north of Portland, ME. The district has integrated federal, state, local, and private resources to restore eutrophic lakes. The primary objective has been restoration of the 575 ha Annabessacook Lake impacted by agricultural, municipal, industrial, and residential wastes. A cost-sharing program was established to construct agricultural waste management facilities; a hypolimnetic application of aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate was used on the lake for nutrient inactivation. Follow-up monitoring of the lake has found significant reductions in phosphorus and chlorophyll and improvements in visibility. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 348 AUTHOR: Gore, J.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Patterns of initial benthic recolonization of a reclaimed coal strip-mined river channel SOURCE: Can. J. Zool. 57:2429-2439. STATE: WY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R3-... RESPONSE: INVERT PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of benthic macroinvertebrates in a reclaimed channel of the Tongue River at the Big Horn Mine, Sheridan, WY. The new channel was cut and graded; new topsoil was spread on embankments, hydromulched with grasses and legumes, and planted with riparian trees and shrubs. Several theories of macroinvertebrate recolonization were tested. Six sampling stations were established upstream, downstream, and within the new channel. Results indicated that the development of a typical macroinvertebrate community (i.e., similar to that of an undisturbed area) is predictable, based on time and distance from upstream source areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 349 AUTHOR: Gore, J.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Mechanisms of colonization and habitat enhancement for benthic macroinvertebrates in restored river channels SOURCE: Pages 81-101 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes techniques for restoration of river channel habitat for benthic macroinvertebrates. Background information includes: 1) benthic macroinvertebrate dispersal through drift, upstream migration, movement within the substrate, and colonization by ovipositing aquatic insects; 2) measurement of invertebrate habitat requirements; and 3) prediction of rates and trends of stable community formation. Several procedures for habitat enhancement are described: 1) placement of substrate similar to that of an undisturbed area; 2) placement of structures to control sediment load and maintain productive riffles; 3) monitoring of benthic recolonization; and 4) comparisons between undisturbed source communities and restored areas to determine restoration success. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 352 AUTHOR: Gore, J.A., and L.S. Johnson PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Biotic recovery of a reclaimed river channel after coal strip mining SOURCE: Pages 239-244 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65. STATE: WY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R3-UB1, R3-UB., R2-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses biotic recovery of a newly constructed channel of the Tongue River in the coal mine region of north central WY. The channel had been reclaimed with layers of gravel and cobble, pine snags, bouldered riprap, and rubble piles. Banks were hydromulched and planted with various grasses, trees, and shrubs. Gamefish were transplanted from a previously mined pit. Stream invertebrates recolonized the site within 70 days. Fish community stability is expected to be attained within 1-2 years. The snag areas provided the best cover for fish colonizers during initial flow in the new channel. Stocking of game fish was not very successful. The author recommends establishment of a game fishery only after a resident forage fish community has been established. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 350 AUTHOR: Gore, J.A., and L.S. Johnson PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Observations on the initial biotic recolonization of a reclaimed channel of the Tongue River in Wyoming SOURCE: Univ. Wyoming, Water Resour. Res. Inst., Laramie, Water Resour. Ser. No. 74. 55 pp. STATE: WY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R3-UB1, PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG PGENUS: PRUNUS, FRAXINUS, POPULUS, SALIX, AGROPYRON, BROMUS, ASTRAGALUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses recolonization of a reclaimed channel of the Tongue River in the coal mining region of northeastern WY. The channel was cut and graded to its approximate premining configuration and gradient. Grasses, trees, and shrubs were planted on the banks. Riprap was used to further stabilize banks. Boulders and snags were placed in the stream to provide pooling and cover for potential fish colonizers. Trout, bass, and forage fish were transplanted from nearby pits. Aquatic macroinvertebrate densities reached maximums in about 40 days and were similar to adjacent undisturbed areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 353 AUTHOR: Gore, J.A., and L.S. Johnson PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Establishment of biotic and hydrologic stability in a reclaimed coal strip mined river channel SOURCE: Univ. Wyoming, Industrial Fund, Laramie. 134 pp. STATE: WY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB1, R.-..., R3-UB1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, HYDRO, SOIL, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the analysis of a coal strip mine-reclaimed channel of the Tongue River, Big Horn Mine, Sheridan, WY, in terms of: 1) recovery of benthic invertebrates; 2) fish communities; 3) substrate characteristics; and 4) erosion and suspended sediment load. Snags and habitat created by placement of large boulders in the channel were used by fish, although stable fish communities were not present. A stable macroinvertebrate community, mainly established via drift, was formed after 300 days. A pool area at the downstream end of the reclaimed channel is expected to control increased sediment loads until the planted embankment vegetation has a chance to mature. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 351 AUTHOR: Gore, J.A., and L.S. Johnson PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Strip-mined river restoration SOURCE: Water Spectrum 13:31-38. STATE: WY STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R2-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the restoration of a portion of the Tongue River Channel at Big Horn Mine near Sheridan, WY. Meander pattern restoration, bank stabilization, substrate, and revegetation are discussed. The establishment of cover for fish included placement of rock wings and snags (trees) and pool construction. Up to 95% of the initial colonization of new habitat by aquatic macroinvertebrates was by drift from established upstream communities. Maintenance of undisturbed upstream communities is an integral part of the restoration effort. Construction of a deep pool at the downstream end of the reclaimed channel is recommended to control increased suspended particulate load and serve as a high-productivity fishery area. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 354 AUTHOR: Gosselink, J.G., R.J. Reimold, J.L. Gallagher, H.L. Windom, and E.P. Odum PUBL. YEAR: 1972 TITLE: Spoil disposal problems for highway construction through marshes SOURCE: Univ. Georgia, Inst. Ecol., Athens. 57 pp. STATE: GA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-..., R.-..., PO-EM1, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: JUNCUS, SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, DISTICHLIS, RUMEX, MYRICA, FIMBRISTYLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report covers ecological and economic considerations for spoil disposal techniques in coastal marshes of GA. Turbidity, BOD, acidity, and heavy metal concentrations are considered in short- term disposal and construction actions. Side-casting was the preferred method resulting in little runoff. Revegetation recommendations are: 1) use side-casting; 2) level and secure dikes to prevent runoff; and 3) add limestone in areas of high salinity. Specific costs and potential annual values of GA marshes are included in an appendix. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 355 AUTHOR: Gottfried, P.K. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Environmental design guidelines for manmade lakes in Florida SOURCE: Pages 135-143 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: L2-..., L2-EM2, L2-US. RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: HYMENOCALLIS, IRIS, CANNA, DICHROMENA, ASTER, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, ORONTIUM, NUPHAR, PONTEDERIA, NYMPHAEA, PANICUM, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, LYONIA, MYRICA, QUERCUS, MAGNOLIA, CELTIS, CARYA, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, ILEX, SABAL, GORDONIA, FRAXINUS, NYSSA, TAXODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This overview of techniques for creating manmade lakes in FL includes guidelines for measurement of physical parameters, design and construction, and revegetation. The goals are: 1) to create multipurpose lakes for stormwater retention, fish and wildlife habitat, water quality improvement, aesthetics, and recreation; and 2) to mitigate the loss of natural habitat in other areas. Recommendations include: 1) maximum water depth of 10-20 ft; 2) side slopes of 6:1 horizontal to vertical; 3) shoreline development index greater than 1.2; 4) application of hydric soils around the lake; and 5) use of native species for plantings. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 356 AUTHOR: Grabowicz, G.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Regulatory requirements for construction and use of wetlands on mined lands in Pennsylvania SOURCE: Pages 185-190 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds. Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour., University Park. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reviews regulatory requirements for construction of wetlands on mining sites in PA. Applicants must provide reclamation and revegetation details in 3 general categories: informational requirements; engineering and design standards; and performance standards for ponds and impoundments. Information must be provided on minimum and maximum critical flows, water quality, minimum revegetation needs, postmining wildlife habitat, and timetable and cost estimates for each major step of the reclamation process. A plan must be presented to demonstrate the treatment and recharge capacity of the wetland. Specific regulatory requirements are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 357 AUTHOR: Grace, J.B., and R.G. Wetzel PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Habitat partitioning and competitive displacement in cattails (Typha): experimental field studies SOURCE: Am. Nat. 118(4):463-474. STATE: MI STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses habitat partitioning of 2 cattail species in an experimental pond in Kalamazoo County, MI. Transplantation of both species along the gradient in the absence of competitors showed that Typha latifolia was little affected by the presence of T. angustifolia, but T. angustifolia was capable of growing over the entire gradient. The basis for habitat partitioning appears to be a difference in morphology; T. latifolia was prevented from growing in deep water because of the higher cost of producing broader leaves, but was better able to compete for light in shallow water because of its greater leaf surface area. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1329 AUTHOR: Gray, P.N. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Experimental littoral zones in playa lakes as wildlife habitat SOURCE: M.S. thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock. 124pp. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARISON OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, HABITAT ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB1 RESPONSE: INVERTS, SHOREB, WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: In this thesis an experimental playa pit was set up with step-like terraces on one side and a steep slope on the opposite side to study the effects of artificial littoral areas on wetland plants and wildlife. A steep-sided pit was used as a control. The objectives were to determine the biological features of modified playa lakes for both waterfowl and agricultural values and to develop a cost analysis of terracing playa pits for managing waterfowl and wetland habitats. Constructed pits received seeds with the incoming water. Species diversity and biomass also increased with the height of the terrace with an average of 12 species on the top terrace and 5 species on the lowest terrace. Due to water turbidity no submergent vegetation was produced in the control pits where as six of seven terraced pits produced submergent vegetation. Shorebird and waterfowl population and diversity was also greater for the terraced pits. Although terracing is initially expensive (roughly $5,000/pit), there are no maintenance or management costs afterwards. Finally, terracing does not interfere with agricultural activities and would aid in using tailwaters from irrigation more effectively. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1446 AUTHOR: Gray, R.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The wetland reserve program wetland restoration on private lands SOURCE: Pages 425-427 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the 13th annual conference, Society of Wetland Scientists. New Orleans, LA. 990 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) in terms of restoring and protecting wetlands on private lands. Events which resulted in several wetland protection laws and ultimately the WRP are reviewed as well as rules and regulations established under the program. Success of the program is contributed in part to economic incentives provided to landowners for restoring or protecting wetlands on their property. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 358 AUTHOR: Greer, R.B. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: A tree planting trial at Loch Garry (Tayside Region) aimed at habitat improvement for fish SOURCE: Scottish For. 33(1):37-44. STATE: SCOTLAND STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, L.-... RESPONSE: FISH, VEG PGENUS: ACER, ALNUS, SALIX, QUERCUS, SORBUS, POPULUS, BETULA, FRAXINUS, ULMUS, PRUNUS, CRATAEGUS, PINUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents preliminary results of tree plantings to reestablish deciduous woodland on the shore of Loch Garry, Scotland, to provide a source of leaves for aquatic invertebrates and thus improve fish habitat. A spaced group planting method was used to provide a more natural appearance. Deer damage and wind burn affected some trees, but most trees survived. The author discusses general approaches to tree planting for aquatic habitat improvement. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 359 AUTHOR: Gregory, R.W., A.A. Elser, and T. Lenhart PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Utilization of coal mine wastewater for construction of a northern pike spawning/rearing marsh SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-84/03. 44 pp. STATE: MT STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, STOCK, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3 RESPONSE: FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, HUSE, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: AGROPYRON, ONOBRYCHIS, ELEOCHARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes a project conducted from 1977-1981, to examine the use of coal mine wastewater for fish and wildlife habitat enhancement. The project site was in the Tongue River Watershed, adjacent to the Tongue River Reservoir, Big Horn County, southeastern MT. Specific components of the study included: 1) providing suitable habitat for rearing northern pike; 2) evaluating use of that habitat by wildlife (e.g., waterfowl); and 3) assessing water quality parameters of mine wastewater. Despite several difficulties encountered during the study, results indicated that marsh habitat creation using coal mine wastewater can provide suitable habitat for fish and wildlife. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 360 AUTHOR: Groenendijk, A.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Establishment of a Spartina anglica population on a tidal mudflat: a field experiment SOURCE: J. Environ. Manage. 22(1):1-12. STATE: NETHERLANDS STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study from southwest Netherlands describes an experiment to determine the potential of Spartina anglica to expand into upper tidal mudflats to control erosion after the completion of a storm-surge barrier. S. anglica seeds were planted at 5 sites in soil depths of 0.5, 1.5, and 3 cm at elevations of 42, 75, 86, 97, and 110 cm in May, July, September, and November. Seed loss was 98% at 0.5 cm, 38% at 1.5 cm, and 43% at 3 cm. In 2 plots (97 and 110 cm) where Spartina became established, Salicornia procumbens also became established. Previous S. anglica reclamations were made in the 1920's in clay/silt/sand substrate and these stands are the most vigorous. S. anglica planted 10-15 years ago on sandbars and mudflats now cover 18 ha of the original site. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1041 AUTHOR: Gross, F.E., and M.T. Brown PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Guidelines for creation of small stream floodplain ecosystems in north and central Florida SOURCE: Pages 114-132 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., RIPAR, R.-..., R2-... RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: GORDONIA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, LIQUIDAMBAR, QUERCUS, PINUS, ACER, FRAXINUS, ILEX, LYONIA, MYRICA, MAGNOLIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper characterizes 12 first order streams in north and central FL. Two basic stream types with different cross sectional relief were studied: 1) deeply incised streams with narrow floodplains; and 2) wide streams with broad, flat floodplains. Basin parameters of slope, stream length, percent hydric soils, and watershed area were measured. Vegetation types were distributed with respect to stream type and stream reach. Results indicate that general stream morphology, basin characteristics, and vegetation types can be used as guidelines for restoration and creation of small streams. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 361 AUTHOR: Gucinski, H. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: A note on the relation of size to ecological value of some wetlands SOURCE: Estuaries 1(3):151-156. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-..., R1-..., E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a study that evaluated the relationship between wetland size and ecological value on the Mayo Peninsula, western shore of Chesapeake Bay, where geologic/hydrologic characteristics and land use effects were relatively homogeneous. Of 59 marshes in this area, 53 are less than 5 acres and comprise 54% of the total area; 68% of the total upland edge length of the marshes is accounted for by marshes less than 5 acres and 73% of the seaward edge length is associated with these smaller marshes. Several recommendations are listed with respect to the potentially large significance of small marshes, including reasons why they should be afforded greater protection. Caution should be used in applying these data to other geographic areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 362 AUTHOR: Gunn, J.M., and W. Keller PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: In situ manipulation of water chemistry using crushed limestone and observed effects on fish SOURCE: Fisheries 9(1):19-24. STATE: ONTARIO, CANADA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., L2-..., R.-UB1, L2-UB2 RESPONSE: FISH, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the effects of limestone additions on the water chemistry and early life stages of salmonids in acidic lakes and streams near Sudbury, Ontario. Under acutely toxic conditions (pH 4.6, total aluminum > 400 micrograms/l), substrate baskets of crushed limestone (as little as 15 kg) neutralized interstitial water, permitting high survival of incubating eggs and fry. Flow-through filter tanks and stream bed additions neutralized flowing water with similar increases in fish survival. Neutralization was poorest during periods of high flows and ice cover, when stream water had limited contact with limestone. The detrimental effects of aluminum precipitation during neutralization treatment needs further study because of its potential toxicity to fish. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1473 AUTHOR: Guntenspergen, G.R., A.L. Foote, and E.C. Pendleton PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Experiment to determine value of impoundments and hydrologic manipulation in restoration of Louisiana coastal wetlands SOURCE: Restoration and Management Notes 11(1):64-65. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-2M1 RESPONSE: SOIL, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARITNA, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Four pairs of brackish marshes ranging from 49 to 178 ha dominated by Spartina patens and Scirpus olneyi were chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of structural marsh management. One of each pair was enclosed in levees and fitted with a water-control structure to improve substrate conditions for plant growth and the other sites were left alone as controls. Aspects of the physical environment which effect plant productivity are being measured and will continue until 1995. Other short- and long-term aspects of wetland development and use are also being monitored. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1240 AUTHOR: Guzman, H.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica SOURCE: Conserv. Biol. 5(2):189-195. STATE: COSTA RICA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: STOCK WETLAND TYPE: M2-RF1 RESPONSE: INVERTS, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes a coral reef restoration project on the Cano Island Biological Reserve, Costa Rica. Two sites were chosen: Richmond reef flats- depths of 0-1.5 m; and Platanillo reef slope- 2-4.5 m depths. Both sites were dominated by pocilloporid corals. An El Nino warming event, fish related damage, wave action, etc. combined caused 100% coral mortality in the early 1980s. Pocillopora spp. were transplanted from nearby reefs in January 1984. Coral cover on the Richmond site increased to 74% then decreased to 54% in the first year (mortality caused by excessive exposure due to unusually low tides). Cover on the Platanillo site increased to 69% the first year. No further increases or decreases in coral cover were observed on either site from 1985-1988. Fragments from the study plots helped to colonize new adjacent areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1324 AUTHOR: Haberl R. and R. Perfler PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Nutrient removal in a reed bed system SOURCE: Water Science Technology 23:729-737. STATE: AUSTRIA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The author discusses the use of reed bed systems for carbon and nutrient removal, purification efficiency, nutrient retention by soil and denitrification in Austria based on an experimental system. COD and BOD is removed 80-90%, denitrification and phosphorus retention vary from 20-70%, and purification efficiency varied with the temperature (worse for lower temperatures). The author stresses that these are only preliminary results and must be checked by a detailed evaluation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1471 AUTHOR: Hafner, C.L. and M.C. Brittingham PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Evaluation of a stream-bank fencing program in Pennsylvania SOURCE: Wildlife Society Bulletin 21(3): 307-315. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: CASE, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION ACTION: STABIL WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Stream-bank fencing was used to evaluate its effect on diversity, abundance, and productivity of birds and vegetation. Three sites were located in grazed pastures with stream-bank fencing and three control sites in grazed pastures without stream-bank fencing. Vegetative coverage, height, overstory tree density, and shrub coverage was measured. A strip-transect census method to determine birds heard or seen within 25 m of either side of the stream bank was used; species richness and abundance was measured; and nest locations and success were observed. Finally, questionnaires were sent out to determine landowner attitudes and concerns of the program. Mean coverage of herbaceous vegetation was greater and taller inside the fenced area than in the control area. Also the number of wetland plant species and bare ground coverage was greater. Avian species richness and abundance varied little between the fenced and unfenced sites. The authors predict that as trees and shrubs become established bird communities will be more pronounced. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 363 AUTHOR: Haines, E. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Salt marsh creation: impact of sewage SOURCE: Pages 148-153 in J.C. Lewis and E.W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation and creation of selected coastal habitats: proceedings of a workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/27. STATE: MA, GA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the impacts of sewage on salt marshes; several case studies are described. Impacts include: 1) accumulation of substances; 2) stimulation of biological processes; and 3) inhibition of microbial processes. Salt marshes are not very effective as secondary sewage treatment areas, but high monetary value may be attached to their tertiary treatment properties. Marsh plants and benthic algae have high rates of production and can assimilate some nutrients. Some marsh sediments transform nitrogen through denitrification; however, they also accumulate toxic materials. Maximum loading rates have yet to be identified. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 364 AUTHOR: Hale, J.G. PUBL. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: An evaluation of trout stream habitat improvement in a north shore tributary of Lake Superior SOURCE: Minnesota Fish. Investig. No. 5:37-50. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: STABIL WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB., R2-... RESPONSE: FISH, HYDRO, SOIL, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the results of an evaluation of trout stream habitat improvement measures in a 5,200 ft stretch of the West Branch of the Split Rock River, MN. Fish present and changes in stream bottom substrate were recorded for 3 years prior to the construction of habitat improvement structures, 4 years during construction, and 3 years after construction. Habitat alterations improved the carrying (and reproductive) capacity of the stream for wild brook trout. Cost comparisons indicated that stream improvement was less costly than stocking. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 365 AUTHOR: Hall, J.D., and C.O. Baker PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Influence of forest and rangeland management on anadromous fish habitat in western North America: rehabilitating and enhancing stream habitat: 1. Review and evaluation SOURCE: U.S. For. Serv.Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-138. 29 pp. STATE: AK, WA, OR, ID, CA, CANADA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO, FERT, STABIL, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-FO., R2-UB1, R3-UB1, RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report reviews the literature on rehabilitating and enhancing stream habitat for salmonid fish and briefly evaluates the use of various management techniques for improving anadromous fish habitat in western North America. Methods to restore, replace, and catch gravel and improve fish access (e.g., fishways, culverts) are included in a discussion of spawning habitat. Rearing habitat improvements include boulder placement, rearing pools, winter habitat flow augmentation, and stream fertilization. Importance of riparian habitat to anadromous fishes also is discussed. The authors stress the importance of protecting watershed and stream resources, while continuing to improve methods used to rehabilitate degraded habitats. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 366 AUTHOR: Hall, V.L., and J.D. Ludwig PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Evaluation of potential use of vegetation for erosion abatement along the Great Lakes shoreline SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir, VA, Misc. Pap. No. 7-75. 35 pp. STATE: WI, MI, NY, MN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM2, L2-US., PO-SS1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: AGROPYRON, AMMOPHILA, ANDROPOGON, BROMUS, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, CALAMOVILFA, CEPHALANTHUS, CHASMANTHIUM, CINNA, CORNUS, JUNCUS, JUNIPERUS, DIOSPYROS, ELAEAGNUS, ELYMUS, GAYLUSSACIA, MUHLENBERGIA, PARONYCHIA, PHALARIS, PINUS, PHRAGMITES, POLYGONUM, POPULUS, POTENTILLA, PRUNUS, ROBINIA, SALIX, VITIS, SPARTINA, ABIES, ULMUS, ROSA, SMILACINA, LEPIDIUM, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report examines the feasibility of establishing shoreline vegetation to control erosion along the Great Lakes. Thirty-one plant species were evaluated. Reproductive potential, density, composition, organic litter accumulation, soil deposition and removal, gully formation, slope angle, and evidence of wave action were examined. Field survey results indicated that attempts to vegetate erosion sensitive areas will be unsuccessful unless structures are installed to decrease wave energy. Wild rye and sand cherry were best suited for erosion control, but fertilization and irrigation may be required to produce long-term effective vegetative cover. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1042 AUTHOR: Haltiner, J., and P.B. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Slough channel design in salt marsh restoration SOURCE: Pages 125-130 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., E2-EM1, E2-US3 RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides some specific guidelines for tidal slough channel design. Relationships between maximum depth, top width, cross-sectional area, and potential tidal prism in four central and four southern CA marshes are described. Hydraulic geometry relationships are based on information from natural tidal slough channels. These relationships can be used to determine slough channel dimensions for artificial wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1043 AUTHOR: Haltiner, J., and P.B. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Hydraulic design in salt marsh restoration SOURCE: Pages 293-299 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept. 16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes an analysis of design criteria needs for tidal slough channels, marsh plains, and hydraulic structures. Relationships between maximum depth, top width, cross-sectional area, and tidal prisms are described for 8 California marshes. Tidal range and period of inundation are the most important design parameters for marsh plains. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 367 AUTHOR: Hamilton, D.B., G.T. Auble, R.A. Ellison, and J.E. Roelle PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Effects of flood control alternatives on the hydrology, vegetation, and wildlife resources of the Malheur-Harney Lakes Basin SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Natl. Ecol. Res. Cent., Fort Collins, CO, NEC-86120. 85 pp. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, HYDRO, SHOREB PGENUS: TYPHA, SPARGANIUM, SCIRPUS, POTAMOGETON CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses a computer model used to simulate the effects of various water level management alternatives on the hydrology, vegetation, and wildlife of the Malheur-Haney Lakes Basin in eastern OR. The simulation model is composed of 3 connected submodels. The hydrology submodel calculates changes in lake volume, elevation, and surface area, as well as changes in water quality that result from proposed water management projects (upstream storage, upstream diversions, drainage canals) and the no-action alternative. The vegetation submodel determines changes in areal extent of wetland and upland vegetation communities. The wildlife submodel calculates indices of abundance or habitat suitability for colonial nesting birds, sandhill cranes, Canada geese, diving ducks, and dabbling ducks. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1320 AUTHOR: Hammer, D.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Constructed wetlands for treatment of agricultural waste and urban stormwater SOURCE: Pages 333-348 in S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and R.W. Tiner, Jr. eds. Wetlands ecology and conservation: Emphasis in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Easton, PA. STATE: ALABAMA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, HYDRO ACTION: HYDRO, PLANT, LFORM, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: CHEM, HUSE, WQUAL, VEG, ECON PGENUS: SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, CARES, PHALARIS, ELEOCHARIS, GLYCERIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Agricultural waste and urban stormwater runoff are two major suppliers of non-point source pollution. Conventional waste treatment equipment is an unrealistic expense for the majority of agricultural producers and communities facing financial and technical constraints. Wetland wastewater treatment systems (WWT) however, are 1/10 to 1/2 as costly and require little technical knowledge to operate. A swine operation was selected for the construction of a two celled and single celled WWT with a total estimated cost of $12,800. Estimated BOD reduction was from 90Kg/day to 36Kg/day per 500 swine. For urban stormwater runoff WWT in the form of retention ponds, temporary storage, or a marsh/meadow treatment system are suggested. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1404 AUTHOR: Hammer, D.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Creating freshwater wetlands SOURCE: Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. 298pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This book discusses procedures involved in creating or restoring wetlands. Wetlands and classifications are defined and their functions and values are examined in respect to water purification, hydrology, life support, and erosion control. The author strongly recommends restoration of off-site wetland creation. Steps in the creation or restoration of wetlands include: defining objectives, determining the functions, seeking advice and assistance, selecting and evaluating a site, selecting a design, considering construction and design specifications, selecting plants, attracting wildlife, and determining an operation and maintenance plan. Formulas for determination of runoff depth, peak rates of discharge, discharge and flow depths are provided. A list of plants are recommended depending on their characteristics and the pH, salinity, water depth, substrate, and duration of flood period of the wetland. Techniques are addressed to attract and stock wildlife. Operation and maintenance considerations include: seasonal water level manipulation, weed control, mosquito control, and a long-term monitoring plan. Finally, the author lists names, addresses, and phone numbers of equipment and vegetation suppliers. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1598 AUTHOR: Hammer, D.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Designing constructed wetlands systems to treat agricultural nonpoint source pollution SOURCE: Pages 71-111 in R.K. Olson, editor. Created and natural wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution. C.K. Smoley, CRC press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 216 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, R.- RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Public concerns over nonpoint source (NPS) pollution and water quality has produced efforts to use constructed wetlands as an economical method to treat agricultural wastewaters. Wetlands purification functions are described according to their principle components: vegetation, water column, substrate, and microbial populations. Constructed wetland system designs are discussed as well as their abilities to neutralize or considerably reduce NPS pollution. Examples, design criteria, system components, and operation of constructed wetlands for treating various types of NPS pollution are provided as well computations for waste loading and treatment area required. Considerations, advantages, and disadvantages for using constructed wetlands as wastewater treatment systems are also presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1499 AUTHOR: Hammer, D.A., B.P. Pullin, T.A. McCaskey, J. Eason, and V.W.E. Payne PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Treating livestock wastewaters with constructed wetlands SOURCE: Pages 343-348 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, VEG, CHEM PGENUS: SCIRPUS, TYPHA, ZIZANIOPSIS, PANICUM, ELEOCHARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article briefly discusses a surface flow wetland system to treat animal wastewater. A mixture of swine effluent and clear water entered a ten celled wetland planted with Typha, Scirpus, Zizaniopsis, Panicum, Phragmites, and Eleocharis and exited into a wet meadow for final polishing. Fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, TSS, BOD, TKN, and NH3-N had 90.4 to 99.4 percent removal while total-P had a 75.9% removal. Performance is expected to increase with plant densities and monitoring will continue for another year. A cost estimate for the construction of this wetland is also listed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 368 AUTHOR: Hammer, D.E., and R.H. Kadlec PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Design principles for wetland treatment systems: project summary SOURCE: U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA-600-S2-83-026. 7 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report summarizes design principles for the use of wetlands in treating wastewater and presents a simplified model for evaluating wetland treatment designs. Topics discussed include wetland hydrology, correlation of operating data, the mass transfer zone, the loaded zone, synthesis of wetland system design, and economics of wetland treatment. The reliable design of a wetland treatment facility requires the development of performance equations that describe both the response of the ecosystem to wastewater additions and the alteration of water quality. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 369 AUTHOR: Hammer, D.P., and E.D. Blackburn PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Design and construction of retaining dikes for containment of dredged material SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Savannah Soils Sect., Savannah, GA, Tech. Rep. D-77-9. 200 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E.-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report focuses on considerations necessary to confine dredged material disposal in waterways and harbors. Dike failures in the past were due to foundation conditions, construction material and methods, and disposal practices. Field investigations should be carried out at the site before design and construction. Subsurface exploration and field testing are emphasized. Additional laboratory testing is essential for classifying engineering properties of soils. Materials unacceptable for construction of retaining dikes include highly plastic clays, very wet fine-grained soils, and soils with a high percentage of organic matter. Equipment and materials useful for dike construction are discussed. Equations for analyzing slope stability are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 370 AUTHOR: Hampson, G.R., and E.T. Moul PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: No. 2 fuel oil spill in Bourne, Massachusetts: immediate assessment of the effects on marine invertebrates and a 3-year study of growth and recovery of a salt marsh SOURCE: J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 35:731-744. STATE: MA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: M2-AB., M2-UB2, E2-EM1, M1-..., E2-AB1, E2-EM2, E2-UB., E2-UB2 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, FUCUS, LIMNOBIUM, DISTICHLIS, VAUCHERIA, ENTEROMORPHA, MELOSIRA, MICROCOLEUS, RIVULARIA, LYNGBYA, ULVA, SUAEDA, CLADOPHORA, RHIZOCLONIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of a 3 year study on the effects of an oil spill in the Cape Cod Canal, Buzzards Bay, MA, on various components of a salt-marsh community at Windsor Cove, 5 km from the spill. Within 2 weeks after the spill, massive fatalities of marine invertebrates were observed at the cove. During the following 3 years, marsh grass was unable to reestablish itself by either reseeding or rhizome growth. Sediments continued to show a high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons. Erosion rates were 24 times greater than that on nearby control sites. Microscopic algal species of the cove were considered less sensitive to environmental changes compared to those collected at the control site. Interstitial fauna showed an extreme reduction in number of individuals and species over the study period. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1534 AUTHOR: Hanson, A., C. Ellingwood, J. Kerekes, A. Smith PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Sackville Waterfowl Park, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada SOURCE: Baseline characterization, towards long-term monitoring. Hydrobiologia 279/280:521-524. STATE: CANADA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM1, L2-AB1 RESPONSE: WFOWL, FISH, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Wetlands were restored on converted pasturlands to attract waterfowl and wildlife at the Sackville Waterfowl Park (SWP). A long-term monitoring system was implemented to determine phytoplankton abundance, water chemistry, and relationships among wildlife use. Results demonstrated waterfowl density of 3.5 broods/ha, 26 breeding species, abundant minnow and fish populations, variable phytoplankton populations, and seasonally variable TP and TN concentrations. The authors conclude the SWP is a productive eutrophic system with no indications of nutrient limitations. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 371 AUTHOR: Hao, C., and Z. Rongzong PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: A study of synecology and productivity of Spartina plantation in Qidong County, Jiangsu SOURCE: Pages 83-115 (english abstract) in Research advances in Spartina--achievements of past 22 years. J. Nanjing Univ., China. STATE: CHINA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST, EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses planting trials of Spartina anglica in Qidong County, China. Climatic and growth form data are summarized. Ratios between culm and leaf weights were generally above 1:3.5 in higher elevation marshes and below 1:1.5 in lower marshes. Depths of rhizome penetration were 20-25 cm after 1 year of planting and 60-70 cm after 3 years. A dense plantation comprising 2,400-2,500 culms/m2 with 90% coverage was achieved in 1-2 years by planting 7-8 culms, 1 m apart. Accretion varied from 9.5-13.7 cm within 500 cm of a seawall to 2.6 cm at 900 m from the seawall after 14 months. Shoot biomass was influenced by rate of accretion and temperature. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 372 AUTHOR: Hardaway, C.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1966 TITLE: Marsh grass reestablishment in the Virginia Chesapeake Bay system SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 4(2):77-78. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This note compares the establishment of a marsh grass fringe for estuarine shoreline erosion control at 24 sites under various degrees of wave action in the VA Chesapeake Bay. Results after 4 years of monitoring indicated that marsh grass fringe could be established with little or no maintenance planting on low-wave energy shores (fetch < 1 nautical mile). Medium-wave energy shorelines (fetch = 1-3.5 nautical miles) required a combination of Spartina alterniflora and S. patens plantings, with annual maintenance plantings. Marsh fringes were impractical to establish on straight shorelines of 3.5-5.5 nautical miles of fetch unless permanent offshore wave-stilling devices were used. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 373 AUTHOR: Hardaway, C.S., G.R. Thomas, B.K. Fowler, C.L. Hill, J.E. Frye, and N.A. Ibison PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Results of the vegetative erosion control project in the Virginia Chesapeake Bay system SOURCE: Pages 144-158 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper summarizes the results of a vegetative erosion control project along the VA shores of Chesapeake Bay. The reestablishment of Spartina for estuarine shoreline erosion control is a viable alternative to the construction of bulkheads, revetments, or groins. Physical limitations to revegetation may be imposed by average fetch exposure, shore geometry, and shore orientation. On low wave energy shores (average fetch exposure less than 1 nautical mile), a marsh grass fringe (combination of saltmeadow hay and smooth cordgrass) can be established with little or no maintenance. In high energy areas (3.5-5.5 average fetch exposure), the addition of a permanent offshore wave-stilling device is necessary for marsh fringe establishment. Marsh grass plantings are not recommended for areas exposed to an average fetch greater than 5.5 nautical miles. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 374 AUTHOR: Hardisky, M.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Marsh restoration on dredged material, Buttermilk Sound, Georgia SOURCE: Pages 143-174 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: GA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-... RESPONSE: INVERT, MAMMALS, VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS PGENUS: BORRICHIA, DISTICHLIS, IVA, JUNCUS, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a study of the Buttermilk Sound Habitat Development Site at the mouth of the Altamaha River, Glynn County, GA, as part of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers program to examine alternatives for dredged material disposal. The 15 ha disposal site was graded and divided into plots representing 3 intertidal zones. Sprigs and seeds of 7 wetland plant species were planted; unplanted plots were controls. Spartina patens and Iva frutescens had greater aerial biomass than other species in the upper third of the intertidal zones. Crab burrow density decreased with lower elevation. A lag in biomass production for most plant species indicated that more time was required for the development of a mature marsh ecosystem. KEYWORDS: marsh restoration/restoration/dredged material/Buttermilk Sound/ Georgia/waterways/estuaries/marsh development/monitoring/biomass/ values/plants/wildlife/wildlife habitat/habitat/habitat value/ Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/West Indian manatee/manatee/ Trichechus manatus/proceedings/wetlands/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1044 AUTHOR: Hardisky, M.A., and R.J. Reimold PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Buttermilk Sound Marsh habitat development site, Glen County, Georgia, 1978 SOURCE: Georgia Dept. Nat. Resour., Brunswick, Final Rep. Contract No. DACW39-78-M-3016. 74 pp. STATE: GA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1 RESPONSE: SHELLF, VEG PGENUS: BORRICHIA, DISTICHLIS, IVA, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, PLUCHEA, POLYGONUM, PANICUM, SCIRPUS, AMARANTHUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report compares vegetation growth and succession on dredge material experimental plots at the Buttermilk Sound Marsh Habitat Development Site, Glynn County, GA. Sprigs and seeds of seven species were planted in three tidal zones and exposed to various levels of fertilization during 1975-1976. Increased aerial and belowground biomass for most species were recorded. Cover values were highest for the upper third of the intertidal zone. Volunteer plant species proliferated over most sites, but maintained less aerial and root biomass than planted areas. Saltgrass initially spread rapidly, but may be affected by an influx of taller marsh plants. Saltmarsh cordgrass dominates the lower intertidal zone with extensive belowground root mat development. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1257 AUTHOR: Hardy, J.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Land treatment of municipal wastewater on Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge for wetlands/ crane habitat enhancement: a status report SOURCE: Pages 186-190 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, HYDRO, SOIL, SHOREB, SUCCESS PGENUS: CYNODON, LOLIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A wastewater treatment system including a series of wetland cells was constructed on and adjacent to the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., MS for the secondary treatment of municipal effluent and to improve crane habitat. The lagoon system (treatment step 1) was designed to discourage crane use. The land treatment system with sprinklers (treatment step 2) was seeded with bermuda grass and annual rye grass to encourage crane use. Effluent application rates to this section kept soils near saturation but were low enough to eliminate surface runoff. Water levels in the wetland cells (treatment step 3) were manipulated to optimize crane use for feeding, roosting, and nesting. Full operation began in October 1987. Problems encountered are discussed. Crane use has increased. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 375 AUTHOR: Harlin, M.M., B. Thorne-Miller, and J.C. Boothroyd PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Seagrass-sediment dynamics of a flood-tidal delta in Rhode Island SOURCE: Aquatic Bot. 14:127-138. STATE: RI STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: CUT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: ZOSTERA, RUPPIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper examines the interactions between seagrasses and sediment on a flood-tidal delta of a coastal lagoon in southern RI. The population of an annual form of Zostera marina increased rapidly from June (100 plants/m2) to late July and early August (1,000 plants/m2), after which it rapidly decreased. On vegetated plots, current measurements fell to zero near the substrate, whereas on experimentally denuded plots they reached 8-14 cm/second. At the margin of the delta lobe, sediment accreted 2.5 cm in vegetated plots and eroded 1.5 cm in denuded plats. Results indicated that even as an ephemeral, Z. marina can encourage sediment accumulation by slowing water current on a moderate-energy tidal delta, but the degree of this depends on the density of the plant bed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 376 AUTHOR: Harrington, R.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Environmental controls on clonal willow growth (Wisconsin) SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 4(1):30. STATE: WI STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes the clonal spreading rates of Salix in WI wetlands. Stem cutting just above ground level produced more resprouting on stumps where belowground connections to the rest of the clone had been cut than on stumps with intact connections to the clone. New stem emergence was affected by water level fluctuations and was greatest at constant water levels of approximately 20 cm below soil surface. Redox measurements are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 377 AUTHOR: Harris, R.W., A.T. Leiser, and A.T. Fissell PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Plant tolerance to flooding SOURCE: Summary report: 1971-1975. Univ. California, Dept. Environ. Horticulture, Davis. 30 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CUT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1, PO-FO2, L2-... RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: CYNODON, EUCALYPTUS, PLATANUS, SALIX, TAXODIUM, WASHINGTONIA, CARYA, ACACIA, FRAXINUS, GLEDITSIA, ACER, CEPHALANTHUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS, DIOSPYROS, AGROPYRON, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses plant tolerance to flooding in central CA, based: 1) on planting experiments at the flood Reservoir at the University of California, Davis, and at Folsom Lake State Recreation Area east of Sacramento; and 2) on assessments of existing plant communities at Andrus, Brannon, and Sherman Islands in the San Joaquin Delta. Approximately 30 species of plants (primarily shrubs and trees) were transplanted or seeded (grasses). Nearly 70 species were included in the assessment of the delta islands. The report includes summary data on percent survival and tolerance levels under various water regimes for all species. The most tolerant tree species was bald cypress; the most tolerant grass was tiff green hybrid bermuda grass. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 379 AUTHOR: Harris, S.W., and W.H. Marshall PUBL. YEAR: 1960 TITLE: Germination and planting experiments on soft-stem and hard-stem bulrush SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 24:134-139. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of 5 storage and 3 germination tests on seeds of softstem (Scirpus validus) and hardstem (S. acutus) bulrush conducted at the Mud Lake National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern MN. Seed stored in water all winter and germinated under natural conditions had a higher rate of germination than seeds stored at room temperature or outside in either wet or dry containers. Seed planted in spring failed to germinate. All plantings in fall, after the growing season, developed into heavy stands of seedlings the following spring and summer. Two methods of coordinating timing of drawdowns and bulrush seeding are suggested. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 378 AUTHOR: Harris, S.W., and W.H. Marshall PUBL. YEAR: 1963 TITLE: Ecology of water-level manipulations on a northern marsh SOURCE: Ecology 44(2):331-343. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-SS1, PO-US3, PO-US4 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SUCCESS PGENUS: SENECIO, CAREX, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, LEMNA, PHRAGMITES, POLYGONUM, CHENOPODIUM, RUMEX, CIRSIUM, SALIX, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes an experiment to establish emergent vegetation in drawdown areas on the Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge in northwestern MN. The primary objective was to revegetate open water after planned drawdowns. Various pool conditions were available to study drawdown effects. Conditions varied complete drawdowns for 4-5 years to partial reflooding over several years. Results are presented in a table depicting marsh type, species composition, density, exposure time, soil type, rate of superficial drainage, and amount of algal debris. Maintenance of emergent marshes depends on water depths and cover types on 1- or 2-year drawdowns in 5-10 year intervals. Effects of flooding on species survival are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1241 AUTHOR: Harrison, P.G. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Variations in success of eelgrass transplants over a five-years' period SOURCE: Environ. Conserv. 17(2):157-163. STATE: CANADA, BRITISH COLUMBIA STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3M, E1-AB3L RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Methods of transplanting eelgrass (Zostera marina) were tested on 2 sites along the Roberts Bank Intercauseway, south of Vancouver, British Columbia. Transplanting occurred in August 1982, December, 1982-January 1983, and April-May 1983. Transplanting methods were: 1) intact plants with sediment; 2) unanchored bare plant sprigs; and 3) 5 plants anchored in the sediment by means of a 50 cm length iron rod. Other planting variables included depth of rhizome burial, length of rhizome, fertilization, orientation of plant to tidal currents, time between collection and transplanting, planting density, and elevation. Short term results (after 2 years) indicate a correlation between variables and shoot growth and survival but long term results (after 5 years) indicate only elevation was strongly correlated with shoot growth and survival. KEYWORDS: eelgrass/transplanting/British Columbia/comparison/elevation/ habitat/fauna/seagrass 'meadows'/Zostera marina/restoration/ seagrass transplants/Canada =============================================================================== NUMBER: 380 AUTHOR: Harter, R.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1966 TITLE: The effect of water levels on soil chemistry and plant growth of the Magee Marsh Wildlife Area SOURCE: Ohio Game Monogr. No. 2. 36 pp. STATE: OH STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: ORYZA, POLYGONUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses studies on the Magee Marsh Wildlife Area, Ottawa County, OH, that determined chemical equilibria of organic wet soils and the effect of waterlogging on rice (Oryza sativa) and smartweed (Polygonum spp.). Results indicated that as the amount of water in the soil pores increased, the soil environment changed from oxidizing to reducing conditions (within about 5 days after flooding). Reduced conditions may be more toxic to higher plants. Inundation caused a decreased uptake of CA, Mg, Mn, and K and an increased uptake of P by both rice and smartweed. Smartweed appeared to be more tolerant of high manganese content than rice and was unable to grow under waterlogged conditions. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 381 AUTHOR: Harvey, H.T., M.N. Josselyn, and M.S. Race PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Forum: wetlands restoration and mitigation policies: comment and reply SOURCE: Environ. Manage. 10(5):567-572. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article consists of 2 parts, each representing a different view of the issues associated with the determination of the success of restoration projects. The "comment" section (Harvey and Josselyn) is a critique of a previous article by race--whose reply follows. Specific examples are taken from the San Francisco Bay Area; however, information generated by the debate is useful for many types of wetlands. Planting survival, monitoring, mitigation, and evaluation of the site over time are included in these discussions. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1045 AUTHOR: Harvey, H.T., P. Williams, J. Haltiner, Madrone Associates, and San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Guidelines for enhancement and restoration of diked historic baylands SOURCE: San Francisco Bay Conserv. Dev. Comm., San Francisco, CA, Tech. Rep. 38 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL PGENUS: SCIRPUS, FRANKENIA, BACCHARIS, GRINDELIA, JAUMEA, SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, ATRIPLEX, DISTICHLIS, CORDYLANTHUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses wetland habitats of the San Francisco Bay Area and presents techniques useful for restoring diked historic baylands. Guidelines for designing wetland restoration projects were based on nine salt marsh projects constructed from 1971-1982 and varying from 3-525 acres. Hydraulic design criteria include: 1) tidal elevation and marsh topography; 2) tidal range; 3) levee breach; 4) topographic modifications; 5) outlet structure; 6) drainage and circulation; and 7) sedimentation and erosion. Marsh design for stormwater and wastewater treatment and for flood protection are presented. Aspects of vegetation establishment include climate; substrate; topography; species requirements for common, endangered, and exotic plants; and upland and transition zone enhancement. Management of restoration projects is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1046 AUTHOR: Harvey, J.W., R.M. Chambers, and W.E. Odum PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Groundwater transport between hillslopes and tidal marshes SOURCE: Pages 270-276 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings of the national wetland symposium: wetland hydrology, Sept. 16-18 1987, Chicago, IL. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, PO-..., R1-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: PELTANDRA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the results of the first season of a study of groundwater relationships at a tidal freshwater marsh on the Chickahominy River, a James River Sub-Estuary of the Lower Chesapeake Bay. Results from 36 piezometers installed at the base of the hillslope (adjacent to the marsh) and in the marsh are reported. Hydraulic head distribution and subsurface flow pathways are described. The physical and chemical role of tidal marshes in modifying groundwater discharge to estuaries is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 382 AUTHOR: Hasfurther, V.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The use of meander parameters in restoring hydrologic balance to reclaimed stream beds SOURCE: Pages 21-40 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the use of meander parameters in the process of stream bed reclamation. Methods and techniques for channel restoration are discussed in terms of the importance of meander parameters to stream channel stability. Geologic, hydraulic, and geometric stream system parameters are discussed. Relationships and equations incorporating stream bankfull width, sediment load index, stream gradient, and channel depth are described. Meander design and analysis are discussed in terms of creating a hydrologically stable channel with controlled sediment deposition and transport and establishing an enhanced habitat for aquatic life. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 383 AUTHOR: Hasselrot, B., and H. Hultberg PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Liming of acidified Swedish lakes and streams and its consequences for aquatic ecosystems SOURCE: Fisheries 9(1):4-9. STATE: SWEDEN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes biological responses to the liming of acidic lakes and streams in Sweden. To treat streams, high doses of lime are spread in headwater wetlands on upstream reaches. In lakes, limestone is spread on rocky or sandy bottoms in shallow zones. Decomposition rates increase with liming as does the number of plankton species. Effects on phytoplankton, macrophytes, zooplankton, benthic fauna, and fish are described. Liming is described as creating a new and temporary stage in the history of a lake. Negative effects also occur. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 384 AUTHOR: Hasted, S.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Growth, sedimentation/erosion, water quality in two marsh restoration projects in Clinton and Stratford, CT SOURCE: Pages 81-115 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: CT STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-US3, E2-US4, E2-US2, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Restoration studies were conducted on 2 marshes near Long Island Sound in Clinton and Stratford, CT. Growth responses of several plant species (and stock forms) were studied in terms of elevation, substrate composition, erosion, fertilization, and water quality (salinity, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, pH, hardness). Drainage (determined by elevation and substrate texture) was the most significant influence on plant growth; well-drained, sandy, high shore areas revegetated more successfully than mudflats. Water quality fluctuations in estuarine marshes were correlated with the influences of river water at neap tide and salt water at moon tide. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1047 AUTHOR: Havens, P.W., and M.E. Lehman PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Wetlands by design: examination of two case studies of wetland creation by the U.S. Navy at naval submarine base, Kings Bay, Georgia SOURCE: Pages 133-146 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: GA STUDY TYPE: CASE, PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1, E2-US3, E2-US2, E2-AB3, PO-EM1, PO-FO. RESPONSE: ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, ILEX, RUPPIA, SCIRPUS, BACCHARIS, IVA, MYRICA, PERSEA, PASPALUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the U.S. Navy's problematic approach for designing and building low maintenance functional wetland systems with maximum value as wildlife habitat. Two case studies from the naval submarine base at Kings Bay, GA, are examined: a tidal saltwater wetland and a freshwater wetland. The navy has developed a process that creates the potential for savings by incorporating wetland design criteria and site configurations into borrow area construction contracts. Cost estimates for planting emergent macrophytes and tree seedlings are presented. An engineering/construction approach is emphasized. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1226 AUTHOR: Hawkins, W.H., and K.J. Ruesh PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Reclamation of small streams and their watersheds at Mobil's central Florida phosphate mines SOURCE: Pages 106-121 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: TAXODIUM, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, ULMUS, ACER CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes design specifications used by Mobil Mining & Mineral Co. when restoring impacted streams and associated floodplains. Eight projects in Polk and Hillsborough Co., FL (1-7 years since construction completed) are reviewed. Mobil's monitoring procedure designed to meet FL Department of Environmental Regulation (DER) requirements are described. Construction involved grading, disking, planting seedlings, and irrigation of seedlings for 1 year. Overall results indicate that Mobil's restoration sites can be expected to meet DER requirements for tree density, % crown cover, diversity, and similarity to a control wetland in 5-6 years. Meeting the % cover for Typha and Ludwigia requirements will take longer and may require an initial increase in the diversity and density of planted species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1323 AUTHOR: Hayes, L.A., J.R. Nawrot, and W.D. Klimstra PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Habitat diversity change associated with reclamation in Illinois SOURCE: Pages 363-368 in D.H. Graves and R.W. De Vore, eds. Symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, SOIL, LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO.-... RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Comparisons of habitat diversity are made of various sites on surface-mined lands in four Illinois regions. These comparisons are based on the reclamation requirements pre-law (pre-1962); post-law 1962-1970, 1971-1976, and 1977 to 1982. Pre-law areas had the greatest diversity and the greatest amount of forested lands due to voluntary reclamation of 70-80% of the effected lands. Habitat diversity was at its lowest from 1962-1976 when parcels of land were larger but fewer and most of the reclaimed land became pastureland. After 1977 forests were making a comeback, and the use of land for croplands and impoundments increased. Riparian lands increased in size but decreased in number on pre-mined sites after 1977, however, marsh lands decreased in both size and number. This trend to regain diversity coincides with the growing concern for wildlife habitat development. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 385 AUTHOR: Haynes, R.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Summary of wetlands reestablishment on surface- mined lands in Florida SOURCE: Pages 357-362 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky, Lexington. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM1, L2-EM2, PO-SS. RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper summarizes information on freshwater wetland reestablishment in lands affected by surface mining of phosphate and limestone in southern FL. Three sites are compared: 1) an earthen dam site, which promotes the elimination of settling impoundments and their associated aboveground dams; 2) no management effort, resulting in use of the impoundment by wildlife; and 3) managing for waterfowl and hunting only. The author stressed the importance of creating littoral zones, replacing organic matter in lake sediments, and creating bermless lakes with adjacent periodically inundated wetland areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 386 AUTHOR: Haynes, R.J., and F. Crabill PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Reestablishment of a forested wetland on phosphate-mined land in central Florida SOURCE: Pages 51-63 in P.E. Pope, compiler. Proceedings of the fourth annual better reclamation with trees conference. Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, BIOCIDE, FERT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO3 RESPONSE: ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: ACER, QUERCUS, GORDONIA, MAGNOLIA, PERSEA, NYSSA, MYRICA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the concepts and implementation of a revegetation plan for reestablishing a 6.5 ha forested wetland on a phosphate-mined site in Hillsborough County, FL. Topics include site preparation, mining activities, grading, topsoil storage, soil amendments, revegetation methods, experimental design, and monitoring strategy. Several uncommon reclamation approaches will be used, including establishment of vegetation islands and tree spading. Other site factors include: 1) topsoiling; 2) mulching, 3) use of potted plants and bare-root seedlings; 4) natural invasion; 5) control of plant competition; 6) erosion control; and 7) short- and long-term evaluation of reclamation success and wildlife use. Categorical project costs are summarized. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 387 AUTHOR: Haynes, R.J., and L. Moore PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Reestablishment of bottomland hardwoods within national wildlife refuges in the southeast SOURCE: Pages 95-103 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: QUERCUS, CARYA, POPULUS, PLATANUS, LIRIODENDRON, ULMUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of attempts to reestablish bottomland hardwoods in 12 National Wildlife Refuges in the southeastern U.S. Planting methods, success of refuge plantings (site age varied from 1-19 years after planting), reasons for planting failures, competition, and natural regeneration (for species diversity) are described with examples from the literature. The effective suppression of the natural reestablishment of tree species may occur when the establishment and growth of competing groundcover is not controlled. Natural regeneration processes alone probably cannot achieve a bottomland forest community (with the desired species) within a 40-60 year time-frame. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1322 AUTHOR: Hedin, R.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Treatment of coal mine drainage with constructed wetlands SOURCE: Pages 349-362 in S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and R.W. Tiner, Jr., eds. Wetlands ecology and conservation: emphasis in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Easton, Pennsylvania. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, ECON, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, SPHAGNUM, OSCILLATORIA, MICROSPORA, OEDOGONIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Acid mine drainage (AMD) has long been a problem on coal mine sites throughout the eastern United states. With stricter water quality standards wetlands have been experimented with as a water treatment system. Sphagnum peat was used originally in wetlands receiving AMD but failed after several months in field tests. Typha is now used with favorable results. After eight months outflow through 3 wetland cells with a total area of 200 m2 experienced lower iron, lower acidity, and less Mg. The author discusses metal removal through the use of algae, organic substrates, oxidation and hydrolysis process, and reduction process. Metal removal using vegetation however, provides the best long-term results in a wetland situation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1495 AUTHOR: Hedin, R.S. and R.W. Nairn PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Contaminate removal capabilities of wetlands contructed to treat coal mine drainage SOURCE: Pages 187-195 in G.A. Morshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publisheres, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: PN STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper evaluates the removal of contaminants using a method in which dilution effects are removed, low contaminant loading rates are avoided, and sites are evaluated from a rate perspective. A dilution factor was calculated from the difference of Mg at the influent and effluent stations and contaminent concentration and removal rates were adjusted accordingly to the dilution factor. Eleven constructed wetlands vegetated primarily with Typha in various substrates, sizes, and water chemistry were used in this study. The pH levels had a significant effect on contaminant removal rates with iron being removed best under alkaline conditions and Mg being removed only under alkaline conditions. The author recommends evaluating contaminant removal in acidic influents by determining acidity removal rates. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 388 AUTHOR: Hedman, E.R., and U.R. Osterkamp PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Streamflow characteristics related to channel geometry of streams in western United States SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Pap. 2193. 17 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents a method of using empirically developed equations to yield a discharge value from channel-geometry and channel-material data for streams of the western U.S. The equations were developed by collecting data at numerous streamflow-gaging sites and statistically relating those data to selected discharge characteristics. Mean annual runoff and flood discharges with selected recurrence intervals can be estimated for perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral streams. Channel-geometry measurements offer an alternative method of quickly and inexpensively estimating stream-flow characteristics for ungaged streams. The hydrologic data are particularly useful for assessing activities in areas where instrumented gaging stations are unavailable. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 390 AUTHOR: Heede, B.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Case study of a watershed rehabilitation project: Alkali Creek, Colorado SOURCE: U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-189. 18 pp. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R3-..., R4-... RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the restoration of headwaters in the Alkali Creek Watershed, White River National Forest, near Silt, CO. Elevation is 7,600-8,400 ft. The area was fenced (excluding cattle); vegetation was planted and check dams were constructed. After 7 years, the ephemeral flow became perennial. Erosion was decreased by about two-thirds. Analysis included development of an empirical equation to express relationships between original gully gradient and deposit gradient above the check dams. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 389 AUTHOR: Heede, B.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Predicting impact of a restoration project on river dynamics: a case history SOURCE: U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-62. 8 pp. STATE: ID STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R3-UB1 RESPONSE: SOIL, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses a project intended to reduce erosion and sediment load of Dump Creek at its junction with the Salmon River in ID. The degree of influence of a proposed restoration project can be predicted by taking into account the apparent mechanics and dynamics of the entire river system. The project at dump creek/Salmon River is an example of a case where essential data were not available, but where the project would proceed anyway. An approach using theory and experience in combination with available data (to evaluate restoration effects) is described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1048 AUTHOR: Heede, B.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Deteriorated watersheds can be restored: a case study SOURCE: Environ. Manage. 3(3):271-281. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, FERT WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS1, RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: ARTEMISIA, MELILOTUS, AGROPYRON, BROMUS, LOLIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses rehabilitation of a dense gully network in the Alkali Creek Watershed, west-central CO. Check dam systems and improved vegetative cover stabilized not only structurally treated gullies, but also untreated network gullies. Check dams decreased gully depth by accumulating sediment deposits, resulting in hastened bank stabilization and increased alluvial aquifer volumes. This increase, plus higher filtration rates as a result of denser vegetation, led to renewed perennial streamflow after 7 treatment years. Sediment loads in flows were reduced more than 90% within 11 years after treatment. Results indicate that the mainstem gully, and those tributaries controlling local base levels of other gullies, are the critical segments that should be structurally treated. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 391 AUTHOR: Hefner, J.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: The National Wetlands Inventory: tools for wetland creation and restoration SOURCE: Pages 265-275 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., E.-..., M.-..., PO-..., L.-... RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory provides products relating to wetland creation and restoration, including: 1) a wetland map series; 2) a hydric soils list; 3) a wetland plant list and data base; and 4) statistical analyses of wetland gains and losses since the mid-1950's. Maps have been prepared using photointerpretation of high altitude aerial photography. The hydric soils list was prepared by the soil conservation service for use in delineating wetlands. The wetland plant list and data base provides habitat requirement information for each species. Statistical analyses provide information on wetland loss trends in the U.S. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1213 AUTHOR: Heidt, J.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Pebble Creek Village Golf Course mitigation SOURCE: Pages 87-96 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, REPT, HYDRO PGENUS: PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, TYPHA, LUDWIGIA, PANICUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Three wetlands were created on the Pebble Creek Golf Course (Hillsborough Co., FL) to help drain stormwater runoff from an adjacent residential community. The 3 sites were graded, organic substrate added, and the first 4 genus listed in PGENUS were planted. Typha spp., Ludwigia pereviana, and Panicum repens invaded the planted areas. After 2 years the planted species dominated. Sandhill cranes, wood ducks, great blue herons, otters, and alligators were often observed in the created wetlands. No further monitoring is planned. Golf course staff will provide any needed maintenance. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 392 AUTHOR: Heilman, P.E., D.M. Greer, S.E. Brauen, and A.S. Baker PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations, Miller Sands Marsh and upland habitat development site, Columbia River, Oregon: Appendix E: postpropagation assessment of botanical and soil resources on dredged material SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-38. 393 pp. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-UB2, R1-US3, R1-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA, FESTUCA, AGROPYRON, HORDEUM, VICIA, TRIFOLIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reports quantitative results of a habitat development experiment at Miller Sands, Columbia River, OR. Emphasis is placed on methods, experimental investigations, soil analysis, and soil fertility. Carex and Deschampsia were used to establish vegetative cover. Soils in lower elevation plots (2.13 ft above MLW) had a high content of silt, clay, and fine sand. Subsequently, Carex and Deschampsia did not survive well. Aerial biomass at the end of the second growing season was 1,356 kg/ha for Deschampsia and 547 kg/ha for Carex. These results are compared to biomass in undisturbed areas (6,157 kg/ha) and an unvegetated area (379 kg/ha). Fertilization greatly increased production during the first growing season, but did not contribute significantly to biomass production during the second season. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1585 AUTHOR: Heimlich, R.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Costs of an agricultural wetland reserve SOURCE: Land Economics 70(2):234-246. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper analyzes costs involved per acre of converting cropped lands to wetlands under the Wetland Reserve Program (WRP). Estimates are figured for easement costs, cost of idling lands, and the costs of restoring cropped lands. Enrollment strategies are based on a single pool and eight regional pools with the enrollment containing the eight pool have the least minimum costs per acre. Easement costs tended to be greater for California and New York due to the influence of urban land values. Recommendations are made for future economic analyses of wetland restoration proposals as well as restoration costs and benefits. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1470 AUTHOR: Heimlich, R.E. and D.M. Gadsby PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Strategies for wetlands protection and restoration SOURCE: Agricultural Outlook 9:32-37. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: HYDRO ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the legalities involved in the restoration of converted wetlands. Combined effects of draining riverine wetlands for crop production, channeling, and levee construction contributed to higher flood levels in the upper midwest region of the United States. The Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) was mandated by the 1990 Farm Act to induce voluntary restoration of converted wetlands and meet the following objectives: 1) assist flood victims while increasing restored wetland acreage, 2) retire flood-prone cropland, thus saving government crop insurance and disaster payments, and 3) avoid costs for restoring levees and ditches. Conflicts are reviewed on wetland regulation and delineation including the debates between regulatory reform legislation H.R. 1330, proposed to reduce the amount of land defined as wetlands and H.R. 350, favored by environmentalist, which basically counters H.R. 1330 and enforces the 1989 manual for wetland regulation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1049 AUTHOR: Henderson, S., A.B. Allen, B. Abbruzzese, M.E. Kentula, and R.M. Hughes PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A method for the selection of reference wetlands SOURCE: Pages 289-291 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., M.-..., E.-..., R.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the development of a method to select natural wetlands in a given ecoregion and compare them to restored or created wetlands in the same ecoregion. The purpose of this procedure is to aid in determining the effectiveness of wetland restoration or creation in replacing the ecological functions of wetlands that were destroyed. The method consists of: 1) defining the study area; 2) characterizing the parent population of reference sites; 3) drawing a sample from a list frame; and 4) verifying appropriateness of the reference sites. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1293 AUTHOR: Henrot J., R.K. Wieder, K.P. Heston, and M.P. Nardi PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wetland treatment of coal mine drainage: controlled studies of iron retention in model wetland systems SOURCE: Pages 793-800 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, WQUALITY ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-ML1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, VEG, CHEM PGENUS: SPHAGNUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes experimental man-made wetlands designed to reduce iron concentration from coal mine drainage. Replicate models containing peat moss were setup with identical flow rates but differing concentrations of Fe. Iron retention within the models was evaluated by measuring hydrologic fluxes, water chemistry, and substrate chemistry. It was found that these model wetlands effectively removed Fe from solution for about five days. In addition, the Fe retention was more pronounced at the inflow end of the models and Fe accumulated mainly as organically bound Fe and Fe oxides. There was little accumulation as exchangeable Fe. Since this experiment took place in a greenhouse, the authors suggested microbially mediated Fe oxidation was probably inhibited because of high temperatures. This could mean the effective life of the wetland could be increased in a natural setting. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1400 AUTHOR: Henszey, R.J., S.W. Wolff, T.A. Wesche, Q.D. Skinner, and W.A. Hubert PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Assessment of a flow enhancement project as a riparian and fishery habitat mitigation effort SOURCE: Pages 88-93 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies, Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235pp. STATE: WY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, FISH, MAMMALS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A mitigation strategy involving the use of ephemeral streams and controlling and maintaining flow releases year-round to create new riparian and aquatic habitat is being used by the City of Cheyenne, Wyoming. Objectives evaluated include defining channel development, conveyance efficiency, groundwater storage, alteration of riparian vegetation, and formation of trout habitat. One year after implementation of flow regulation, 50 percent more stream channel developed, almost all through downcutting. Parshall flumes were installed to monitor the hydrologic response of the watershed to enhanced flow. Since streamflow augmentation, groundwater has been elevated in many areas at or near the soil surface. Riparian vegetation response was divided into three community types: forest, shrub, and herbaceous plants. Plant species composition is shifting towards water tolerant species and the amount of bare ground has increased due to the decrease of protective upland plant cover. The Habitat Quality Index (HQI) and the Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) were used to evaluate stream habitat. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1271 AUTHOR: Hepp, J.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: An ecological survey of four newly created surface-mine wetlands in central Pennnsylvania SOURCE: M.S. thesis, Pennsylvania State University. 186pp. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-US3 RESPONSE: MAMMALS, AMPHIB, REPT, INVERTS, VEG, WQUAL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, SUCCESS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis compares successional colonization characteristics of four newly created surface-mine wetlands in central Pennsylvania. Many species of hydrophytes, invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were observed. There was a predictable process of succession based on habitat morphometry and water quality. The relationships derived from these characteristics suggest that one should consider these factors when creating surface-mine wetlands. This study also suggests that an inventory of vegetation, vertebrates, and invertebrates three of four years after the reclamation project may provide a reliable indication of its overall success. KEYWORDS: surface mine wetlands/wetlands/central Pennsylvania/Pennsylvania/ wetland development/values/vegetation/invertebrates/birds/ mammals/wildlife/ecological survey/created wetlands/hydrophytes/ amphibians/reptiles =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1321 AUTHOR: Hermosillo, O.M., and S. Sarquis PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Design considerations for waste water treatment with Water Hyacinth E.Crassipes SOURCE: Environmental Technology 11: 669-674. STATE: MEXICO STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: MODEL, LAB, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB4 RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: EICHHORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The use of water hyacinth for waste water treatment was investigated in this study. Twelve 40 L containers of water hyacinth were grown in a nutrient solution with various concentrations of N and P. Depending on the amount of organic load input (162 and 26.1Kg BOD\Had), removal efficiency was 56% at the higher BOD rate and 95% at the lower rate. The removal efficiency of N was greater than P. The author suggests that water hyacinth ponds should be designed as maturation ponds and a secondary treatment is needed before effluent enters the water hyacinth pond. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 393 AUTHOR: Herricks, E.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Recovery of streams from chronic pollutional stress--acid mine drainage SOURCE: Pages 43-71 in J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks, eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems. Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville. STATE: PA, MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the recovery of streams from chronic pollution stress and assesses a case study of Indian Creek in Fayette County, PA. Topics include: 1) damage caused by acid mine drainage; 2) effects of acid mine drainage on aquatic ecosystems; and 3) recovery/restoration mechanisms affecting streams damaged by long duration stress. Factors that determine recovery are: 1) reduction of stress and restoration of damaged habitat; 2) availability of organisms for recolonization; and 3) seasonal stability of stream conditions (discharge, water quality) for regular maintenance of stream communities. Restoration can be accomplished by natural conditions (as illustrated by the Indian Creek study) as long as the discharge of pollutants does not exceed the total stream system's assimilative capacity. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 394 AUTHOR: Herricks, E.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Development of aquatic habitat potential of gravel pits SOURCE: Pages 196-206 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., PO-UB1, L.-UB1, PO-UB2, L.-UB2 RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides information on developing sand/gravel mine pits for aquatic habitat. To minimize maintenance costs, management for any 1 species requires the development of a complex, supporting ecosystem, which takes time. This time can be shortened (thus increasing site value) by careful management and implementation of procedures relating to site topographic development (using a morphoedaphic index), including provision of littoral areas (2-6 ft deep) over 20% or more of the lake surface area, edge sculpturing to maximize shoreline length, construction of islands, and a variable bottom configuration. During mining, water quality control and early development of fish and wildlife resources can be implemented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 397 AUTHOR: Herricks, E.E., and J. Cairns, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1972 TITLE: The recovery of stream macrobenthic communities from the effects of acid mine drainage SOURCE: Pages 370-398 in Fourth symposium on coal mine drainage research. Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Monroeville, PA. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the effects of acid mine drainage on macroinvertebrates of Indian Creek, Fayette County, PA. The creek was sampled upstream and downstream of an acid source and at various flows during may, July, and October. The effect of lower stream discharge was a decrease in the dilution of acid mine drainage and an increase in the stress on the macroinvertebrate communities, which were dominated by tolerant organisms. Tributaries to the creek improved water quality by dilution and supplied organisms to reinvade the damaged regions of the stream from which they had been eliminated during low flow (higher sulfate levels and lower pH). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 396 AUTHOR: Herricks, E.E., and J. Cairns, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Rehabilitation of streams receiving acid mine drainage SOURCE: Water Resour. Res. Cent. Bull. 66. 284 pp. STATE: PA, VA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents results of 3 studies on the effects of acid mine drainage on streams of Montgomery County, VA, and Fayette and Venango Counties, PA. Acid was experimentally added to a healthy productive stream, reducing pH from 8.0 to 4.0 for 15 minutes. Diversity and density of aquatic macrobenthos were reduced by 29% and 42% and full recovery occurred within 19-28 days. Recolonization was related to drift of recolonizing organisms. In other studies, source areas of recolonizing organisms were unpolluted tributaries, which also improved the acid mine-impacted streams by diluting the discharge and improving water quality. The use of lime neutralization can rapidly restore water quality, but hydroxide floc, a byproduct of the neutralization, limits the recolonization of some bottom fauna. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 395 AUTHOR: Herricks, E.E., and J. Cairns, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: The recovery of streams stressed by acid coal mine drainage SOURCE: Pages 11-24 in Fifth symposium on coal mine drainage research. Natl. Coal Assoc., Washington, DC. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the interactions between physical, chemical, and biological systems of an acid coal mine drainage area in the Indian Creek Watershed, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties, PA. Recovery to near normal environmental conditions occurred within 8 miles of the acid discharge source area. This rapid recovery was due in part to unpolluted tributaries that aided in dilution and neutralization of the acid discharge. In portions of the stream, conditions varied seasonally with changing discharge. During low discharge, stress levels were increased and the biological community was altered. Biological communities became temporarily reestablished when acid drainage concentrations were low due to high discharge volumes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 398 AUTHOR: Herricks, E.E., and L.L. Osborne PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Water quality restoration and protection in streams and rivers SOURCE: Pages 1-20 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of water quality restoration and protection in streams and rivers. Determination of risk or hazard assessment and tolerance of various species to toxic substances are discussed. Restoration techniques are described in terms of water quality criteria and designated stream use. Effects of several chemical substances on specific organisms are described. The primary elements of restoration are the isolation, removal, transfer, or dilution of substances that degrade water quality. Protection of rivers and streams from point and nonpoint source contamination is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 399 AUTHOR: Herskowitz, J., S. Black, and W. Lewandowski PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Listowel artificial marsh treatment project SOURCE: Pages 247-254 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publ., Orlando, FL. STATE: ONTARIO, CANADA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM, LAB, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses 5 separate cattail marsh treatment systems, occupying a total of 8,670 m2, used to treat 4% of the sewage from Listowel, Ontario. Two pretreatment types, complete mix aeration cell effluent and lagoon effluent, also were tested. The marsh effluent quality achieved was at levels between conventional and tertiary treatment. The systems demonstrated large reductions in BOD, suspended solids, and bacteria on a year-round basis. Effluent quality was highest when oxygen supply was adequate to support aerobic metabolism in the marshes. The data from the experimental treatments were used to refine the design for a full-scale marshland sewage treatment facility at Port Perry, Ontario. The major modification was the installation of an upgraded pretreatment unit. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1333 AUTHOR: Heusmann, H.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: An analysis of the potential creation of productive wetlands by interstate highway construction with emphasis on waterfowl management SOURCE: M.S. thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 97pp. STATE: MA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, HUSE, SUCCESS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis discusses the use of basins left after extraction of road fill as impoundments for the potential of creating habitat for aquatic life, waterfowl, and mammals. Several impoundments where chosen for study along I-91 in Massachusetts. A description of the water chemistry and productivity, amount of shoreline vegetation, waterfowl counts, muskrat data, and human uses are given. Recommendations are made in regards to the impoundment depth, shape, size, cover and food plantings, water control structures, and loafing and nesting sites. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 400 AUTHOR: Hey, D.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: The Des Plaines River wetlands demonstration project: developing and implementing goals and objectives SOURCE: Pages 89-91 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., PO-... RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes Wetlands Research, Inc.'s planning and development of the Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project near Wadsworth, IL. Objectives of the project are to develop and test design principles, construction methods, and management programs for the various functions of reconstructed wetlands. Research will be conducted on 8 experimental wetland areas as well as on the river system as a whole. Performance criteria and funding sources are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1349 AUTHOR: Hey, D.L., M.A. Cardamone, J.H. Sather, and W.J. Mitsch PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Restoration of riverine wetlands: the Des Plaines River wetlands demonstration project SOURCE: Pages 159-183 in W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen, eds. Ecological engineering: an introduction to ecotechnology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, FISH, HUSE, VEG, INVERTS, WFOWL, MAMMALS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project set up to develop design and management criteria for wetland construction. Models are used describing the macro and micro-system research programs involving variables such as hydrology, water quality, soils, vegetation, morphology, fish, and wildlife. Future experiments will be used to determine the optimal ecological engineering design for riverine wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 402 AUTHOR: Hey, D.L., and N.S. Philippi PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The Des Plaines River wetlands demonstration project: Volume II: baseline survey SOURCE: Wetlands Res., Inc., Chicago, IL. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-..., PO-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, HUSE, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This extensive report describes existing conditions at the 450 acre site of the Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project, Lake County, IL, during spring/summer 1985. The project involves the restoration of riverine wetlands bordering a 2.8 mile stretch of the Upper Des Plaines River. The following are described in detail: topography, hydrology, water quality, geology, soils, vegetation, microorganisms, aquatic macroinvertebrates, terrestrial insects, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, habitat evaluation procedures, public use, and historic use. Chapters on these topics were prepared by experts in the various fields. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 401 AUTHOR: Hey, D.L., and N.S. Philippi PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The Des Plaines River wetlands demonstration project: Volume III: design, construction specifications and site management SOURCE: Wetlands Res., Inc., Chicago, IL. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, HUSE, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: ANDROPOGON, CALAMAGROSTIS, CAREX, PANICUM, ELYMUS, SORGHASTRUM, SPARTINA, CERATOPHYLLUM, LEMNA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, NELUMBO, NUPHAR, NYMPHAEA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes in detail the design and construction of the Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project, a restoration effort on 450 acres along 2.8 miles of the Upper Des Plaines River, Lake County, IL. Habitat design and management conditions are described, followed by grading and drainage plans, irrigation system plans, vegetation, public use, construction plans, and costs. Potential plant communities at the site are discussed: 1) aquatic; 2) islands and lowlands; 3) extended shoreline; 4) wet prairie and sedge meadow; 5) prairie; 6) riparian marsh; 7) inundated riparian marsh; 8) sedge meadow/low prairie; 9) cattail marsh; 10) lawn mix; and 11) mud flat/marsh. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 403 AUTHOR: Hey, D.L., J.M. Stockdale, D. Kropp, and G. Wilhelm PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Creation of wetlands in northeastern Illinois SOURCE: Illinois Dept. Energy Nat. Resour., Springfield, Doc. No. 82109. 117 pp. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., R2-..., PO-SS1, L.-..., PO-FO1, RIPAR RESPONSE: PGENUS: SALIX, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents a conceptual plan for wetland restoration at a 450 acre site along the Des Plaines River, Lake County, IL. The role of reestablished wetlands is discussed in terms of providing potential solutions to urban problems of: 1) loss of wetland and aquatic habitats; 2) reduced flood water storage capacity; 3) treatment of nonpoint source pollution; 4) the cost of high technology, including advanced wastewater treatment; and 5) limited enjoyment and recreation due to water quality. The conceptual plan for the Des Plaines River site includes producing marsh areas, preserving a willow community, and encouraging greater public use of the area. The wetland restoration will be used as a demonstration site for the Lake County Forest Preserve District. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 404 AUTHOR: Hill, D.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Reclamation of damaged streams as a tool in resource management SOURCE: Pages 96-101 in Proceedings on a symposium on trout habitat, research and management. U.S. For. Serv., Southeastern Exp. Stn., Asheville, NC. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses factors that affect stream recovery. Although a complex of factors influence the potential of a stream to undergo biological recovery, two of the most important criteria are: 1) the absence of limiting residual effects or the continued input of detrimental substances; and 2) the availability of recolonizing populations of organisms adequate for the reestablishment of diverse, functional biotic communities. Agencies concerned with reclamation of damaged streams to improve the fishery resources should examine each situation carefully with regard to residual effects or incomplete pollution abatement. Consideration should be given to the possibility of influencing faunal community structures through appropriate faunal transplants. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1395 AUTHOR: Hill, Janice B. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Wildlife use of wetlands on coal surface mines in western Pennsylvania SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, PN. 92pp. STATE: PN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., L.-..., R.-... RESPONSE: MAMMALS, REPT, AMPHIB, SHOREB, WFOWL, NGBIRDS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis studies wildlife use of existing surface-mine wetlands in Pennsylvania and the relationship between wildlife and habitat based on eight characteristics: water chemistry, size, shape, life forms, juxtaposition, interspersion, slope, and size. The three regions involved in this study were the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, the eastern Allegheny Plateau, and the central Allegheny Plateau. Wildlife populations were surveyed during three seven-week sessions in spring, summer, and autumn. The glaciated regions showed the highest wildlife possibly due to the larger wetlands sites in this region. Wetlands with seven or more cover types, and low slopes had a beneficial relationship for birds, mammals, and aquatic vegetation. In riverine wetlands, sinuosity and the number of cover types was positively related to avian, herpetofauna, and breeding amphibian use. All sites showed consistently higher use in the summer than spring and autumn. There was no significant relationship between water chemistry and mammal species richness unlike for the other wildlife in the study. Management recommenda