=============================================================================== NUMBER: 1 AUTHOR: Abbey, D.G.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Tangipahoa Crossing: restoring and preserving one of Louisiana's designated scenic rivers. SOURCE: Pages 107-124 in International Erosion Control Association. Erosion control: stay in tune. Proc. Intl. Erosion Control Assoc. Conf. XIX, New Orleans, LA. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-UB., RIPAR RESPONSE: PGENUS: CYNODON, LOLIUM, PASPALUM, SALIX, ACER, BETULA, FRAXINUS, CARPINUS, PRUNUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS, LONICERA, ULMUS, BERBERIS, CORNUS, RHUS, CRATAEGUS, LIGUSTRUM, ROSA, SAMBUCUS, PINUS, CELTIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the planning and design for restoration of a portion of a natural scenic river, the Tangipahoa, Tangipahoa Parish, LA, crossed by a gas transmission pipeline. Topics include a cultural profile of Tangipahoa Parish, the natural profile of the general vicinity of the project site, and a design profile of the project. The design includes planting trees, shrubs, and bank cover; shaping and grading the river bank; installing an artificial irrigation system to insure survival of seedbeds during early stages of succession; biotechnical erosion control features; and creation of tree islands. Construction of the project had not yet begun. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 2 AUTHOR: Abernathy, M.C., D.J. Morris, and R. Van Wormer PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Wetland reclamation planning at the John Henry Mine in western Washington SOURCE: Pages 153-159 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds. Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour., University Park. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1, L.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: SALIX, SPIRAEA, ALNUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a restoration plan for the marshy remnant of a manmade lake on coal-mined land in King County, northwestern WA. The marsh was created in 1971 by the breach of a dam. The restoration plan to enhance the 14 acre wetland includes a detailed review of mine plans and reclamation schedules, site reconnaissance, and summaries of geologic, geotechnical, and hydrologic features. The final plan calls for partially backfilling an open mine pit, while blending the original lake into the 5.2-5.6 ha wetland at the shallow end. A water control structure will be installed to permit water level fluctuations and banks will be graded to a 3:1 slope to allow development of shrubs and wildlife habitat. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1558 AUTHOR: Adair, S.E., J.L. Moore, and C.P. Onuf PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Distribution and status of submerged vegetation in estuaries of the upper Texas coast SOURCE: Wetlands 14(2):110-121. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, WFOWL PGENUS: HALODULE, RUPPIA, THALASSIA, VALLISNERIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report documents current submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) distributions along the upper Texas coast; examines relationships of species compositon and distribution with environmental changes and properties; and compares current distribution patterns with those from the early 1970's. Aerial photographs were compared, vegetative cover maps were drawn, and the Matagorda and Galveston Bay complexes were sampled for vegetation and water quality parameters. Halodule wrightii and Ruppia maritima were the most abundant SAV species, the amounts of each increasing with increased salinity and tended to dominate the lower intertidal and upper subtidal zones. Current trends indicate a reduction in the total area of vegetated bottom in the northern gulf coast with the greatest loss being in the Galveston Bay Complex. Only one bay in this complex has any SAV meadows remaining; whereas, there has actually been an increase of vegetated bottom in the Matagorda Bay Complex. The authors suggest shorefront development, channelization, barrier island destruction, dredging, Hurricane Carla (1961), chemical spills, and wastewater discharges are the principal agents causing SAV reduction in Galvaston Bay. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 3 AUTHOR: Adams, D.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1963 TITLE: Factors influencing vascular plant zonation in North Carolina salt marshes SOURCE: Ecology 44(3):445-456. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: CUT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, ASTER, SCIRPUS, LIMONIUM, SALICORNIA, BORRICHIA, FIMBRISTYLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes salt marsh vegetation and its relationship to sea level at 7 sites along the lower coast of NC. Statistical analyses were performed on vegetation and soil samples; comparisons of 10 marsh plant species are presented in tables. Species in the low marsh consisted of Spartina alterniflora, Salicornia perennis, Limonium carolinianum, and Juncus roemerianus. The high marsh species association was Aster tenuifolius, Distichlis spicata, Spartina patens, Fimbristylis castanea, and Borrichia frutescens. Salinity, soil Ph, water table depth, and water nutrient concentrations were measured to determine the relationship between these environmental conditions and salt marsh succession. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 5 AUTHOR: Adams, D.D., D.A. Darby, and R.J. Young PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh development site, James River, Virginia SOURCE: Appendix F: environmental impacts of marsh development with dredged material - sediment and water quality. Volume II: substrate and chemical flux characteristics of a dredged material marsh. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 495 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R2-US3, R1-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, R2-EM2 RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report is the second of a 2-volume study of sediment characteristics of a dredged material marsh at Windmill Point, James River, VA. Substrate sediment studies and physical/chemical transport characteristics of the marsh development site and a natural marsh are compared. The natural marsh substrate was more acidic and slightly more oxidized, with finer, more organic sediments that had a higher cation exchange capacity. Water quality studies included measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved nutrients. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 4 AUTHOR: Adams, D.D., D.A. Darby, and R.J. Young PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations, Windmill Point Marsh development site, James River, Virginia SOURCE: Appendix F: environmental impacts of marsh development with dredged material: sediment and water quality. Volume I: characteristics of channel sediments before dredging and effluent quality during and shortly after marsh habitat development. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-23. 79 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R1-UB., R1-US2, R1-US3, R2-US3, R1-EM2, PO-FO1, R2-US2, R2-EM2 RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes sediment and water quality at the Windmill Point Marsh development site, James River, VA. River bottom sediments were fine-textured and poorly sorted. Sediments were described in terms of temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, water, volatile solids, particle size, minerals, and cation exchange capacity. Channel sediment characteristics and chemical quality of effluent leaving the marsh development site were studied during dredged material disposal (for marsh substrate), during dewatering, and 3.5 months after dredging (before planting). Baseline data are examined in detail to evaluate potential detrimental effects on successful marsh development and to assess the presence of pollutants. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 6 AUTHOR: Adams, S.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Investigation of environmental enhancement needs and alternatives for the Loxahatchee Slough/Canal 18 Basin, Florida SOURCE: Pages 1-16 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Community Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes 3 alternative water management plans for the environmental enhancement of Loxahatchee Slough and the Northwest Fork of the Loxahatchee River, Martin and Palm Beach Counties, FL. These areas have been severely altered by drainage activities and subsequent saltwater intrusion. A computerized simulation model, developed to test the applicability of the management plans, was based on analysis of the hydrological characteristics of the study areas. Flood control, water supply, water quality, and environmental preservation and enhancement are focal points of the plans. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 7 AUTHOR: Adamski, J.M., and M.F.P. Michalski PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Reclamation of acidified lakes--Middle and Lohi, Sudbury, Ontario SOURCE: Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 19:1971-1983. STATE: ONTARIO, CANADA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: MOUGEOTIA, OOCYSTIS, SELENASTRUM, PERIDINIUM, DINOBRYON, CRYPTOMONAS, RHODOMONAS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the addition of chemical neutralizing agents to supplement the natural buffering capacity of 2 acidified lakes: Middle and Lohi, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Calcium hydroxide was the primary treatment chemical; calcium carbonate was applied after initial treatment with calcium hydroxide was complete. Substantial reductions in heavy metal content were recorded following chemical neutralization. Lime demand also decreased and pH increased. Chlorophyll concentrations were low and small nutrient additions may eventually be necessary to enhance productivity. Results indicated that combined calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate treatment is a simple, effective, and relatively inexpensive water management tool for reclaiming acidic lakes of the Precambrian Shield. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 8 AUTHOR: Adamus, P.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Wetland evaluation technique for bottomland hardwood functions SOURCE: U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Environ. Res. Lab., Corvallis, OR, Draft Rep. 74 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., R.-..., E2-FO., RIPAR RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents a wetland evaluation technique for bottomland hardwoods on river floodplains in the Mississippi Valley Alluvial Plain, Gulf Coastal Plain, and South Atlantic Coastal Plain. This procedure includes an assessment of social significance and wetland functions: groundwater discharge, flood flow alteration, sediment stabilization, sediment/toxicant retention, nutrient removal/transformation, production export, and finfish, shellfish, and wildlife habitat. Also included in the report are discussions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's bottomland hardwood initiatives, relationship of this assessment technique to other assessment methods, the importance of bottomland hardwoods to wetland functions, and implementation of the technique. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 9 AUTHOR: Adamus, P.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Criteria for created or restored wetlands SOURCE: Pages 369-372 in D.D. Hook, ed. The ecology and management of wetlands, vol. 2. Timber Press, Portland, OR. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., L.-..., R.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses criteria for determining the effectiveness of wetland replacement (i.e., in attempting to answer the question of whether or not new or restored wetlands are as "good" as the wetlands they replace). Failure to successfully create or recreate most natural wetland conditions and functions is weighed against benefits of mitigation for at least some of the losses. The author's wetland evaluation technique is presented and discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1001 AUTHOR: Ailstock, M.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A review of beach prisms: their application for wetlands creation under moderate to high energy conditions SOURCE: Pages 7-16 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: STABIL WETLAND TYPE: R2-US2, R1-US2 RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper evaluates effectiveness of using beach prisms to stabilize a sand spit at the mouth of forked creek, a small tributary of the Magothy River, Anne Arundel County, MD. Beach prisms are modular, precast, preassembled erosion control systems that function as permeable, detached breakwaters, and effect deposition of sediments suspended in the water column. Sediments are first deposited behind the prisms and eventually out in front as the shoreline profile becomes modified to a gradual run-up configuration. A net accretion of coarse sand sediments was observed both above and below mean low water behind the prisms after 9 months. Accreted sediments were not stable and planting of Spartina was recommended to minimize loss of accumulated material during storm events. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1531 AUTHOR: Ales, J.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Status report for coastal wetlands conservation and restoration programs as of March 1, 1993 SOURCE: Department of Natural Resources Coastal Restoration Division. Baton Rouge, LA. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, SPOIL, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E1.-..., E2.-... RESPONSE: ECON, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report lists wetland restoration and creation projects proposed by 1993 in various areas along the Louisiana coast. Project descriptions, location maps, and project status are listed. Initiation and completion dates or proposed dates for each pending project are given for planning, cost sharing, feasibility, permitting, monitoring plan, design, landrights, operation and maintenance plan, contracting, construction, operation and maintenence, and monitoring. Many of the projects covered in the 1993 report are different from those covered in the 1994 report. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1530 AUTHOR: Ales, J.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Status report for coastal wetlands conservation and restoration program as of March 1, 1994 SOURCE: Department of Natural Resources Coastal Restoration Division. Baton Rouge, LA. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, SPOIL, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E1.-..., E2.-... RESPONSE: ECON, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report lists wetland restoration and creation projects proposed by 1994 in various areas along the Louisiana coast. Project descriptions, location maps of proposed projects, and project status are listed. Initiated and completion dates or proposed dates for each pending project are given for planning, cost sharing, feasibility, permitting, monitoring plan, design, landrights, operation and maintenance plan, contracting, construction, operation and maintenence, and monitoring. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 10 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Planting techniques to stabilize reservoir shoreline at Lake Wallula, Oregon/Washington SOURCE: Pages 1-3 in Environmental and water quality operational studies. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Info. Exchange Bull. Vol. E-83-3. STATE: OR, WA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, L2-US2, PO-SS1, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SALIX, CAREX, PHALARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes planting techniques used to stabilize a sandy beach subject to wind and wave action along the shoreline at Lake Wallula, OR/WA. Ten woody and 15 herbaceous plant species were transplanted in monotypic plots along 3 elevational contours on the beach. A 1.2 m high snow fence was erected in front of the plots in an attempt to still any wave action. Four plots each of willow fascines, willow mats, and reed rolls were tested. All 3 techniques have been successively used for stream bank stabilization in other studies; however, the techniques failed at Lake Wallula. The revised technique was a willow/fence combination using much earlier season willow stock and willow switches planted upright to avoid smothering by shifting sand. This modified technique resulted in 75-100% survival and 135-138% cover increase. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 11 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H.,E.J. Clairain, R.J. Diaz, A.W. Ford, L.F. Junt, and B.R. Wells PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations-- Bolivar Peninsula Marsh and upland habitat development site, Galveston, Texas: summary report SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-15. 73 pp. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, MAMMALS, SHOREB, VEG, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, MYRICA, QUERCUS, RHUS, PANICUM, CYNODON, CROTON, ANDROPOGON, TAMARIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This summary report describes habitat development on dredged spoil material at Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston, TX. Plantings of marsh grasses and upland vegetation were successful after 2 1/2 years. Plants were protected from wind, waves, and grazing animals. A sandbag dike was constructed, but consideration of more cost-effective alternatives was recommended. Elevation was the most important determinant of marsh grass success. Smooth cordgrass thrived best at elevations below mean high tide; saltmeadow cordgrass thrived best above mean high tide. Preliminary observations indicated that development of this marsh was associated with increases in benthic organisms, insects, and fish; bird diversity and activity in the planted areas also increased. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 12 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H., and C.V. Klimas PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Reservoir shoreline revegetation guidelines SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech Rep. E-86-13. 87 pp. STATE: SD, OK, TX, OR, WA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L2-US4, PO-SS1, L2-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, HUSE, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: SALIX, CAREX, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS, POLYGONUM, DESCHAMPSIA, SAGITTARIA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PANICUM, ROSA, CORNUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report examines the feasibility of establishing vegetation on shorelines subjected to varying water levels at Lake Oahe, SD; Lake Wallula, OR/WA; and Lake Texoma, OK/TX. Guidelines for developing vegetation include site planning, site preparation, planting methods, costs, postplanting operations, monitoring, and maintenance. This report focuses on reduced costs of vegetation establishment and specialized planting techniques. Results and problems from each site are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1305 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H., G.J. Pierce, and R.V. Wormer PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Considerations and techniques for vegetation establishment in constructed wetlands SOURCE: Pages 405-415 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., E.-... RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses techniques and considerations for developing wetlands. The authors focus on hydrologic variables, substrate, vegetation (herbaceous macrophytes), sources of plant materials, planting methods, and water level management. One can determine the species and method of planting by understanding the relation among hydrology, substrate, and vegetation as well as other environmental conditions. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 13 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H., and J.W. Webb PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Influence of breakwaters on artificial salt marsh establishment on dredged material SOURCE: Pages 18-35 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, E2-US. RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Spartina alterniflora was planted on dredged material dikes on Theodore Disposal Island, Mobile Bay, AL. Sprigs planted in exposed areas without protection from waves were washed out in 1 month. Subsequent plantings were protected by 2 breakwater systems; those behind the floating tire breakwater had a 55.7% survival rate, the fixed breakwater a 24.3% rate, and no breakwater a 4.0% rate. Fertilized and unfertilized plant survival rates were not significantly different. Survival of transplants spaced at 1.0 m was 34.3%; at 0.5 m spacing, survival was 21.8%. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1238 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H., and J.W. Webb PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Erosion control with saltmarsh vegetation SOURCE: Coastal Zone 83(2):735-748. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: SPOIL, PLANT, STABIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: In 1981 and 1982 Spartina alterniflora sprigs were planted in a 1.7 ha area along the shore of a dredged material island in Mobile Bay, AL to determine the techniques effectiveness for erosion control. Planted sites were: 1) left unprotected from wave action; 2) placed behind a fixed breakwater; or 3) placed behind a floating-tire breakwater. Wave-break designs and costs are detailed. Two sites with wave-breaks were fertilized; no significant response in cordgrass growth was observed. Sprig mortality rates after 2 months were: 1) almost 100% on the unprotected areas; 2) 75.7% behind fixed breakwaters; and 3) 64% and 44.3% behind floating-tire breakwaters. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 14 AUTHOR: Allen, H.H., J.W. Webb, and S.O. Shirley PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Wetlands development in moderate wave-energy climates SOURCE: Pages 943-955 in R.L. Montgomery and J.W. Leach, eds. Dredging and dredged material disposal. Vol. 2. Proc. Dredging '84 Conf., Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, STABIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses marsh grass (Spartina alterniflora) establishment techniques used to stabilize erodible areas of Theodore Island, a dredged material island in Mobile Bay, AL. Some of the experimental plots had previously washed out due to wave action after 2 or 3 planting attempts using bare-rooted, single-stemmed sprigs. Various treatments using mats, tires, plant wrappings, and bare-root plants were used. Three techniques appeared promising for erosion control at a reasonable cost: 1) plant rolls; 2) burlap bundles; and 3) plants sprigged in slits of 1.1 kg/m2 paratex mat. These treatments were 1.5-7 times more expensive than conventionally planted single-stemmed transplants, but had 2-3.3 times more plant survival after 5 months. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1232 AUTHOR: Allen, J.A., and H.E. Kennedy, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Bottomland hardwood reforestation in the Lower Mississippi Valley SOURCE: U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Natl. Wetland Res. Cent., Slidell, LA and U.S. For. Serv., South. For. Exp. Stn., Stoneville, MS Publ. 28 pp. STATE: MO, KY, TN, MS, AR, LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: QUERCUS, CARYA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, DIOSPYROS, ACER, PLATANUS, LIQUIDAMBAR CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes techniques landowners can use to reestablish bottomland hardwood forests in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Site preparation needs, criteria for species selection, seeding/planting techniques,and monitoring requirements are discussed. In 1989 average costs for direct seeding were $40-$60/acre; planting seedlings costs were $80-$120/acre. Appendix A lists 20 hardwood species suitable for restoration along with species specific information: soil types for best growth; flood tolerance; time of seed dissemination; suitability for direct seeding; timber production; waterfowl food; deer/turkey food; and additional comments. Appendix B lists several seed/seedling sources by state. KEYWORDS: bottomland hardwoods/reforestation/lower Mississippi Valley/ technique/bottomland hardwood forests/Mississippi =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1182 AUTHOR: Allen, J.A., J.T. Teaford, E.C. Pendleton, and M. Brody PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Evaluation of greentree reservoir management options in Arkansas SOURCE: Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:471-480. STATE: AR STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, L.-..., RIPARIAN RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: TAXODIUM, NYSSA, QUERCUS, CARYA, LIQUIDAMBAR CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of the long-term impacts of various flooding schedules on vegetation, using a bottomland hardwood forest succession simulation model. The site is Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge in southern Arkansas at the confluence of the Ouachita and Saline Rivers. About 22,000 acres are managed as a greentree reservoir. Three forest types predominate: cypress/ tupelo; overcup oak/water hickory; and sweetgum/nuttall oak/willow oak. The application of FORFLO, a model developed at the National Wetlands Research Center, is described in detail. Results presented in this paper are the averages of 50 possible outcomes, and approximate what is most likely to occur barring unusual conditions. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 15 AUTHOR: Ambrose, R.E., C.R. Hinkle, and C.R. Wenzel PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Practices for protecting and enhancing fish and wildlife on coal surface-mined land in the southcentral U.S. U.S. Fish Wildl SOURCE: Serv. FWS/OBS-83-11. 229 pp. STATE: AR, LA, OK, TX STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CUT, FERT, FIRE, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-FO., PO-SS., PO-AB., R.-..., L.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: ECON PGENUS: PINUS, QUERCUS, POPULUS, CARYA, ILEX, CEPHALANTHUS, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report is a handbook on the best current practices used to minimize disturbances and adverse impacts of surface mining on fish and wildlife resources of the southcentral U.S. Topics include: 1) planning for various fish and wildlife needs, 2) protecting resources during mining; 3) reclamation techniques to enhance fish and wildlife resources; and 4) examples of regional reclamation planning. Reclamation techniques include seeding, planting, stabilizing banks, creating impoundments, stocking fish, developing islands, and providing nesting habitat, cover, and food plots. Risks, limitations, approximate costs, and maintenance and management requirements of each practice are provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 16 AUTHOR: Amen, R.D., G.E. Carter, and R.J. Kelly PUBL. YEAR: 1970 TITLE: The nature of seed dormancy and germination in the salt marsh grass Distichlis spicata SOURCE: New Phytol. 69:1005-1013. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: DISTICHLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses seed dormancy and germination in salt marsh grass (Distichlis spicata) collected from Southport, NC. The dormancy of Distichlis seeds was broken by a brief (4 weeks) low-temperature (4 degrees C) period after ripening. Localized scarification and nitrate also were effective agents in breaking dormancy and promoting seed germination. The pericarp and/or testa are impermeable to organic plant-growth regulators, but not to water or inorganic salts. Gibberellic acid and kinetin are ineffective in breaking dormancy and do not affect germination. Abscisic acid, however, effectively inhibits stratified and scarified seeds. Dormancy and germination appear to be hormonally controlled. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1002 AUTHOR: American Fisheries Society--Western Division PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: The best management practices for the management and protection of western riparian stream ecosystems SOURCE: am. Fish. Soc., Western Div., Orem, UT. 45 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR, PO-EM., PO-SS., PO-FO. RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents best management practices for western riparian stream ecosystems and addresses seven primary impacts: livestock grazing, mining, water development and irrigation, road construction, agriculture and urbanization, and timber harvest. Information includes damages caused by various impacts, planning management schemes, designing habitat restoration or protection measures, regulations involved in protecting riparian stream ecosystems, and management practice techniques. Practices useful for wetland creation/restoration projects include tailing pond construction in mined areas, mine pond reclamation, enhancement of channelized streams, stream revegetation techniques, and restoration of riparian habitats. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 17 AUTHOR: Amoros, C., G. Pautou, and J. Bravard PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: The reversible process concept applied to the environmental management of large river systems SOURCE: 1987. . Environ. Manage. 11(5):607-617. STATE: FRANCE STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes ecological succession and reversible processes in terms of river system restoration. Case studies (in France) include: 1) a braided section of the Upper Rhone River; and 2) a meandering section of the Lower Ain River. Both stability and reversible processes influence the recovery capacity (without human action) of ecosystems. The probability of ecosystem regeneration (on various temporal and spatial time scales) and cost of restoration (with human action) can be estimated by evaluating the degree of reversibility and the energy inputs required to reverse system changes. The preservation of pioneer and transient short-life stages within large river systems is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1190 AUTHOR: Anderson, B PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Deep tillage aids tree establishment in riparian revegetation projects in arid southwest SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 6(2):84-87. STATE: AZ, CA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: RIPARIAN, R2-..., R3-..., PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: POPULUS, SALIX, TAMARIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes an experimental project to investigate the effects of deep tilling on riparian tree establishment in a 125 acre area along the Lower Colorado River, and on a less arid site on the Kern River. Plants in holes that were tilled to the water table exhibited about 3 times the growth in height of trees planted in shallow-tilled holes at the same site. Advantages of planting trees that have an opportunity to root deeply and establish direct connection with the water table are described. The amount and rate of irrigation to increase its effectiveness and reduce costs are also discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 18 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., J. Disano, D.L. Brooks, and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Mortality and growth of cottonwood on dredge-spoil SOURCE: Pages 438-444 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., PO-FO1, RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study that reintroduced Populus fremontii along the Lower Colorado River in Imperial County, CA. Riparian trees were planted on a 30 ha site to determine growth under a variety of tillage and irrigation conditions. Trees were placed in augered tilled holes, 1.2 and 3 m deep, with time-release fertilizer. All trees were irrigated with 121 l of water/day for 150 days; after that time, different groups of trees were subjected to various irrigation patterns. The average growth rate of the trees was 0.007 m/day. The fastest growth of 0.014 m/day occurred during august-October; the slowest growth occurred in the 90 days following planting. Relationships between growth and irrigation and growth and tillage are discussed. A list of planting recommendations is included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1194 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., W.C. Hunter, and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Status changes of bird species using revegetated riparian habitats on the Lower Colorado River from 1977 to 1984 SOURCE: Pages 325-331 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA, AZ STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, NGBIRDS, WFOWL PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Two dredge-spoil sites were revegetated on the Lower Colorado River with native riparian trees. Another site (Cibola National Wildlife Refuge, south of Blythe, CA) was cleared of exotic saltcedar and revegetated with native shrubs. Sites were censused for birds through all phases of revegetation. Bird species were grouped by natural history characteristics to determine changes in the types of species occurring during the development of revegetation sites. Most species responded positively within 2 years after planting, including some sensitive species. This study is the first of its kind to document changes in bird use of artificially established native riparian habitats. (AA-Mod) KEYWORDS: birds/habitat/proceedings/California/restoration/dredge spoil/ revegetation/bird use/saltcedar/Tamarix chinensis/revegetated riparian habitats/lower Colorado River/status/riparian/riparian habitats/trees/shrubs/protection/management =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1193 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., and S.A. Laymon PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Creating habitat for the yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americana) SOURCE: Pages 468-472 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA, TX, AZ STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, NGBIRDS PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Yellow-billed cuckoos (a declining species) require dense willow and cottonwood stands for nesting and foraging. Restoration of cuckoo habitat along the Rio Grande River (Presidio, TX), on the Lower Colorado River, CA/AZ, and on the Kern River Preserve near Weldon, CA is described. Salix and Populus were planted in patterns conducive to the development of dense riparian stands. Data concerning survival rates and the associated decreases in survival and vigor for plants exposed to browsing, competition from weeds, and salinity are presented. Cuckoo use began in 2nd year on the Colorado River site and in the 3rd year on the Kern River Preserve. KEYWORDS: habitat/proceedings/California/restoration/Kern River/insects/ revegetation/birds/wildlife/yellow-billed cuckoo/Coccyzus americana/riparian habitats/lower Colorado River/South Fork Kern River/cottonwood/Populus fremontii/willow/Salix spp./southern California/creating habitat/riparian/trees/salinity/protection/ management =============================================================================== NUMBER: 20 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian revegetation: an approach to mitigating for a disappearing habitat in the southwest SOURCE: Pages 481-487 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65. STATE: AZ, CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, VEG, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: ATRIPLEX, PHORADENDRON, SUAEDA, LYCIUM, TAMARIX, CERCIDIUM, PROSOPIS, SALIX, POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a riparian revegetation project along the Colorado River. Planning for mitigation included: 1) use of baseline wildlife data; 2) thorough data analysis; 3) use of predictive models; 4) site preparation, equipment needs, and costs; 5) implementation of design (labor requirements); and 6) monitoring. Site preparation included removal of salt cedar (an undesirable exotic) and backhoeing or augering a hole for each tree to be planted. Because root penetration to the water table is impeded by layers of dense soil, this process ensures that roots of new vegetation gain access to the water table. Birds were the primary test group because of their more visible response to habitat changes. Revegetation of 400 ha in the Lower Colorado River Valley required 10 years (3 for clearing and planting, 7 for monitoring) and cost $3.5-4.5 million. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 22 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Revegetation for wildlife enhancement along the Lower Colorado River SOURCE: U.S. Dept. Interior, Bur. Reclam., Boulder City, NV, Contract No. 7-07-30-V0009. 215 pp. STATE: AZ, CA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R3-..., PO-FO1, PO-SS1, RIPAR RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, REPT, VEG, ECON PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS, TAMARIX, CERCIDIUM, PROSOPIS, SUAEDA, PHORADENDRON, ATRIPLEX, SALSOLA, BASSIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes revegetation efforts to enhance wildlife habitat along the Lower Colorado River. All 3 revegetation sites are near Palo Verde, CA. Two sites were barren dredge spoil; the third was on the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge, Yuma County, AZ. Bird populations had been censused on the latter area for 3 years prior to clearing the site; bird communities before and after clearing are compared in detail. Willow, cottonwood, quailbush, inkweed, smotherweed, and honey mesquite were planted on the refuge site; salt cedar was cleared. Avian community structures and density changes, reptile populations, small mammals in revegetated areas, costs of reintroducing native vegetation, irrigation systems, soil analyses, and tree growth and survival are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 21 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Avian use of revegetated riparian zones SOURCE: Pages 626-631 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: SPOIL, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R2-..., PO-SS1, RIPAR RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, VEG PGENUS: POPULUS, SALIX, ATRIPLEX, SUAEDA, TAMARIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of avian densities on a revegetated portion of the Lower Colorado River in CA. Populus fremontii, Salix gooddingii, and Atriplex lentiformis were reintroduced on 3 10-30 ha sites. Avian transects were established on barren dredge-spoil and a previously mixed salt cedar/willow stand cleared of salt cedar. Avian variables were numbers of permanent resident insectivores, visiting insectivores, and granivores. Tables compare avian densities at each site. Avian colonization occurred on the revegetated site after 17 months and on the cleared site after 5 months. The clearing of salt cedar from an area has little deleterious effect on bird populations. Dead trees and trees with snags should not be removed because they are important habitat components for several bird species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 19 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian revegetation as a mitigating process in stream and river restoration SOURCE: Pages 41-79 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA. STATE: CA, AZ STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, CUT WETLAND TYPE: R.-US5, PO-FO., PO-SS., RIPAR RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: TAMARIX, ATRIPLEX, PROSOPIS, CERCIDIUM, POPULUS, SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the revegetation of desert riparian systems, with the focus on a case study along the Colorado River near the U.S./Mexico border. Plans were developed for: 1) elimination of the exotic salt cedar; and 2) maximum growth and survival of native plants. Preliminary studies included analyses of vegetation, avian habitat, and rodent habitat. Collection of data was followed by 3 years of revegetation experiments. Salt cedars were removed by clearing, burning, and root-ripping to 30 cm below the surface. Deep tillage improved growth and survival of planted cottonwoods and willows. Avian response to revegetation is described in detail by season. Revegetation costs are evaluated in detail, including cost/acre, cost/tree, labor, management, equipment, material and supplies, and monitoring. An outline for mitigation planning is presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 23 AUTHOR: Anderson, B.W., R.D. Ohmart, and J. Disano PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Revegetating the riparian floodplain for wildlife SOURCE: Pages 318-331 in R.R. Johnson and J.F. McCormick, Tech. Coord. Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-12. STATE: CA, AZ STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: TAMARIX, POPULUS, SALIX, ATRIPLEX, PHORADENDRON, SALSOLA, BASSIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of wildlife value of riparian vegetation along the lower reaches of the Colorado River. The first phase, begun in 1973, focused on describing wildlife habitat vegetation characteristics. From this information, a model for revegetating riparian areas for wildlife was developed. Three successional vegetative communities were established simultaneously on 1 study area. The early stage was dominated by annuals that developed rapidly and had high wildlife value. This stage quickly offset losses from land clearing. The second stage (shrubs) persisted without watering and also offset initial losses from land clearing. Trees dominated the third stage; as they matured, their full value to wildlife was realized. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1269 AUTHOR: Anderson, E.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Economic benefits of habitat restoration: seagrass and the Virginia hard-shell blue crab fishery SOURCE: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9:140-149. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3 RESPONSE: ECON, SHELLF PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The author proposes a model predicting the economic benefits of restoring eelgrass in the Chesapeake Bay. The author assumes cessation of pollution and total restoration of seagrass in the bay. The model is applied to estimate the economic benefits and their distribution that might result from increased hard-shell blue crab production. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 24 AUTHOR: Anderson, J.W., R.G. Riley, and R.M. Bean PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Recruitment of benthic animals as a function of petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the sediment SOURCE: J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 35:776-790. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: M2-UB. RESPONSE: INVERT, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses results of 3 field installations, consisting of clean and oiled sediment in fiberglass trays placed in the intertidal zone of Sequin Bay, WA, to determine rates of hydrocarbon depuration and recruitment of benthic invertebrates. Individual compounds and hydrocarbon classes were quantified using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy techniques. Rates of depuration were monitored up to 290 days in surface-oiled, coarse sediments and in finer substrate mixed with oil; rates were much higher in surface-oiled sediments. At initial concentrations of 5,000-6,000 ppm (surface-oiled) and 700 ppm (sediment-oiled), no substantial inhibition of recruitment of benthic organisms was observed. Detailed results are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 25 AUTHOR: Andersson, G., H. Berggren, and S. Hamrin PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Lake Trummen restoration project. III. Zooplankton, macrobenthos, and fish. SOURCE: Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 19:1097-1106. STATE: SWEDEN STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes preliminary effects of the Lake Trummon (southern Sweden) restoration project on zooplankton, macrobenthos, and fish. Macrophyte vegetation had been removed and nutrient-rich sediments (the cause of algal blooms) were pumped out of the lake to adjacent land. Changes in species composition, abundance, and biomass of communities following restoration are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 26 AUTHOR: Andrews, N.J., M. Penko, M.D. Mattson, and D.C. Pratt PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: The establishment of cattails on a northern Minnesota peatland SOURCE: Minnesota Dept. Nat. Resour. and Minnesota Energy Agency, Minnesota Peat Program, St. Paul. 79 pp. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB4 RESPONSE: VEG, HUSE, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes experiments to establish cattail as a commercial biomass crop on northern MN peatlands. The study area was in an abandoned rice paddy near Zim and was prepared by diking, removing shrubs, and rotovating the soil. Cattail rhizomes were planted at a rate of 25/m2. Fertilizer was applied . Numerous graphs and charts depict standing crop, shoot density, soil chemistry, height classes, tissue analysis, and substrate/fertilizer conditions. Maximum aboveground and total standing crop for cattail plants averaged 738-1,534 g/m2 compared to natural stands of 950-1,360 g/m2. Seeded plots resulted in 551 g/m2 maximum aboveground standing crop and natural cattail seeded areas produced 672 g/m2. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 27 AUTHOR: Andrews, N.J., and D.C. Pratt PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Energy potential of cattails (Typha spp.) and productivity in managed stands SOURCE: J. Minnesota Acad. Sci. 44:5-8. STATE: MN STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST, EXPERIMENT ACTION: FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses biomass production of cattails grown on peat in experimental paddies at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul. Yields of plants grown on peat were generally 20-30% lower than that reported for natural established stands. Maximum shoot weight occurred in August, whereas maximum belowground biomass was reached in October. Fertilizer applications of 25-100 kg/ha K did not significantly increase total production. Differences in initial nutrient content of peat had more of an effect on production than amount of fertilizer added. Significant differences in yield were obtained by increasing the planting rate from 12-48 rhizomes/plot. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 28 AUTHOR: Anonymous PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Build your own bog to neutralize acid mine drainage SOURCE: Coal Age (June):77. STATE: WV STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report summarizes the work of West Virginia University researchers investigating the use of bogs to neutralize acidic waters from coal mines. Tub Run Bog was found to have an average pH of 3.0 near the input of acid-laced waters from a coal mine; 30-60 ft from the input the pH was approximately 4.5. Sulfate reducing bacteria, requiring anaerobic conditions and supplies of sulfate and organic carbon compounds, are responsible for the neutralization action of the bog. The creation of bogs for this purpose is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1504 AUTHOR: Anonymous PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Restoration work starts at Lake Pontchartrain's LaBranche Wetlands SOURCE: World Dredging Mining and Construction 30(4):14 and 27. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: SPOIL, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article briefly discusses the Bayou LaBranche Marsh Creation Project. Approximately 254 acres of intermediate marsh are to be created by pumping 2.5 million cubic yards of dredged material into the target area. Marsh vegetation will be planted after substrate settling and compaction. A brief history of the area along with legislation and funding which made this project possible is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1111 AUTHOR: Apfelbaum, S.I., M. Leach, and R. Baller PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Report propagation results for Carex spp., other wetland species SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 7(1):38-39. STATE: WI STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, LAB, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: CAREX, ACORUS, SPARGANIUM, IRIS, ECHINODORUS, ALISMA, RUMEX, ANGELICA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes seed germination studies of several species of Carex under controlled conditions. Germination of seed collected in 1988 was compared with that of seeds collected in 1987 and kept in cold storage for 1 year. Plant heights and number of perennating stems were compared. Seeds of Carex lacustris, C. stricta, and C. vulpinoidea had higher germination rates when fresh. Sedge seed production and viability were greatest from wetlands where prescribed burning was used, although seed production declined for 1 growing season after burning. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 29 AUTHOR: Apple, L.L., B.H. Smith, J.D. Dunder, and B.W. Baker PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The use of beavers for riparian/aquatic habitat restoration of cold desert, gully-cut stream systems in southwestern Wyoming SOURCE: Pages 109-116 in D.L. Archer, ed. Proceedings of the Bonneville Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Bonneville Chap. Am. Fish. Soc., Salt Lake City, UT. STATE: WY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: STOCK WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-SS1, PO-FO1, RIPAR RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG PGENUS: SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of beavers to restore and reestablish degraded riparian and aquatic habitats at several sites in western WY. One study area was fenced to exclude livestock grazing, one was left unfenced, and several other areas were fenced and placed under grazing management systems. Beaver were reintroduced to the fenced areas; beavers returned on their own to the unfenced area. Aspen trees were delivered to sites to provide large materials for stable dam building. The newly built beaver dams are trapping sediment, reducing stream velocity, elevating the water table, and reducing the effects of seasonally fluctuating water table levels. This process is encouraging willow development and improving riparian and aquatic habitat. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1239 AUTHOR: Arnold, C.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The Arcata Marshes: a case study in wetland restoration SOURCE: Coastal Zone 85(1):562-577. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT, WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT, LFORM, SOIL, STOCK WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-..., E2-EM., E2-..., L2-... RESPONSE: VEG, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, HUSE, FISH, SUCCESS PGENUS: CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes a series of wetland restoration projects implemented by the City of Arcata, CA, in cooperation with the state and many local organizations. Phase I (1981) involved restoring a former landfill to a 3 acre freshwater marsh and 22 acre recreational lake. This area will be used to polish secondarily treated effluent before it enters Arcata Bay. Once restored, recreational use increased to about 93,000 visitor days/year and 160 bird species were observed in the area. Phase II (1981) involved restoring a salt marsh by breaching a dike and dredging channels to increase tidal circulation. Phase III involves restoring a highly degraded lumber mill site to increase estuarine habitat. All 3 phases involved foot trail construction for public access. Phase I and possibly III also involved adding picnic tables, blinds, fencing, signs, etc. to enhance visitor use. Costs for all phases is expected to be $675,550 plus an enormous input of volunteer work. The area will be maintained by the city. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 30 AUTHOR: Ashe, D.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Fish and wildlife mitigation: description and analysis of estuarine applications SOURCE: Coastal Zone Manage. J. 10(1/2):1-52. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of fish and wildlife mitigation, with emphasis on its use as a tool in estuarine management. The statutory basis for fish and wildlife mitigation is discussed and a framework for evaluating the conceptual integrity of potential mitigation efforts is presented. This conceptual framework is applied to a series of alternative approaches to estuarine mitigation and to policy emerging within the federal regulatory regime. Preferable alternatives of effective mitigation policy (i.e., approaches consistent with ecosystem objectives and involving predictable outcomes) are indemnification (using a mitigation bank framework), upland transformation, and restoration of previously altered habitats. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 31 AUTHOR: Athanas, C. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetlands creation for stormwater treatment SOURCE: Pages 61-66 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB. RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, LEERSIA, TYPHA, ALISMA, ELEOCHARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of the use of wetland creation for stormwater treatment and discusses research being conducted at several wetland stormwater basins by the University of Maryland. Artificial wetlands are receiving increasing attention for treating stormwater runoff, but little direct evidence is available to support their ability to perform this function. However, indirect evidence suggests that these wetlands may be useful tools in improving water quality of stormwater runoff. The University of Maryland is addressing this issue, as well as vegetative aspects of artificial wetland creation. An important factor influencing the natural development of wetland vegetation may be the presence of buried seed or other propagules in the substrate. Preliminary evidence indicates the artificially established vegetation may decrease the number of volunteer species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 32 AUTHOR: Atkins, K. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Biotic response to drawdown and reflooding in a clay settling pond SOURCE: Pages 169-187 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, REPT, AMPHIB, MAMMALS, SHOREB, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG, SOIL PGENUS: AESCHYNOMENE, AMARANTHUS, AMBROSIA, ANDROPOGON, BACCHARIS, BIDENS, CASSIA, CHENOPODIUM, COLOCASIA, CONYZA, CYNODON, CYPERUS, DIGITARIA, ECHINOCHLOA, ECLIPTA, ERECHTITES, EUPATORIUM, HETEROTHECA, INDIGOFERA, IPOMOEA, LANTANA, LEPIDIUM, LUDWIGIA, MIKANIA, PANICUM, PASPALUM, PHYTOLACCA, PLUCHEA, RHYNCHELYTRUM, RUELLIA, SALIX, SCHINUS, SCIRPUS, SCOPARIA, SETARIA, TYPHA, URENA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper summarizes the biotic resources found in a clay settling pond in Polk County, FL. Dewatering of the pond initiated a rapid vegetative response; reflooding of the system occurred 11 months later and subsequent biological changes were noted. The study site has many attributes of natural wetland systems and provides important habitat for a variety of wetland species. The area is dominated by wetland plants with wind- dispersed seeds (e.g., cattail and willow). Seventy species of birds, 8 species of mammals, and 10 species of reptiles and amphibians were observed at the study site. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1003 AUTHOR: Atkins, K. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A qualitative assessment of wetlands reclaimed as natural system habitat SOURCE: Pages 17-36 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-EM1, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, SUCCESS PGENUS: SCIRPUS, QUERCUS, TYPHA, THALIA, ELEOCHARIS, FIMBRISTYLIS, JUNCUS, PANICUM, SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, POLYGONUM, BACOPA, MICRANTHEMUM, NAJAS, PASPALUM, INDIGOFERA, AESCHYNOMENE, FRAXINUS, GORDONIA, ILEX, LIQUIDAMBAR, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, PINUS, DIOSPYROS, JUNIPERUS, CORNUS, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, PERSEA, RHUS, LUDWIGIA, SPARTINA, CARPINUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents a qualitative habitat assessment of three international minerals and chemical corporation wetland reclamation projects in Polk and eastern Hillsborough Counties, FL. The phosphate-mined wetlands were reclaimed primarily by natural system capping (overlaying phosphatic waste clays with sand tailings), grading, seeding, mulching (spreading organic soil from donor wetland), fertilizing, and planting or transplanting woody plants. The three study areas have been evolving for 6 months to 6 years. Site inventories documented the presence of 212 plant species, 76 bird species, 10 mammals, 10 reptiles, 6 amphibians, and 5 fishes (species lists included in paper). Each study site attracted a diversity of wildlife species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1453 AUTHOR: Atkinson, R.B., J.E. Perry, E. Smith, and J. Cairns, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Use of created wetland delineation and weighted averages as a component of assessment SOURCE: Wetlands 13(3):185-193. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: COMPARISON, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study uses vegetation as an indicator for early site conditions in created forested wetlands. A moisture modifier system was presented to allow plot-wise comparison of vegetation and hydrology. Seventy-six plots along two transects in the reference wetland and 106 plots along seven transects in the created wetland were established as permanent sampling locations. Vegetation was identified and classified into indicator status categories and modified importance values for each species was calculated as the sum of relative cover and relative frequency. Weighted averages were also calculated using the relative cover estimates and indicator status. Soil samples taken from three upland areas, three reference wetland areas, and six created wetland areas indicate that all sites except those from the reference wetland areas lacked any field indicators of hydric soil, according to the Federal Manual hydrology criterion. KEYWORDS: created wetlands/wetlands/assessment/vegetation/site conditions/ wetlands creation/comparison/reference wetlands/delineation/ indicator status/Section 404/weighted average/monitoring scheme/ mid-Atlantic region/creation/monitoring =============================================================================== NUMBER: 33 AUTHOR: Atlantic Waterfowl Council PUBL. YEAR: 1959 TITLE: An illustrated small marsh construction manual based on standard designs SOURCE: Vermont Fish Game Serv., Montpelier. 153 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-SS., PO-FO. RESPONSE: WFOWL, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This manual presents small marsh construction designs, based on requirements for NY State, for use in wetland development for waterfowl. Topics include: 1) marsh site selection; 2) small marsh survey; 3) marsh design; and 4) small marsh construction. Techniques include: 1) determining water levels and runoff coefficients; 2) designing and constructing spillways; 3) installing water control structures; 4) grading and seeding, 5) applying lime and fertilizer; 6) using mulch; and 7) estimating construction costs. Diagrams of various designs are included to illustrate techniques. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1004 AUTHOR: Auble, G.T., D.B. Hamilton, J.E. Roelle, J. Clayton, and L.H. Fredrickson PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A prototype expert system for moist soil management SOURCE: Pages 137-143 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc. Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a computer program that suggests management regimes for seasonally flooded manmade impoundments. The objectives of such management is to provide hydrologic conditions and food for migrating waterfowl. Planning problems, prototype limitations, program description, and hardware/software requirements are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 34 AUTHOR: Austin, C.B., and A. Thorhaug PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: The economic costs of transplanting seagrasses: Thalassia SOURCE: Pages 69-75 in R. Lewis and D. Cole, eds. Proceedings of the fourth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3, M2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: THALASSIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a method for estimating the costs of restoring beds of Thalassia. Estimates are based on a transplantation project in South Biscayne Bay, Dade County, FL. Costs per seed handled for each transplantation phase (collection, nursery, and planting) are incorporated in a cost model. Three sets of variables are considered in this process: 1) seed mortality and growth rates; 2) size of the area to be planted, density of vegetative cover desired, and time required to reach desired density; and 3) monetary costs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 35 AUTHOR: Babcock, W.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Tenmile Creek--a study of stream relocation SOURCE: Colorado Div. Wildl. Spec. Rep. No. 52. 22 pp. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: R3-UB1 RESPONSE: FISH, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes the relocation of Tenmile Creek as a result of the construction of Interstate 70 through Tenmile Canyon near Frisco, CO. One of the goals of the project was to mitigate for loss of fish habitat. The channel was excavated and fish habitat structures were installed. The creek was monitored for several years after construction; streamside revegetation efforts were not very successful, but fish populations were increasing. Water chemistry parameters are provided for several sites along the reconstructed stream. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1207 AUTHOR: Baca, B.J., T.E. Lankford, and T.G. Ballou PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Propagation of woody wetland vegetation for in-kind mitigation SOURCE: Pages 1-9 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: SC, FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, E2-FO3, PO-SS1, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: ACER, AMPELOPSIS, BACCHARIS, CEPHALANTHUS, GELSEMIUM, HIBISCUS, LEUCOTHOE, LIGUSTRUM, LUDWIGIA, LYONIA, QUERCUS, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, VITIS, ANNONA, BIGNONIA, CAMPSIS, CLETHRA, CYRILLA, DIOSPYROS, FORESTIERA, MANY, TAXODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A total of almost 70 woody wetland species were collected in South Carolina and Florida to determine which species could successfully by propagated from cuttings. Names listed in the PGENUS field were rated "excellent" (for production from cuttings) for the first set of alphabetized names and "good" for the second set (plus Kosteletzkya, Parthenocissus, Rhizophora, Stillingia, Wisteria, and Zanthoxylum), excluding Taxodium. The following were rated "poor": Avicennia, Betula, Carya, Conocarpus, Cornus, Ficus, Gordonia, Fraxinus, Juniperus, Kalmia, Laguncularia, Liquidambar, Magnolia, Morus, Myrica, Nyssa, Persea, Pinus, Platanus, Pluchea, Populus, Quercus (not Q. phellos), Sapium, Taxodium, and Ulmus. Criteria for categorization, collection techniques (and timing), planting medium, and growing conditions are discussed as well as possible reasons for success or failure for some species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1208 AUTHOR: Bacchus, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Complications arising from the incorporation of a muck layer into created wetlands SOURCE: Pages 10-23 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, WFOWL, MAMMALS, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, HYDRO, ECON PGENUS: ACER, CARYA, CELTIS, FRAXINUS, GORDONIA, ILEX, LIQUIDAMBAR, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, TAXODIUM, CANNA, ELEOCHARIS, IRIS, PANICUM, PONTEDERIA, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, SPARTINA, THALIA, CYPERUS, JUNCUS, LUDWIGIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Many FL State regulatory agencies require the transfer of a muck layer from the wetland being impacted to the mitigation site as part of the permit process. Problems resulting from this procedure are discussed using examples from a wetland mitigation project adjacent to Lake Telfer, Orlando. Construction and monitoring procedures for this created wetland are discussed. A lack of diligent follow up maintenance (weeding) and the presence of an abundant seed source for cattails and primrose willow (undesirable species) in the muck were the 2 primary problems. Construction/monitoring costs for the 5.1 ha created wetland were $444,813 which included an unexpected $60,000 for cattail removal. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1291 AUTHOR: Bacon, C.G. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian silviculture - Active riparian management for multiple resources. SOURCE: Pages 99-102 in Society of American Foresters National Convention Proceedings. Spokane, WA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, CUT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article briefly discusses the manipulation of riparian zone vegetation to regain or enhance many potential benefits. The importance of riparian vegetation is discussed and several examples of riparian management and research are given. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1474 AUTHOR: Bacon-Blood, L. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Making mud: dredge may pump new life into marsh SOURCE: Times-Picayune (State Ed), New Orleans, LA. March 30, 1994. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article briefly discusses the marsh creation project on Bayou LaBranche as an effort to restore the previously fertile habitat. Sediment from Lake Pontchartrain is being pumped into a 487 acre section of eroding marsh protected with retention dikes. The area will be planted with marsh grasses after the sediment settles and drys. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1187 AUTHOR: Bagley, F. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Studies of wetlands created to treat acid mine drainwater may lead to ecological refinements SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 7(1):37-38. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, SUCCESS, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a 3 year project undertaken by the Maryland Bureau of Mines and Pennsylvania State University to study, redesign, and enlarge 9 previously constructed wetlands designed to treat acid mine waste. The project includes design and monitoring of new wetlands, evaluation of bacterial and vegetative components of mine drainage wetlands (under controlled conditions in lab and greenhouse), research on bacterial, algal, and plant mechanisms, and optimizing effectiveness of wetlands for treating mine drainage. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1199 AUTHOR: Baird, K.J., and J.P. Rieger PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: A restoration design for least Bell's vireo habitat in San Diego County SOURCE: Pages 462-467 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SEED, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS, PLATANUS, BACCHARIS, ARTEMISIA, AMBROSIA, ANEMOPSIS, PLUCHEA, HELIOTROPIUM, HETEROTHECA, URTICA, GALIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Highway construction plans in San Diego Co., CA required 7 acres of successful mitigation prior to construction (5.2 acres of vireo nesting habitat and 1.8 acres of vireo foraging habitat). Success was defined as either a vireo pair nesting on the mitigation site or no statistically significant differences between parameters on the site and those in functioning vireo habitat. Construction was tentatively scheduled to begin in the 3rd year. This paper describes procedures for developing a specific habitat restoration model. Mean percent cover, density, abundance, species composition, and expected mortality rates for vegetation were used to determine the specifications for restoration design. A mix of seedlings and transplanted mature trees and Baccharis glutinosa shrubs was used to obtain the structural diversity required by nesting vireos within the 2 year time frame. (AA-Mod) KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1005 AUTHOR: Baker, J.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Recovery of salt marsh vegetation from successive oil spillages SOURCE: Environ. Pollut. 4(3):223-230. STATE: WALES STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, PUCCINELLIA, SPERGULARIA, ARMERIA, TRIGLOCHIN, GLAUX, SALICORNIA, JUNCUS, AGROSTIS, FESTUCA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of field experiments involving successive oilings of three types of salt marsh vegetation on the coast of Wales in 1968. Dominant plants were Spartina anglica (lower marsh), Puccinellia maritima (mid marsh), and Juncus maritimus (upper marsh). Recovery from up to four oilings was generally good, but considerable changes in recovery and species dominance resulted from 8-12 oilings even after 5 years, indicating that recovery was likely to be slow. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 36 AUTHOR: Baker, J.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Responses of salt marsh vegetation to oil spills and refinery effluents SOURCE: Pages 529-542 in R.L. Jeffries and A.J. Davy, eds. Ecological processes in coastal environments. Blackwell Sci. Publ., London. STATE: GREAT BRITAIN, WALES STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, SALICORNIA, OENANTHE, AGROSTIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the responses of salt marsh plants to oil spills. Effects of single spills are listed in a table that displays date, locality, oil type, observations, and references. Plant responses to experimental successive spillages were examined on the North Gower Coast, South Wales. The tolerance of different species to oil spills and growth stimulation following oil pollution are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 37 AUTHOR: Baldwin, W.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1967 TITLE: Impoundments for waterfowl on South Atlantic and Gulf coastal marshes SOURCE: ages 127-133 in J.D. Newsom, ed. Proceedings of the marsh and estuary management symposium. Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. STATE: TX, LA, MS, AL, FL, GA, SC, NC, VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CUT, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: FISH, WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: CLADIUM, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, ECHINOCHLOA, SPARTINA, TYPHA, NAJAS, POTAMOGETON, ZANNICHELLIA, DISTICHLIS, NYMPHAEA, GYROTHECA, POLYGONUM, BRASENIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of the use of impoundments to provide waterfowl habitat within coastal marshes from VA to TX. Manipulation of water levels, culture of aquatic plants, regulation of salinity, and control of undesirable plants and carp are briefly discussed for 4 marsh classifications: 1) regularly flooded salt marshes; 2) irregularly flooded salt marshes; 3) salt meadows and salt flats; and 4) coastal fresh marshes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1290 AUTHOR: Ball, J.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Influence of subsequent flooding depth on cattail control by burning and mowing. SOURCE: Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 28:32-36. STATE: CANADA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: CUT, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study experimentally compares fire and mowing as two means of mimicking natural control of cattails in areas where wildlife is a major concern. In addition, three different mowing implements were compared to identify the most cost effective means of mowing. Mowing and burning was conducted while the marsh was still frozen to allow for easier mobility. The marsh was flooded subsequent to the mowing and burning operations. The study plots were assessed for regrowth at the end of the growing season. It was found that both means of cattail control were effective if the subsequent flooding was deep. However, the mowing technique proved more effective if the subsequent flooding was shallow. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 38 AUTHOR: Banner, A. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Revegetation and maturation of restored shoreline in the Indian River, Florida SOURCE: Pages 13-42 in R. Lewis and D. Cole, eds. Proceedings of the fourth annual conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, R1-US2 RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, SHOREB, FISH PGENUS: SPARTINA, HALOPHILA, HALODULE, RUPPIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the restoration of severely disturbed shoreline (sterile sand substrate) in a shallow cove along the shore of the Indian River, FL. Alternating segments of shoreline were planted with mangroves, cordgrass, or both. Unplanted sections served as controls. Accretion of organic matter (especially in areas planted with Spartina) was monitored. Spartina plantings flourished, as did Ruppia interspersed with Halophila and drift algae. The seagrasses attracted various invertebrates (mostly detritus consumers), fish, and wading birds. Mangrove plantings were not as successful; colonization rates are presented in a series of tables. KEYWORDS: revegetation/Florida/black mangroves/mangroves/Spartina/ seagrasses/invertebrates/fishes/wading birds/birds/infauna/ sediment/red mangroves/technique/restored shoreline/Indian River, Florida/Spartina alterniflora/white mangroves/Avicennia nitida/ Rhizophora mangle/Laguncularia racemosa/egrets/herons/ proceedings/restoration/coastal/vegetation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 41 AUTHOR: Banner, A PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Coastal restoration in south Florida SOURCE: Florida Bar J. 51(8):571-575. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes selected problems and solutions concerning coastal restoration in south FL. General concerns include: 1) filling wetlands to provide for boating access or residential and commercial development; and 2) dredging wetlands for fill materials on adjacent lands or for navigational purposes. Lack of public appreciation for wetlands indicates silent approval of wetland destruction without returning benefits to the public. Court procedures for handling unauthorized dredge and fill activities are described. General cost/benefit problems are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 39 AUTHOR: Banner, A. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Mitigation under the Corps regulatory program SOURCE: Pages 396-399 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65. STATE: FL, MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This summary of mitigation actions under the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regulatory program provides an overview of mitigation options and activities. Mitigation is generally used to enhance water retention, circulation, or quality and to improve substrate characteristics, thus promoting the growth of beneficial or desirable plants. Restrictions to permit mitigation actions include: 1) work must be accomplished on site; 2) the applicant must be able to make beneficial use of the property; and 3) actions must be self-sustaining and permanent. Several case studies of mitigation projects in FL are described. Methods of handling mitigation cases are discussed briefly. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 40 AUTHOR: Banner, A PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Florida Keys environmental mitigation trust fund SOURCE: Pages 155-165 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the development of the Florida Keys Environmental Trust Fund, which provides for the creation/ restoration of wetlands to compensate for those lost to dredge and fill violations where direct restoration is not possible. Objectives of the fund are "...enhancement, restoration, or replacement of marine and wetland habitat in the Florida Keys to compensate for the destruction of such habitat at the Port Largo development." General guidelines are described. Actions include removal of fill material, channel construction, and culvert replacement. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1006 AUTHOR: Banner, A., and J. Moulding PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Mitigation management of an impounded brackish water marsh SOURCE: Pages 37-47 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, SHOREB, HYDRO, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, POLYSTICHUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration plans for the Sykes Creek Marsh on Merritt Island, Brevard County, FL. The 2,000 acre marsh was isolated from the adjoining Banana River Lagoon by construction levees in the mid-1950's and was managed for mosquito control. As a result, the marsh lost its historic functions as a spawning and nursery ground for marine invertebrates and fishes, and as a source of detritus for the adjacent estuarine ecosystem. Restoration plans include installing gated culverts through the levees to allow water and fish exchange between marsh and estuary. As water levels were lowered to concentrate forage fishes for wood storks, resuspension of fine material exerted a heavy oxygen demand on the water column, resulting in fish kills. Reconnection of the marsh with the estuary is expected to ultimately flush out these particles. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1282 AUTHOR: Barkhouse, H.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Management related study of man-made wetlands located in coastal regions of the maritime provinces, Canada SOURCE: Pages 82-96 in W.R. Whitman, and W.H. Meredith, eds. Waterfowl and Wetlands Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium on Waterfowl and Wetlands Management in the Coastal Zone of the Atlantic Flyway. Delaware Coastal Management Program, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Dover, DE. STATE: CANADA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2.-... RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, INVERTS, VEG, HYDRO, SUCCESS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes detailed wildlife and habitat information obtained from 34 freshwater wetlands in the coastal regions of the Maritime Provinces, Canada. These data were used to develop a "desired" value to correspond with the habitat and wildlife factors being studied and express specific objectives in terms of habitat conditions and wildlife values. Comparisons of these values provide information to the strengths and weaknesses of the habitat and wildlife factors being studied. Management action is derived by analyzing and comparing these values. KEYWORDS: coastal wetlands/wetlands/waterfowl/symposium/proceedings/ wildlife/man-made wetlands/habitat/Maritime Provinces,Canada/ National Wildlife Areas/natural wetlands/coastal zone/management/ coastal/Canada/waterfowl habitat/natural tidal marshes/tidal marshes/ marshes/wetlands management =============================================================================== NUMBER: 43 AUTHOR: Barko, J.W., and R.M. Smart PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Sediment-based nutrition of submersed macrophytes SOURCE: Aquatic Bot. 10:339-352. STATE: OK, NE STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: L2-UB3, L2-AB3, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: BACOPA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, PROSERPINACA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the capabilities of 4 submersed freshwater macrophyte species to mobilize nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from lake sediments dredged from branched Oak and Pawnee Reservoirs in NE and Keystone Reservoir in OK. N and P were readily mobilized from the sediments and concentrated in plant shoots at levels well above those required for growth. Mobilization of K from sediments was much less effective and may have limited growth; K is probably supplied to these plants primarily from the water. Considerable quantities of these nutrients are released to the water due to plant senescence and associated decay processes, representing an important mode of sediment-nutrient cycling in aquatic systems. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 42 AUTHOR: Barko, J.W., and R.M. Smart PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Effects of organic matter additions to sediment on the growth of aquatic plants SOURCE: J. Ecol. 71:161-175. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: ELODEA, HYDRILLA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, SAGITTARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper examines growth of 3 completely submerged plant species on sediments from Lake Washington, Seattle, WA. Growth of emergent species was generally less inhibited by the addition of 5% organic matter than that of submerged species receiving the same level of organic matter. Greater additions of organic matter severely inhibited Hydrilla and Potamogeton. Growth of all species was negatively correlated with mean dissolved organic carbon concentration in the interstitial water of the sediments. Growth inhibition may have resulted from accumulation of toxic, soluble organic carbon compounds during anaerobic decomposition. The role of organic accretion in sediments is discussed in relation to patterns of aquatic plant distribution and succession. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 44 AUTHOR: Barko, J.W., R.M. Smart, C.R. Lee, M.C. Landin, T.C. Sturgis, and R.N. Gordon PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Establishment and growth of selected fresh- water and coastal marsh plants in relation to characteristics of dredged sediments SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Effects Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-2. 41 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, TRIGLOCHIN, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes a controlled condition laboratory experiment that determined the establishment and growth of several wetland plant species in relation to dredged sediment characteristics. Freshwater, brackish, and estuarine (salt marsh) plants were Scirpus validus, Cyperus esculentus, Distichlis spicata, Triglochin maritimum, S. robustus, Spartina alterniflora, and S. foliosa. Sediment substrates were clay, silty clay, and sand. Plant biomass and aerial density were monitored. Planting was by seeds and transplants. Except for Distichlis (which was successfully established from seed), plants were established more successfully from vegetative propagules. All types of propagules flourished on freshwater sediments, but transplants were more successful on estuarine sediments. Growth of plants in sand was nutrient-limited. The authors state that fine-textured sediments do not need to be fertilized in marsh creation projects. Effects of salinity in terms of limiting plant growth also are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 45 AUTHOR: Barkuloo, J. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Reclaiming Florida phosphate mined lands to wetlands SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Program. 13 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT PGENUS: POPULUS, SAGITTARIA, POTAMOGETON, QUERCUS, PINUS, CLADIUM, PONTEDERIA, NYSSA, ACER, POLYGONUM, TAXODIUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study investigated methods of establishing "equivalent" wildlife habitat that replaces but does not duplicate original wetland habitat. The study site is phosphate mined land on the Peace River Floodplain of west central FL. A 55 acre test site was excavated, creating 2 gently sloping stream channels and a 0.5 acre permanent pond to provide open water for aquatic life. One hundred and nineteen trees and 10,400 seedlings were planted in 26 plots. In addition, 2,300 seedlings were randomly planted at the site. Data collected on growth, vigor, and survival showed nearly 100% survival. The survival and growth of the plantings are related to tidal changes, ground water levels, precipitation, surface water flows, soil moisture, and water quality. Bird, mammal, fish, amphibian, and reptile species using the area were documented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 46 AUTHOR: Barnard, T.A., Jr., and W.I. Priest III PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Virginia's wetland mitigation/compensation policy: its evolution and current status SOURCE: Pages 327-333 in Wetlands of the Chesapeake. Conf. Proc., April 9-11, 1985, Easton, MD. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article defines the mitigation policy, describes its development, and discusses the management philosophy of mitigation as a compensation tool in managing the wetland systems of VA's Chesapeake Bay. General conclusions regarding compensation philosophy include lack of understanding of wetland systems and poor planning preparation for compensation projects. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1505 AUTHOR: Barrett, N.E., and W.A. Niering PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Tidal marsh restoration: trends in vegetation change using a Geographical Information System (GIS) SOURCE: Restoration Ecology 1:18-28. STATE: CT STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to evaluate the restoration of a tidal marsh. Tidal flushing was returned to a 21 ha valley marsh which had been impounded in the 1940's to create shallow-water waterfowl habitat. Salt marsh vegetation declined and was soon dominated by Typha and Phragmites by the creation of the impoundments. After re- establishing tidal flushing salt marsh plants began to displace the freshwater emergents. Base maps were created prior to dike construction of the impounded marsh and the restored tidal marsh condition, then vegetation type, dominance, and ranking was assigned to each base map. Comparisons and crosstabulation matrices of the trends in the pattern of vegetation recovery were then made. Complete restoration in the strictest sense (identical spatial recovery) occurred for only 28% of the vegetation types. Sixty-three percent of the original salt marsh vegetation recovered however regardless of the former spatial position. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 47 AUTHOR: Barroin, G. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Sediment treatment for phosphorus inactivation SOURCE: Pages 115-118 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters. Intl. Symp. on inland waters and lake restoration. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA 440/5-81-010. STATE: FRANCE STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: SOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses sediment treatment to restore a 0.35 ha experimental lake bordering the south shore of Lake Geneva, France. Aluminum sulfate was injected into the top layer of the sediment to improve its capacity to adsorb phosphorus. The prototype device designed for this purpose is described. Monitoring of water quality parameters and phytoplankton production indicated that the treatment significantly reduced the phosphorus in the lake even under anoxic conditions and reduced algal abundance for at least 4 years. No adverse long-term effects were observed, but the author recommends further research on this new technique. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 48 AUTHOR: Baskett, R.K. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Grand Pass Wildlife Area, Missouri: modern wetland restoration strategy at work SOURCE: Pages 220-224 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: MO STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB3 RESPONSE: WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration and management strategies for the Grand Pass Wildlife Area in west central MO. Construction of the Wildlife Area, principally aimed at improving waterfowl habitat, will consist of 9 miles of levees, 4 miles of water distribution canals, 45 control structures, and pumps to supply water for the Missouri River and remove water from the units. Water management will be capable in 25 separate impoundments, which will be managed for moist-soil plants and marsh habitat. Water management schedules are described and the preferred water depths and vegetation for waterfowl, shorebirds, and other nongame birds are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1581 AUTHOR: Baskin, Y. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: California's ephemeral vernal pools may be a good model for speciation SOURCE: Bioscience 44(6):384-388. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MONITOR WETLAND TYPE: P0-UB4 RESPONSE: VEG, INVERTS PGENUS: DOWNINGIA, POGOGYNE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes and compares vernal ponds, their diversity, similarities, and differences. The importance of these perenial ecosystems is emphasized in their ability to support endemic, rare, and endangered species. Attempts have been and are continuing to be made to understand species distribution in order to further protect these species and their ecosystems from urban and agricultural developement. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1514 AUTHOR: Bastian, R.K. and D.A. Hammer PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and recycling SOURCE: Pages 59-68 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: MANY, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of the historical, present, and future use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and recycling. Evaluations of experimental wetlands and initial wetlands used to treat wastewater in the United States and other countries are reviewed. Types of constructed wetland systems are described as well as how they remove contaminents. Considerations are also listed for wetlands to be used for experimental design or application. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1265 AUTHOR: Bastian, R.K., P.E. Shanaghan, and B.P. Thompson PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Use of wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment and disposal -- regulatory issues and EPA policies SOURCE: Pages 265-278 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Discusses EPA policies and other state/federal regulations governing the use of natural and constructed wetlands to treat municipal wastewater. Reference is made to many projects throughout the U.S. and Canada. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 49 AUTHOR: Bates, A.L., E. Pickard, and W.M. Dennis PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Tree plantings--a diversified management tool for reservoir shorelines SOURCE: Pages 190-194 in R.R. Johnson and J.F. McCormick, eds. Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-12. STATE: TN, AL, NC STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, L.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG PGENUS: TAXODIUM, PLATANUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the results of tree plantings along the shorelines of impoundments constructed by the Tennessee Valley authority at Mallard Creek (Lawrence County, AL), Birdsong Creek (Benton County, TN), Duck River (Humphreys County, TN), and Hiwassee Reservoir (Murphy County, NC). The primary purpose for establishing trees was control of mosquito populations. As vegetative succession is hastened from open herbaceous communities to woody, closed-canopy communities, mosquito populations are reduced and species composition changes to favor less aggressive species. Baldcypress plantings were most successful due to rapid growth rates and ability of seedlings to withstand prolonged flooding. Plantings also stabilize the shore and enhance wildlife habitat. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1412 AUTHOR: Bates, R.D. and J.M. Marcus PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Hydrologic modification and its effect on wetland function in the Santee Swamp, South Carolina SOURCE: Pages 283-290 in J.A. Kusler and S. Daly, eds. Wetlands and river corridor management. Charleston, South Carolina. STATE: SC STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, HYDRO, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the hydrological and water quality impacts of impounding a river swamp and examines the results of a survey conducted to determine water quality conditions in riverine, lacustrine, and palustrine habitats. Nine survey sites where selected. The physical and chemical characteristics of surface waters within the river, lake, and swamp habitats were studied. Multiple regression models were used to determine the cause-and- effect relationships between the hydrology and the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations of the Santee Swamp. Results of the study revealed the swamp water level is correlated with the water level of Lake Marion. When the water rises, as well as when there is low river flow or a constant lake stage, water movement out of the swamp is restricted. The swamp becomes anaerobic due to lack of water movement causing low levels of DO, high levels of total phosphorous, total iron, and total organic carbon. Manipulation of the hydrology through the management of the Lake Marion pool and upstream riverine discharges are suggested to maximize optimal water quality conditions in Santee Swamp. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 50 AUTHOR: Bauer, A.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: Simultaneous excavation and rehabilitation of sand and gravel sites SOURCE: Natl. Sand Gravel Assoc., Silver Spring, MD. 60 pp. STATE: IL, IN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., PO-UB1, PO-UB2, L2-US1, L2-US2, PO-US1, PO-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, HUSE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study provides an overview of sand and gravel mining and land reclamation techniques and procedures. Recommendations include incorporating reclamation considerations for grading, seeding, and planting with gravel mining operations. Two case studies are provided: 1) Lincoln Lakes near Lincoln, IL, and 2) Sansabar Estates, a floodplain 6 miles north of Indianapolis, IN. In each case, site analysis, operation analysis, master plan, stockpile plan, and development program (i.e., reclamation) are described and illustrated. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 51 AUTHOR: Bauer, A.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Manipulating mining operations to create wildlife habitats: a pre-mining planning process SOURCE: Pages 41-43 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-US1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the planning considerations necessary to enable gravel mining operations to develop productive postmining landscapes as well as to efficiently mine the resource. When reclamation plans are formulated before mining is initiated, the best (and most cost-effective) results may be obtained. It is emphasized that the creation of new, productive landscapes cannot be created by chance. Earth materials for land shaping, overburden distribution, earth moving equipment, and mining procedures are discussed. End use criteria may include desired water depths, lake edge and bottom configurations, specific sand and gravel deposit materials required for a specific environment, and special landforms. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 52 AUTHOR: Baumann, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Mechanisms of maintaining marsh elevation in a subsiding environment SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. 89 pp. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO2 RESPONSE: HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis examines marsh elevation, inundation regime, and seasonality of sedimentation for a coastal wetland in the Barataria Basin, LA. Mean elevation of the saline marsh was slightly higher than local mean water level. Seasonality of sedimentation has switched from a Mississippi River flood, spring- dominated situation to a storm-related, winter and hurricane season-dominated situation in the basin. Sedimentation rates compared to the rate of sea level rise indicated that present sedimentation processes are not sufficient to maintain marsh elevation, resulting in the continued deterioration of wetlands in the Barataria Basin. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 53 AUTHOR: Baumann, R.H., and R.D. Adams PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Creation and restoration of wetlands by natural processes in the Lower Atchafalaya River system: possible conflicts with navigation and flood control objectives SOURCE: Pages 1-24 in R.H. Stovall, ed. Proceedings of the eighth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, E2-EM1, R1-... RESPONSE: HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The Atchafalaya River in LA is creating new wetlands in the Atchafalaya Bay Delta and restoring wetlands in adjacent marshes. This process was documented by examination of LANDSAT images. During 1973-1980, area trends shifted from wetland losses of 421 ha/year to wetland gains of 66 ha/year. A direct relationship between suspended sediment influx and wetland creation/restoration exists. Other important factors in this process are river discharge, wetland location, wind direction, and tidal stage. Navigation and flood control projects are discussed in terms of their potential effects on this natural creation process. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1295 AUTHOR: Bavor, H.J., D.J. Roser, P.J. Fisher, and I.C. Smalls PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Performance of solid-matrix wetland systems viewed as fixed-film bioreactors SOURCE: Pages 646-656 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: AUSTRALIA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: MODEL, LAB, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, MYRIOPHYLLUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses wastewater treatment performance of solid- matrix constructed wetlands in Richmond, Australia. A mathematical model was developed based on first order kinetics and by treating the systems as fixed-film bioreactors. The systems consisted of seven trenches, each 100 m long, 4 m wide, and 0.5 m deep. Two trenches were planted with emergent macrophytes (cumbungi in one trench and bulrush in the other) with gravel as the substrate. One trench contained parrot feather, a floating macrophyte. Two systems contained sections of cumbungi planted in gravel, unplanted gravel, and open water. Finally two control systems; one containing only open water and the other containing only gravel. The model was designed to predict the removal of suspended solids, BOD, nitrogen, phosphorous, and fecal coliforms with respect to loading, detention time, and temperature. Detention time of two to ten days allowed for effective removal of BOD, suspended solids, and total nitrogen. Fecal coliforms were also significantly reduced, however phosphorous removal was low. The system consisting of the floating macrophytes was the least effective treatment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 54 AUTHOR: Bays, J.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Zooplankton/trophic state relationships and the potential for prediction of ecosystem structure in reclaimed Florida lakes SOURCE: Pages 17-32 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of nutrient loading models for predicting trophic state during the process of lake creation or restoration. The relationships between trophic state, fish biomass, and zooplankton in 39 FL lakes are described. As trophic state increases, so does the percentage of microzooplankton, fish biomass, and proportion of rough fish (e.g., gizzard shad, gar) to sport fish (e.g., bass, bluegill), whereas the percentage of macrozooplankton decreases. Plans for lake restoration should include trophic state prediction for 1) a range of densities for various zooplankton species and 2) an estimation of fish production, species composition, and harvest potential. Lake ecosystem function is reflected in nutrient cycling, microzooplankton, and algal blooms. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 55 AUTHOR: Beaman, B. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Patterns of plant community structure and vegetational zones on spoil islands in Sarasota Bay and Charlotte Harbor, Florida SOURCE: New College, Div. Nat. Resour., Sarasota, FL. 69 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS3, E2-FO3, E2-FO4, E2-EM., E2-SS., E2-FO., E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, CASUARINA, BATIS, SALICORNIA, SESUVIUM, SPARTINA, PASPALUM, CYNODON, BACCHARIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes vegetative succession on spoil islands created by dredging in Sarasota Bay and Charlotte Harbor, FL. Four major plant communities are discussed: 1) a pioneering community of strand plants on open beaches and spits; 2) a community of mangroves in the intertidal zones of leeward shores, from mangrove seedlings in the first community; 3) a community at the storm tide zone dominated by the Australian pine; and 4) an open, sandy upland area community consisting of herbaceous plants and shrubs. Factors affecting succession of plant communities on spoil islands include: 1) distance from island to established community; 2) presence of pines that limit diversity of plant community; 3) availability of soil water; 4) elevation and topography; 5) soil nutrients; and 6) animal life. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1007 AUTHOR: Bedish, J.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: Studies of the germination and growth of cattail in relation to marsh management SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Iowa St. Univ., Ames. 83 pp. STATE: IA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-UB3 RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, HYDRO, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, LEERSIA, BIDENS, SAGITTARIA, ALISMA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis presents results of greenhouse and laboratory experiments on the germination and growth of cattail. Field studies on the effects of soil moisture and water depth were conducted on mud substrate along the edge of Goose Lake, Hamilton County, IA. A 1 inch water depth provided optimum moisture conditions for seed germination, growth of plants produced from rhizome shoots, and vegetative reproduction. Either the overwintering rhizome shoot or a portion of a plant base (culm) was needed to produce a new cattail plant. Artificial propagation of cattail by planting rhizomes was economically unsound because of the need for muskrat control and fencing, as well as labor involved in obtaining and planting rhizomes. The thesis also includes a literature review of the importance of cattail to marsh animals. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 56 AUTHOR: Bedish, J.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1967 TITLE: Cattail moisture requirements and their significance to marsh management SOURCE: Am. Midl. Nat. 78(2):288-300. STATE: IA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, POLYGONUM, SAGITTARIA, ALISMA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of seed germination tests on the hybrid cattail Typha latifolia x angustifolia in the laboratory and at Goose Lake near Jewell, Hamilton County, IA. Seeds in greenhouse tests required flooding for germination, but no differences in percent germination were detected between water depths of 1 inch and 6 inches. Germination was reduced 50% by storage of seed for 1 year at room temperature. The fastest rate and amount of growth were recorded for plants in 1 inch of water. No germination of artificially established seed occurred in the field, possibly due to an unknown inhibiting factor present in the marsh for several years. Management implications are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 57 AUTHOR: Beeman, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Techniques for the creation and maintenance of intertidal saltmarsh wetlands for landscaping and shoreline protection SOURCE: Pages 33-43 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, E2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SPOROBOLUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the creation and maintenance of vegetated estuarine shoreline areas between Duval and Palm Beach Counties, FL. Planting success was achieved when the following procedures were implemented: 1) construction of an energy barrier along the shore between mean high water and mean low water (shore slope was 5-15 degrees); 2) construction of a berm at the upper edge of the slope (20-25 degrees for this upper tidal zone); 3) plantings zoned from water to upland as they would occur naturally; and 4) plantings of large plugs at a density of 1 plant/ft2. A long-term management program would be beneficial for the maintenance of healthy vegetation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 58 AUTHOR: Beeman, S., and R. Bullard PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Plants on shorelines SOURCE: Pages 149-153 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM., E1-AB., PO-EM. RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper is an overview of 1 approach to shoreline stabilization and erosion reduction at several sites in eastern and central FL. The approach focuses on establishment of littoral marshes on gently-sloping shorelines and construction of coquina or concrete revetments to support plantings of intertidal or aquatic plants on high-energy shorelines. These techniques have proven to be at least as successful as traditional bulkhead designs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 59 AUTHOR: Beeman, S., and L. Greenfield PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Monitoring of two artificial waterway systems in Jupiter, Florida SOURCE: Pages 37-46 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E1-UB. RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SPARTINA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, SESUVIUM, DISTICHLIS, PASPALUM, SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA, BATIS, BORRICHIA, TYPHA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article summarizes the results of revegetation efforts at artificial waterways in Jupiter, FL. Spartina alterniflora and Rhizophora mangle proliferated initially; populations then stabilized to comprise 55% of the total plant community. The establishment of proper elevations relative to tidal fluctuations was a significant factor in successful wetland establishment. Fauna in these artificial waterways and marshes were similar to those in nearby natural areas. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, nutrients, and pH were measured regularly. Heavy metals and protein content were measured in Spartina. The permeability and ion exchange capacity of sediments also were monitored. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 60 AUTHOR: Bell, A.L., E.D. Holcombe, and V.H. Hicks PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Vegetating stream channels--a multipurpose approach SOURCE: Soil Conserv. 40(5):16-18. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS., PO-FO. RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the vegetative treatment of stream channels after channel modification for flood prevention and watershed protection. To minimize disturbance of natural vegetation, excavations were done on alternate sides of the channel. The completed stream/channel cross section was then divided into several areas that required different vegetative treatments. The channel bottom was planted for stabilization, whereas channel cut slopes were planted for erosion control as well as food and cover for wildlife. The crown of the dredged material deposit was planted with various grasses; the backslope was planted with a grass mixture and clusters of selected woody plants for wildlife food and cover. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 61 AUTHOR: Belsky, J. PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: An oil spill in an alpine habitat SOURCE: Northwest Sci. 49(3):141-146. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-ML1, PO-SS3, PO-SS4, PO-SS. RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: CAREX, LUETKEA, HIERACEUM, CASSIOPE, PHYLLODOCE, TSUGA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the vegetational damage caused by a spill of 7,000 gal of No. 2 diesel fuel into an alpine meadow near Mt. Baker, WA. Most of the herbaceous plants in the Carex nigricans and Phyllodoce empetriformis-Cassiope mertensiana association were killed; woody species were severely damaged, but survived. Root systems of plants escaped major damage, possibly due to the oil flowing over the water-saturated soil surface. Within 1 year after the spill, heathers, sedges, and mosses were invading the area. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 62 AUTHOR: Benner, C.S., P.L. Knutson, R.A. Brochu, and A.K. Hurme PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Vegetative erosion control in an oligohaline environment: Currituck Sound, North Carolina SOURCE: Wetlands 2:105-117. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, E2-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, PANICUM, FIMBRISTYLIS, TYPHA, JUNCUS, PHRAGMITES, AMMOPHILA, IVA, DAUCUS, SIUM, PTILIMNIUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes long-term shoreline changes resulting from planting marsh plants in the oligohaline environment of Currituck Sound, NC. Vegetation was planted to dampen wave energy and reduce erosion. Species were selected for their tolerance of low salinities, height, rigidity, and structure for transplanting. Sprigs were planted in rows perpendicular to the shore 0.6 m apart and 30.5 m soundward. The average annual shoreline position retreated 1.6 m in the planted area during 8 years and retreated 2.1 m/year in the unplanted area. In the eighth year of monitoring, the planted shoreline retreated 0.2 m. Twenty marsh plant species had invaded the study site by Fall 1981. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1221 AUTHOR: Berg, K.M., and J.A. Prokes PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Diversification in wetland mitigation: a case study - Coppercreek Development Project SOURCE: Pages 2-15 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: MI STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: SEED, LFORM, SOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS., PO-EM1, PO-AB., PO-OW. RESPONSE: SUCCESS, WFOWL, AMPHIB, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, ECON PGENUS: CAREX, LEERSIA, ECHINOCHLOA, ELYMUS, AGROSTIS, POA, JUNCUS, PENTHORUM, LOBELIA, LYTHRUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Development of a 4.4 acre wetland, Farmington Hills, Oakland Co., MI was required as mitigation for the loss of 2.2 acres of wetland to residential/golf course development. The persistent emergent and wet meadow complex was to be replaced with a persistent emergent/shrub/open water wetland. The mitigation site was excavated to establish the required hydrology. Peat material from the impacted wetland was used and the area was seeded with native and non-native herbaceous species. Ongoing monitoring will include the qualitative assessment of vegetation establishment and wildlife use. Length of monitoring is not given. Costs, to date, had exceeded $250,000. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1262 AUTHOR: Berger, J.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Ecological restoration in the San Francisco Bay Area: a descriptive directory and sourcebook SOURCE: Restoring the Earth, Berkeley, CA. 213 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT, WQUAL, EROSION ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-..., R.-..., L2-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This book is divided into 8 chapters; 4 deal directly with the restoration of wetlands. EAch chapter has one in-depth report and several brief summaries of projects related to the chapter's topic. Each report and summary includes: location; starting date; status; site description; purpose; procedures used; results; monitoring; future plans; support; budget; volunteer needs; and a person to contact for further information. Appendices include: a list of restorationists; restoration programs; restoration inventories and references; volunteer opportunities; how to create a restoration data base; and a list of native plant and seed sources. KEYWORDS: restoration/San Francisco Bay/wastewater/marsh restoration/ monitoring/salt marshes/freshwater wetlands/brackish marshes =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1428 AUTHOR: Berger, J.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: The Kissimmee riverine-floodplain system SOURCE: Pages 477-496 in S. Maurizi and F. Poillon, eds. Restoration of aquatic ecosystems. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO ACTION: HYDRO, STOCK WETLAND TYPE: E2.-..., R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: WFOWL, FISH, VEG, HYDRO, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the effects of hydrological changes for flood control on the Kissimmee riverine-floodplain system, its wildlife and wetlands. Extensive restoration efforts have begun consisting of filling drainage canals, expanding Everglades National Park, treating agricultural wastewater with cattail marshes, restoring the Kissimmee River to its meandering river channel, and restoring a more natural flow regime to the park. Politics leading up to the restoration of the Kissimmee River in 1985 are discussed. A demonstration project was initiated with the construction of the notched weirs to reflood 1300 acres of drained wetland. Positive results increased support to restore the remaining wetlands. Four broad goals which served as guidelines for Kissimmee River restoration work included: 1) natural and free energies of the river system should be used for restoration, 2) natural ecological functions should be restored, 3) maintain and restore physical, chemical and biological integrity of the river system, and 4) restoration of lost environment. Five critical evaluation criteria were also developed for appraising alternate methods to restore the Kissimmee. A committee was set up to develop a resource management plan to address issues for restoration as well as evaluate their implementation by state, federal, and local governments. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1417 AUTHOR: Bernstein, G. and R.L. Zepp, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Evaluation of selected wetland creation projects authorized through the Corps of Engineers section 404 program SOURCE: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Annapolis, MD. 79pp. STATE: MD, VA, DE STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: E.-..., PO.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report evaluates the success or failure of wetland mitigation projects authorized and completed under the Section 404 program of the Clean Water Act in the Baltimore, Norfolk, and Philadelphia Districts. Success was based on the fulfillment of compensatory mitigation found on-site according to the specifications of the permit or mitigation plan. Results indicated 74% of the 62 projects as failures, 15% were successes, and 11% were not judged as they were still under construction. Only 59.2 acres of wetlands were created out of 95.15 acres which were required by permit to be created. Detailed discussions by each district are given. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1121 AUTHOR: Best, G.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Natural wetlands - southern environment: wastewater to wetlands, where do we go from here? SOURCE: Pages 99-120 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publ., Inc., Orlando, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-FO., PO-SS., PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, CHEM, SOIL PGENUS: SAGITTARIA, PONTEDERIA, PANICUM, HIBISCUS, JUNCUS, SPARTINA, TYPHA, BACOPA, DISTICHLIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of the use of wetlands for wastewater treatment research conducted in Florida. It includes responses of biota to nutrient loading (heavy metal accumulation), wastewater treatment efficiency, long-term treatment potential of wetlands, and management recommendations. Specific examples are cited from Orlando, Orange County, Gainesville, Clermont, Waldo, Kennedy Space Center, Apalachicola, and Wildwood. Effects of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Mn) on vegetation are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 63 AUTHOR: Best, G.R., and K.L. Erwin PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Effects of hydroperiod on survival and growth of tree seedlings in a phosphate surface- mined reclaimed wetland SOURCE: Pages 221-225 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TAXODIUM, LIQUIDAMBAR, GORDONIA, PERSEA, ACER, FRAXINUS, PLATANUS, ULMUS, ILEX, NYSSA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses survival and growth of tree seedlings planted in a phosphate surface-mined reclaimed wetland in southwest Polk County, FL. Several wetland, transitional, and upland species were planted, including cypress, sweet gum, loblolly bay, red maple, ash, sycamore, elm, holly, black gum, and red bay. Overall survival after 3 growing seasons was 72%, with highest survival of ash (99%), black gum (90%), and sycamore (84%) and lowest survival for loblolly bay (23%) and holly (41%). Growth rate data were indicative of seedling stress: species showing the greatest rate of survival also had the greatest increase in mean height. Growth rates of cypress seedlings were higher in shallow water (less than 20 cm) than in deep water. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 64 AUTHOR: Beule, J.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Control and management of cattails in south- eastern Wisconsin wetlands SOURCE: Wisconsin Dept. Nat. Resour., Madison, Tech. Bull. No. 112. 39 pp. STATE: WI STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SOIL, SEED, BIOCIDE, CUT, FIRE, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: FISH, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, SPARGANIUM, SCIRPUS, CAREX, SAGITTARIA, SALIX, LEERSIA, LYTHRUM, PHALARIS, VERBENA, CYPERUS, CERATOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, LEMNA, UTRICULARIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents results of experiments used to create openings in large blocks of monotypic cattail (Typha spp.) Stands at Eldorado Marsh Wildlife Area and Horicon Marsh in southeastern WI. Cattail stands were subjected to various treatments of covering, crushing, cutting, scraping, fire, or herbicides. Occurrence and density of various marsh plant species over a 6-year period are presented in tables. Data on bird use of the habitat created by cattail control measures indicated that the openings provided additional temporary habitat for a variety of waterfowl and marsh birds. Management guidelines for cattail control included the use of herbicides and cutting for deep water zones; cutting stems below the water on ice and crushing for intermediate zones; and crushing, herbicides, and soil excavation in shallow water zones. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1281 AUTHOR: Bhamidimarri, R., A. Shilton, I. Armstrong, P. Jacobson, and D. Scarlet PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: the New Zealand experience SOURCE: Water Science Technology 24(5):247-253. STATE: NEW ZEALAND STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the treatment of wastewater for secondary treatment and pathogen removal in constructed wetlands located in New Zealand. The author briefly discusses three types of constructed wetlands and gives an example of each type. The three types of wetland configurations are surface-flow wetlands, subsurface-flow wetlands, and vertical-flow wetlands. The fundamental mechanism for biodegradation in all three types of wetlands is the diffusion of waste components into the biofilms on the submerged stems and root systems. Performance data from the three examples are given. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 65 AUTHOR: Bilby, R.E., and G.E. Likens PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Importance of organic debris dams in the structure and function of stream ecosystems SOURCE: Ecology 61(5):1107-1113. STATE: NH STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R3-UB1, R3-RB2 RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the effects of organic debris dams on streams of the Hubbard Brook Valley, NH. Removal of organic debris dams from a 175 m stretch of a second-order stream increased output of dissolved organic carbon by 18%, export of fine particulate organic carbon by 632%, and export of coarse particulate organic matter by 138%. Debris dams contained nearly 75% of the standing stock of organic matter in first-order streams, 58% in second-order streams, and 20% in third-order streams. Thus, organic debris dams are extremely important components of the small stream ecosystem. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1608 AUTHOR: Bingham, D.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Wetlands for stormwater treatment SOURCE: Pages 243-262 in D.M. Kent, editor. Applied wetlands science and technology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: WQUAL, HUSE, HYDRO, MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Wetlands are starting to be constructed as an economical, efficient method to treat stormwater runoff due to tightening Clean Water Act (CWA) regulations. Stormwater characteristics are described in terms of their hydrologic characteristics and pollutant characteristics in the form of suspended solids, nutrients, pathogens, organic enrichment, toxic pollutants, and salt. The mechanisms in which constructed wetlands decrease flow rates and velocities and romove pollutants are described. Data reveiwed from fifteen constructed wetlands and eleven natural wetlands indicated constructed wetlands had higher removal rates and lower variability. Although there is no general design criteria at this time, guidelines are offered based on existing treatment wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 66 AUTHOR: Birkitt, B. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Considerations for the functional restoration of impounded wetlands. SOURCE: Pages 44-59 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL PGENUS: BATIS, SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Management plans are being developed for impounded marsh and mangrove areas along Florida's East Coast. These areas were impounded for mosquito control; management plans include maintenance of mosquito control as well as restoration of some natural wetland functions (e.g., fisheries). Primary restoration objectives are: 1) maintenance or reestablishment of wetland vegetation; 2) restoration of estuary-marsh water flows (tidal exchange) and biotic exchange; and 3) water quality improvement. Most changes are expected to occur through water level manipulation (i.e., seasonal opening of impoundments, lowering of impounded water levels, improved water circulation, and occasional overflooding of the marsh area). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 67 AUTHOR: Bishop, R.A., R.D. Andrews, and R.J. Bridges PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Marsh management and its relationship to vegetation, waterfowl, and muskrats SOURCE: Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 86(2):50-56. STATE: IA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: SCIRPUS, TYPHA, SAGITTARIA, PHRAGMITES, BIDENS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents data on emergent vegetation, muskrat, and waterfowl breeding populations on 4 marshes in north-central IA under various controlled water level regimes over an 8-year period. Blue-winged teal populations responded more closely than mallards to changes in percent area containing emergent vegetation. Waterfowl populations were not totally dependent on vegetative conditions of the marsh; spring water levels on surrounding private lands, flyway-wide breeding habitat, and population status influenced breeding populations. Muskrat populations were directly related to habitat quality and fall water levels. A cycle of 5-7 years between complete drawdowns was recommended for the most beneficial waterfowl management program. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1483 AUTHOR: Bitter, S.D. and K.J. Bowers PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Wetland mitigation and stream restoration SOURCE: Public Works 124(11):50-51. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses principles involved in stream restoration and wetland mitigation. The authors recommend planning, designing, and constructing for the fundamental wetland components as wetlands are static systems which result in the inability to plan for all biotic and abiotic components. Considerations should include analyzing all parts of the system, setting achievable goals, and involving the expertise of a multi-disciplinary team. The main principles in wetland and stream restoration are understanding hydrology, soils, and vegetation. Monitoring and maintaining the system long after completion will aid in insuring success. Finally sustainable design and construction points are addressed. KEYWORDS: wetland mitigation/mitigation/restoration/regulation/wetlands/ technique/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 69 AUTHOR: Bjork, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1972 TITLE: Swedish lake restoration program gets results. SOURCE: Ambio 1(5):153-165. STATE: SWEDEN, TUNISIA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, CUT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1, L2-..., L2-AB3, L2-AB4, L1-..., L.-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, HUSE, WQUAL PGENUS: CHARA, POTAMOGETON, MYRIOPHYLLUM, PHRAGMITES, CAREX, SCHOENOPLECTUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes 3 lake restoration projects in Sweden: Lake Trummon near Vaxjo, Jarla Lake near Stockholm, and Hornborga Lake. Experience gained from sediment pumping, aeration, and removal of vegetation is described. Lake Trummon was subject to sewage pollution and, at times, total oxygen deficiency; restoration focused on suction-dredging a layer of black mud that covered the well-consolidated sediment (prepollution). In Jarla Lake, the hypolimnion was aerated without disturbing thermal stratification. Hornborga Lake was restored from a shallow, drained area dominated by monocultures of reeds, sedges, and willows to a combination of open water and emergent marsh and submergents such as Chara, Potamogeton, and Myriophyllum. Plans for restoring the Lake of Tunis (in Tunisia) also are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1008 AUTHOR: Bjork, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: European lake rehabilitation activities. SOURCE: Proc. Lake Protect. Manage. Conf., Madison, WI, UnPubl. Pap. 23 pp. STATE: SWEDEN, GERMANY, POLAND, AUSTRIA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: SOIL, HYDRO, CUT WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-EM1 RESPONSE: INVERT, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: CAREX, EQUISETUM, NUPHAR, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of European lake restoration activities with respect to historical development, geographical distribution, and application of restoration techniques. Lakes undergoing restoration have usually been damaged by sewage discharge and water-level lowering. Restoration techniques include removing nutrient-rich water with pumps or siphons, aerating the lake, removing sediments by dredging, constructing settling ponds, treating water with aluminum sulphate, raising water levels, and cutting emergents to create mosaics of small open water areas within dense stands to provide a more diverse wildlife habitat. Success of these various techniques are discussed in relation to case studies. Costs of some restoration projects are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 68 AUTHOR: Bjork, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Recovery and restoration of damaged lakes in Sweden SOURCE: Pages 110-133 in J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks, eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems. Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville. STATE: SWEDEN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-..., L2-AB3, L2-AB4 RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, HUSE, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: MYRIOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, UTRICULARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the recovery and restoration of damaged lakes in Sweden. Two case studies are described in more detail: the shallow lakes Hornborga and Trummen. Lake Hornborga was irreversibly damaged by dewatering. Dense growths of reeds and sedges were cut and the lake bottom was cultivated before the water level was raised and before submerged plant communities could effectively replace emergent vegetation. The waterfowl habitat value of the lake was eventually restored. Lake Trummen was irreversibly damaged by a long history of sewage pollution. Restoration of the lake was necessary before any recovery would be evident from sewage treatment or diversion. Restoration techniques, planning, and costs are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1476 AUTHOR: Bjork, S. PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Development and degradation, redevelopment, and preservation of Jamaican wetlands SOURCE: Ambio 20(7):276-284. STATE: JAMAICA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: R1.-... RESPONSE: WFOWL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the past, present, and future development of the Black River Lower Morass and its holistic view of wetland use. Recent interest in mining peat as an energy source has resulted in concern over protection and restoration of existing wetlands prior to actual mining. Carbon dating was used to investigate how various peat species growth in river drainages has changed in correlation to climate change, sea level rise, and man's influence. Restoration and preservation efforts are underway to prevent or minimize future peat extraction effects on wetlands. Complete exemption of swamp forests, mangroves, and other wetland areas has been recommended. Monitoring and regulatory measures will be set up in catchment areas. Ecological peat mining is actually expected to enhance and create wetlands in the future thus providing habitat for aquatic organisms and attracting waterfowl. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 70 AUTHOR: Bjork, S., L. Bengtsson, H. Berggren, G. Cronberg, G. Digerfeldt, S. Fleischer, C. Gelin, G. Lindmark, N. Malmer, F. Plejmark, W. Ripl, and P.O. Swanberg PUBL. YEAR: 1972 TITLE: Ecosystem studies in connection with the restoration of lakes SOURCE: Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 18:379-387. STATE: SWEDEN STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: SOIL, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, SHOREB, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: ISOETES, MYRIOPHYLLUM, SELENASTRUM, CAREX, CALAMAGROSTIS, PHRAGMITES, UTRICULARIA, POTAMOGETON, CHARA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses 2 projects that are part of the lake restoration research program at the University of Lund, Sweden. The research concerns comparative studies of the ecosystems before, during, and after intervention at the Lake Trummen project in southcentral Sweden and the Lake Hornborga project between the Great Lakes Vanern and Vattern. Neither restoration project is complete, but some current results are presented. Lake Trummen restoration involved dredging sediment and treating water with aluminum sulphate. Lake Hornborga restoration will involve mechanical treatment and water level manipulation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1432 AUTHOR: Blair, C. PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Successful tidal wetland mitigation in Norfolk, Virginia SOURCE: Pages 463-477 in H. S. Bolton and O. T. Magoon, eds. Coastal wetlands. American Society of Civil Engineers. New York, NY. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, FISH, INVERTS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses and evaluates the success of a created tidal wetland as mitigation for the deposition of dredged material on marshes. The new site in Monkey Bay was graded to elevations at MHW levels and the area was sloped with four lateral ditches to provide drainage. The site was broadcast with 19-5-12 slow release fertilizer and Spartina alterniflora seedlings and transplants were used to vegetate the new marsh. Studies were done after several years to compare the created marsh with a natural control marsh. The greater range of elevations in the man-made marsh provided a more diverse habitat than the natural marshes. Fish and invertebrate populations were favorably comparable to that of the natural marsh with the exception of the absence of fiddler crabs at Monkey Bay, possibly due to lower level of sediment organics. The conclusions reveal the created wetland is a viable, productive wetland although it does not reproduce all the functions of a natural marsh. However, future comparisons in several years are expected to result in greater similarities between Monkey Bay and the natural wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 71 AUTHOR: Blake, L.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Liming acid ponds in New York SOURCE: New York Fish Game J. 28:208-214. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares various liming methods used to treat 22 ponds and lakes in NY. Size of ponds varied from 1-204 acres. Lime was applied by boat or helicopter during various months of the year. Cost-benefit data indicated that liming is an effective and economically feasible management tool to counteract the adverse impact of acid precipitation and maintain selected fisheries. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 72 AUTHOR: Blomberg, G.E.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Duck use of gravel pits near Ft. Collins, Colorado SOURCE: Pages 162-169 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: WFOWL PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ECHINOCHLOA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, RANUNCULUS, ANACHARIS, NAJAS, POTAMOGETON, ZANNICHELLIA, CHARA, NITELLA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes gravel pit characteristics that relate to duck use in several gravel mined areas in Fort Collins, CO. Three characteristics identified as most significantly affecting duck use were: 1) surface area of ponds; 2) mean bank height-to-surface area ratios; and 3) mean density index of submerged food plants. Recommendations for gravel pit management include discussions of pond or lake size, substrate, planting considerations, carp control, bank slope (should be a 1:10 slope or less), water depth (need more areas 0.3-1 m deep), and creation of islands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 73 AUTHOR: Bloom, S.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Multivariate quantification of community recovery SOURCE: Pages 141-151 in J. Cairns, Jr., ed. The recovery process in damaged ecosystems. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., MI. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., R.-..., PO-..., E.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the use of multivariate quantification as a technique for determining community recovery from change. The mathematical procedures employed by this technique are available as computer packages. Quantitative biotic information that can be evaluated includes number of species, species composition, and number of individuals per species in a given sample size. "Before and after" perturbation data are converted to a representation of the distance to recovery through time. Recovery, successional transitions, and existence of multistable states can be quantified. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 74 AUTHOR: Blumer, K. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: The use of wetlands for treating wastes--wisdom in diversity SOURCE: Pages 182-201 in M.A. Drew, ed. Environmental quality through wetlands utilization. Coord. Counc. Restor. Kissimmee River Valley Taylor Creek-Nubbin Slough Basin, Tallahasee, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: PHALARIS, TYPHA, NYMPHAEA, LEMNA, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, LEERSIA, BIDENS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses modification of artificial wetlands used for treating farm wastes in the Kissimmee River Basin, FL. The previous systems consisted of linear configurations of a marsh-pond and a meadow-marsh-pond. Data collected from these systems suggest that the retention of phosphorus and nitrogen per unit area is greater when a variety of ecocomponents are used in a sequence than if only 1 type of system in used. Practical applications may include providing ponds to alternate with marsh wetlands or designing wetlands with island meadows. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1572 AUTHOR: Blumm, M.C. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: The Clinton wetlands plan: no net gain in wetlands protection SOURCE: Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law 9(2):203-242. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reviews new reforms and proposals under the Clinton wetlands plan of 1993. Proposals intended to protect wetlands include reversing the one-percent proposal for Alaska's wetlands, redefining the exception for de minimas discharge of dredge materials, extending the 404 regulation to include pilings placement, rejecting wetlands categorization, and retracted the Bush administrations proposal for a new manual for wetland deliniation, and regionalized the Nationwide permit 26 to make it sensitive to local conditions. Regulatory flexibility and incentives for landowners was increased by requiring the Corps of Engineers (COE) to develop an expanded appeal process allowing public participation, limiting decision time of individual permits to ninety days, and expanding the Wetlands Reserve Program. Finally, state and local wetlands regulation responsibilities were increased, conditions were subjected to mitigation banking, and a sequencing of mitigation proceedures was adopted by the COE and Environmental Protection Agency. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1593 AUTHOR: Bodle, M.J., A.P. Ferriter, and D.D. Thayer PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: The biology, distribution, and ecological consequences of Melaleuca quinquenervia in the Everglades SOURCE: Pages 341-355 in S.M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors. Everglades-the ecosystem and its restoration. St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL, USA. 826 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: BIOCIDE, MODEL, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS3, E2-... RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: MELALEUCA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the invasion, physiology, and control efforts of the Melaleuca tree in the Evergaldes. This introduced species threatens to displace areas of saltgrass communities, mangrove forests, and wetland prairies due to its amazing adaptability and reproductive potential. Currently biological, chemical, mechanical, and physical erradication methods are being used to eliminate stands of Melaleuca. The authors advise further state and federal regulations and public awareness to aid in impeding the spread of Melaleuca into the wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1289 AUTHOR: Bolis, J.L., T.R. Wildeman, and R.R. Cohen PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: The use of bench scale permeameters for preliminary of metal removal from acid mine drainage by wetlands SOURCE: In Proceedings of the National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining Reclamation. Durango, CO. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB. RESPONSE: WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents a method of metal removal from acid mine drainage by filtering the drainage through constructed wetlands. Mine drainage from the National and Quartz Hill Tunnels near Central City were used in the permeameter testing to evaluate the efficiency of metal removal and change in pH over time. In addition, an upflow versus a downflow configuration was evaluated as well as different initial substrate conditions. Finally, loading rates were determined. In all treatments, nearly 100% of the copper, iron, manganese, and zinc was removed from the mine drainages after filtration through the permeameters. However, manganese removal declined during the final eight weeks of the experiment. This process also proved effective in all treatments for increasing the pH. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 76 AUTHOR: Bonance, R.T. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Selected biological, physical, and chemical aspects of stream diversions; a consequence of surface mining SOURCE: M.A. Thesis, Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 106 pp. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., R3-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis examines 6 surface mine stream diversions and 5 control portions of streams in the Galum and Panther Creek watersheds, Perry County, IL. These relocated (diverted) streams vary in age from 2 months to over 10 years. Restoration efforts varied from none to construction of riffles, pools, and meanders. High diversity of macroinvertebrates was associated with riffles, substratum diversity, vegetation, and detritus. Water quality differences were associated with adjacent land use. Fish diversity generally increased with stream size. Recommendations for stream construction include locating the channel through heterogeneous substratum and establishing riparian vegetation rapidly. Water carrying capacity of channels is discussed in detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 77 AUTHOR: Bongiorno, S.F., J.R. Trautman, T.J. Steinke, S. Kawa-Raymond, and D. Warner PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: A study of restoration in Pine Creek salt marsh, Fairfield, Connecticut SOURCE: Pages 11-23 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: CT STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: IVA, BACCHARIS, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA, LIMONIUM, PHRAGMITES, SOLIDAGO, ATRIPLEX, ASTER, LACTUCA, PLUCHEA, ELYMUS, JUNCUS, MYRICA, ACNIDA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A 30 ha salt marsh near Fairfield, CT, was cut off from normal tidal flow by a dike. After 11 years, upland plants had invaded to a significant extent. This study examined vegetative response for 3 growing seasons following a breaching of the dike. As normal tidal flow was restored, woody shrubs, Phragmites, and other nonmarsh plants decreased dramatically. After 1 year, 12 nonmarsh species were no longer found at the site. The percentage of bare ground was 49% before restoration and decreased to 22.6% in the third growing season following the restoration of normal tidal flow. The marsh quickly became dominated by Salicornia, Spartina, and Distichlis. The total number of shrubs declined from 194 to 6 in 3 years following the breaching of the dike. KEYWORDS: restoration/salt marshes/marshes/Connecticut/proceedings/wetlands/ wetlands restoration/wetlands creation/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/succession/Spartina patens/Distichlis spicata/upland plants/dike/plants/tidal marsh/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1009 AUTHOR: Bontje, M.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The application of science and engineering to restore a salt marsh, 1987 SOURCE: Pages 267-273 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC. STATE: NJ STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS., E2-FO., E2-UB3 RESPONSE: FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration of a 63 acre site adjacent to the New Jersey Turnpike in Secaucus. The tidal marsh consisted of dense stands of Phragmites communis. The renovated marsh consists of 15% channels/mud flats, 10% dry berms, and 75% Spartina meadows. Comparisons with an unmitigated site, similar to the original marsh, revealed that the mitigated marsh contained twice as many bird species and 7 times as many birds. Benthic invertebrate diversity was twice as high and numbers tripled in the renovated marsh, compared to the unmitigated site. The same techniques historically used by wildlife managers can be effectively applied to environmentally distressed urban sites. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 78 AUTHOR: Boody, O.C., IV PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Physico-chemical analysis of reclaimed and natural lakes in central Florida's phosphate region SOURCE: Pages 339-350 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares the physical and chemical characteristics of reclaimed and natural lakes in central FL's phosphate region. Reclamation consisted primarily of leveling and shaping the mined areas. Spoil piles were contoured for uplands; the remaining void became the lake. Lake stratification did not occur in natural systems, but reclaimed systems started stratifying in late January or early February and remained stratified until late October or early November. Reclaimed lakes did not have a uniform bathymetry, as did natural lakes. PH was highly variable, with lows of 4.2 for reclaimed lakes and 5.3 for natural lakes. Conductivity and light attenuation also was variable among both natural and reclaimed lakes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 79 AUTHOR: Boody, O.C, IV, C.D. Pollman, G.H. Tourtellotte, R.E. Dickinson, and A.N. Arcuri PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Ecological considerations of reclaimed lakes in central Florida's phosphate region SOURCE: Final report, vol. I and II. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, Publ. No. 03-018-029. Vol. 1. 92 pp.; Publ. No. 03-018-030. Vol. 2. 540 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: TYPHA, HYDRILLA, PANICUM, EICHHORNIA, PASPALUM, HYDROCOTYLE, NELUMBO, NAJAS, PASPALIDIUM, ALTERNANTHERA, ELEOCHARIS, COLOCASIA, BRACHIARIA, POLYGONUM, LEERSIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The 2 volumes of this report consist of extensive baseline data on the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of 12 reclaimed and 4 natural lakes in central FL's phosphate region. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were the primary physico- chemical differences between reclaimed and natural lakes. Smoother bottoms and shallower conditions of natural lakes prevented the persistent stratification common in reclaimed lakes. Biological productivity of reclaimed lakes was within the extremes represented in natural lakes. Reclaimed lakes physically connected to natural stream habitats had larger fish populations than isolated lakes. Recommended design features for reclaimed lakes are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 80 AUTHOR: Boone, C.G., and R.E. Hoeppel PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Feasibility of transplantation, revegetation, and restoration of eelgrass in San Diego Bay, California SOURCE: U.S.Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Misc. Pap. Y-76-2. 46 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the feasibility of using several methods of eelgrass (Zostera marina) transplantation, restoration, and revegetation on a proposed 8 acre dredged material site in San Diego Bay, CA. Results of a literature survey of current eelgrass transplant methods are summarized. The authors recommend the turion and plug methods for transplanting eelgrass. Techniques and costs are compared. A preliminary pilot transplant study was recommended before implementation of the field program. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1115 AUTHOR: Boone, J., E. Furbish, K. Turner, and S. Bratton PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Clear plastic: a non-chemical herbicide SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 6(2):94. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LAB, BIOCIDE, CUT, FIRE WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the use of plastic sheets to control the spread of Phragmites in eastern marshes. Anchoring, placement, transport, sun-induced deterioration and temperatures beneath the plastic are discussed. Plastic is recommended as a viable control alternative especially in areas where the use of herbicides is not feasible. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 81 AUTHOR: Boreman, J. PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Effects of stream improvement on juvenile rainbow trout in Cayuga Inlet, New York SOURCE: Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103(3):637-641. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: R.-UB1 RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares standing crops of juvenile rainbow trout in altered areas of Cayuga Inlet, NY, with those in natural prime trout habitat. Stream alteration consisted of 11 pool diggers and 16 bank cribs within a 1.5 km study area. No differences in biomass, average weight, or number of trout were observed between altered and natural areas. Trout comprised a greater percentage of the total fish biomass in bank crib sections compared to pool digger sections. The author also discusses standing crops of sculpins and minnows in relation to altered pools. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 82 AUTHOR: Born, S.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Lake rehabilitation: a status report SOURCE: Environ. Manage. 3(2):145-153. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: SOIL, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of lake rehabilitation techniques used in the U.S. and Europe to curb the influx of nutrients, sediment, or other problem sources. The most successful techniques to date have been the diverting of waters outside of a lakes's drainage basin and the use of wastewater treatment. In-lake techniques that appear to be the most useful include: 1) dredging to alter physical characteristics (depth, morphology, water circulation patterns) or to remove nutrient-rich or polluted sediments; and 2) nutrient inactivation. Aeration may prove to be effective for selected rehabilitation projects; however, costs are relatively high. Examples of successful applications of these various techniques are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1010 AUTHOR: Bottone, P.J., and R.A. Mattson PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Preliminary report on transplanting of the benthic green algae Caulerpa prolifera SOURCE: Pages 63-74 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, SHELLF, VEG, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of an algal transplanting project in Tampa Bay, FL. It was designed and implemented in conjunction with maintenance dredging of the MacDill Air Force Base Entrance Channel. Twenty cm square mats of the benthic green alga, Caulerpa prolifera were installed on centers of approx. 0.3 m, 0.6 m, and 1.0 m. Persistence and survival of transplanted material was 85%-90% 10 days after transplanting. Five months later, survival was 100% on 0.3 m centers, 79% on 0.6 m centers, and 72% on 1.0 m centers. Results suggest that transplanting this alga is feasible and cost-effective. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 83 AUTHOR: Bouldin, D.R., D.J. Lathwell, E.A. Goyette, and D.A. Lauer PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Changes in water chemistry in marshes over a 12-year period following establishment SOURCE: New York Fish Game J. 20(2):129-149. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-AB3 RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study provides an overview of specific changes in water chemistry in 20 artificial marshes in NY over a 12 year period following establishment. The key variable was the inorganic carbon content of the water, which was correlated with changes in types of marsh vegetation. Emergent vegetation is especially important in shallow marshes, where it accumulates large amounts of organic matter during the growing season. Emergents decompose during winter. After several years, enough organic carbon accumulates so that rate of decay of submerged aquatics exceeds the rate of photosynthesis. Thus, the water of shallow marshes usually contains large amounts of inorganic carbon. Water chemistry is primarily dependent on the ratio of surface area of depths less than 2 ft to surface area of depths greater than 2 ft. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 84 AUTHOR: Boule, M.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Wetland creation and enhancement in the Pacific Northwest SOURCE: Pages 130-136 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources: proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: WA, OR STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., L.-..., R.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes several elements in the design of wetland creation or mitigation projects, including: 1) determination of baseline conditions and potential impacts; 2) identification of mitigation goals, opportunities, and constraints; 3) development of conceptual design alternatives; 4) assessment of potential benefits and costs; 5) selection of a preferred alternative; 6) development of detailed design plans; 7) implementation of construction management; and 8) establishment of project monitoring. Five major elements of project design also are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1611 AUTHOR: Boumans, R.M, and J.W. Day, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Effects of two Louisiana marsh management plans on water and materials flux and short-term sedimentation SOURCE: Wetlands 14(4):247-261. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION, HABITAT ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R1-EM1 RESPONSE: SOIL, HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Water and material fluxes as well as short-term sedimentation and soil parameters were measured on two managed marshes to evaluate the effects of management practices on them. Each managed marsh was compared to an unmanaged marsh in close proximity. A two-phase water management approach was implemented each year at the Fina-Laterre Marsh Management Area (Fina) and once every 3-4 years at the Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge (Rockefeller). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1011 AUTHOR: Bourne, G.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Flooded fallow rice fields and the structure of bird communities SOURCE: Pages 75-87 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: GUYANA, SOUTH AMERICA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares bird species diversity (BSD) of flooded and unflooded fallow rice fields in Guyana, South America. A 3 year old flooded fallow field had the highest BSD, whereas an unflooded 3 year old field had the same BSD as a 6 month old flooded field. A 6 month old unflooded field had the lowest BSD. Aquatic birds accounted for 76%-83% of BSD in flooded fields and 0%-27% of diversity in unflooded fields. Although vegetation diversity was the best predictor of community BSD, aquatic bird diversity was predicted by percent of area flooded and water depth. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1012 AUTHOR: Bowers, J.K. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Johns Hopkins University non-tidal wetland mitigation area SOURCE: Pages 314-317 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: SALIX, IMPATIENS, BIDENS, CYPERUS, TYPHA, GLYCERIA, EPILOBIUM, POLYGONUM, POA, CAREX, LEERSIA, ACER, ECHINOCHLOA, PHALARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the creation of an approximately 2.5 ha nontidal emergent wetland as in-kind replacement for a wetland drained and covered with earth to accommodate an intramural field and community recreation area at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Predevelopment conditions are summarized and design and construction of the wetland are described. Site preparation included constructing a berm to retain water, installing inlet and outlet structures for water flow, grading and compacting slopes, transplanting plants and soil from the impacted wetland, and seeding slopes for erosion control. The wetland will be monitored for the next 2 years to determine plant survival rates and germination of the seed bank and root stock. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1013 AUTHOR: Bowers, K. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Non-tidal, emergent wetland tranplant SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 6(1):41-42. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: TYPHA, CAREX, JUNCUS, IMPATIENS, ECHINOCHLOA, PHALARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the creation of a 0.4 ha mitigation wetland near Johns Hopkins University, MD. Soil and plants from a wetland that was filled, were used at the new wetland site. The new wetland was graded and connected to a small tributary stream by a perforated pipe measuring 15 m in diameter. The pipe is buried under small riprap and allows water to seep out over the wetland area. Side slopes were seeded with grasses for erosion control. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 85 AUTHOR: Boyce, J.S. PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Soil-plant relationships in dredged material marshes with particular reference to heavy metal and nutrient availability SOURCE: Pages 496-511 in P.A. Krenkel, J. Harrison, and J.C. Burdick, III, eds. Proceedings of the specialty conference on dredging and its environmental effects. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York. STATE: NY, VA, NC, GA, FL, AL, CA, TX, MD STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-SS1, E2-AB1, PO-EM1, E2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA, IVA, DISTICHLIS, JUNCUS, BORRICHIA, ULVA, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, TRIGLOCHIN, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of dredged material as a substrate for salt and freshwater marshes along U.S. coasts. Topics include: 1) establishment of plants on dredged material; 2) water quality; and 3) uptake of heavy metals by marsh plants. Preliminary results of habitat development projects indicate that Spartina alterniflora can be established over large portions of the intertidal zone and several other species of salt grasses establish well in the upper reaches of the intertidal zone. The high fertility of estuarine systems may be a result of coupling of the marsh and adjacent mud flat through passing of nutrients across the mud flat. Research on heavy metal uptake thus far indicates that plants may concentrate mercury. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 86 AUTHOR: Boyd, M.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Salt marsh faunas: colonization and monitoring SOURCE: Pages 75-83 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll. Publ., La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, E2-AB1 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, WFOWL, REPT, AMPHIB PGENUS: SPARTINA, ULVA, ENTEROMORPHA, VAUCHERIA, DISTICHLIS, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents preliminary findings on colonization and establishment of animal species at a restored marsh on Humboldt Bay. Findings are compared to data from a marsh on San Francisco Bay. Molluscs, polychaetes, crustaceans, insects and arachnids, fish, birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles were studied. Species composition and population density (particularly for key species) are critical components in salt marsh fauna establishments. Some sampling techniques are described. General establishment of salt marsh fauna can be monitored by noting which species are present and combining this with data on population density of gastropods and biomass of polychaetes. Optimum monitoring frequency also is discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 87 AUTHOR: Bradley, B.O., and A.H. Cook PUBL. YEAR: 1951 TITLE: Small marsh development in New York SOURCE: Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 16:251-266. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L2-EM2, PO-EM., PO-AB3, L2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, MAMMALS, WFOWL PGENUS: ELEOCHARIS, TYPHA, SPARGANIUM, POTAMOGETON, CAREX, JUNCUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses development of permanent shallow water ponds, 1-20 acres in size, to provide habitat for wildlife (primarily waterfowl and muskrats) on privately owned farmlands in NY during the late 1940's. Topics include a discussion of muskrat management, the Soil Conservation District's program of promoting farm pond development in NY through the use of Pittman-Robertson funds, and brief case histories of 6 typical sites developed through this program. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 88 AUTHOR: Branch, W.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Design and construction of replacement wetlands on lands mined for sand and gravel SOURCE: Pages 173-179 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds. Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour., University Park. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: FISH, WFOWL, VEG, HUSE, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: SALIX, QUERCUS, ACER, TAXODIUM, LONICERA, POA, PANICUM, SAGITTARIA, SCIRPUS, SETARIA, PELTANDRA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes the design and construction of a 5 ha nontidal freshwater wetland on an abandoned and unrestored sand and gravel pit along the Patuxent River in MD. Spoil piles and outlet obstructions were removed to allow for flood energy dissipation. Bare soil was impounded, limed, fertilized, and planted with woody shrub seeds and grass clumps to control erosion. Wildlife habitat was enhanced by constructing islands, installing nesting boxes, and designing irregular shoreline configurations. Total cost of the project was 190,000, including a water level control device. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1529 AUTHOR: Breber, P. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The misguided policy of draining esturarine wetlands for agriculture: the case of Goro, Po Delta, Italy SOURCE: Landscape and Urban Planning 27:1-5. STATE: ITALY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E1-EM1, E2-EM1, R3.-... RESPONSE: FISH, SHELLF, HUSE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the consequences of converting productive delta estuaries to agriculture through draining and diking. The history of Goro is reviewed in terms of their use of the marshes for consumption and commercial gain. Eighty-eight small farms were created by draining 1300 ha of marshland between 1954-1955. Local inhabitants have since sold the farmland to outsiders and have turned back to their previous livelihoods in the remaining wetlands. Although they are currently culturing Black mussels and Manila clams, the lagoon and marshes are threatened by pollution from agricultural runoff and discharge from canning factories upstream. Restoration of wet meadows upstream from Goro is currently underway. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 89 AUTHOR: Breckenridge, R.P., L.R. Wheeler, and J.R. Ginsburg PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Biomass production and chemical cycling in a man-made geothermal wetland SOURCE: Wetlands 3:26-43. STATE: ID STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: EGERIA, POTAMOGETON, CERATOPHYLLUM, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study evaluates biomass production and chemical cycling in an artificial wetland in southcentral ID near the UT border. Geothermal water was used to create the wetland system, which consisted of an upper pond, lower pond, and an algal pond. Cooled geothermal effluent flowed into the upper pond (submergent vegetation) and was then pumped through a series of pipes to the emergent-dominated lower pond and into the algal pond. Soils and water were sampled for 11 elements and pH. Biomass production of reeds, cattail, and bulrush was recorded. Disadvantages of this method were accumulated concentrations of elements and a need for additional manipulation of flow rate, wetland size, and evapotranspiration control. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1467 AUTHOR: Breeding, S. and J. Miller PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Wetland restoration software package under development at WES environmental laboratory SOURCE: The Wetlands Research Program Bulletin 3(2):9-10. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of a software system, Wetland Evaluation Techniques for Environmental Restoration (WETER), for wetland restoration projects. It is composed of individual modules that may be used together or separately which consider all aspects of a wetland ecosystem. Modules include planning, design, implementation, monitoring, and management aspects of wetland creation or restoration depending on the objectives or functions desired. Field review for the first version of WETER is expected by the end of FY 94. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 90 AUTHOR: Breedlove, B.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Wetlands reclamation: a drainage basin approach. SOURCE: Pages 90-99 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares current restoration approaches to wetland reclamation in the phosphate region of central and northern FL, with a broader drainage basin perspective. Reclamation decisions can be developed through the consensus of regulatory, industrial, academic, and environmental consulting groups, based on technically valid evaluation and design criteria. The authors recommend a drainage basin approach to wetland evaluation and reclamation design. Some guidelines for this approach include evaluating the hydrologic position of the premining wetland in the basin or region and determining wetland functions and values. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1119 AUTHOR: Breedlove, B.W., J.H. Exum, F.P. Lindrum, and T.H. Wallis PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Creation of an urban wildlife sanctuary SOURCE: Pages 214-217 in J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and G. Brooks, eds. Urban wetlands: Proceedings of the national wetland symposium, Oakland, California. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., PO-FO2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB. RESPONSE: FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, AMPHIB, REPT, HUSE PGENUS: TAXODIUM, PONTEDERIA, SAGITTARIA, SAURURUS, GORDONIA, PINUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a plan for the construction of a 76 acre wildlife sanctuary, including wetlands, in a large office park in southeast Orlando, FL. Manmade ponds, extensive plantings of native vegetation, maintenance of wildlife corridors, and control structures at outfall sites (set at elevations which allow Taxodium-dominated systems to flood at natural depths and frequencies) are included in the plan. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1280 AUTHOR: Breen, P.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: A mass balance method for assessing the potential of artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment SOURCE: Water Resources 24(6):689-697. STATE: AUSTRALIA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, GENERAL, HYDRO ACTION: LAB, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, VEG, CHEM, HYDRO PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes an experimental artificial wetland designed for wastewater treatment. The author developed a mass balance method for quantifying system performance, major nutrient storage components, and nutrient removal mechanisms. The system proved to remove high percentages of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous. Plant nutrient uptake was the major means of nutrient removal and the majority of the nutrients were found to be stored in plant biomass. The mass balance model was able to describe the performance of the overall system. The author noted that the upflow hydraulic design of the system was critical for the success of nutrient removal. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1314 AUTHOR: Brenchley-Jackson, J.L., T.C. Foin, and J.B. Zedler PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Modeling the effect of salinity and inundation on "Spartina" and "Salicornia" in southern California SOURCE: Pages 261-266 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, Technical Coordinators. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. "Wetlands and Riparian Ecosystems of the American West." STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a model used to predict relative abundances of Spartina foliosa and Salicornia virginica under a variety of salinity and inundation regimes, drought and flood conditions, and elevational and tidal states at the Tijuana Estuary in Southern Ca. In addition, it can be used to identify soil salinity and degree of inundation needed to maintain both species and to specify hydrologic changes that would have negative effects on both species. The model is based on years of observation and data collection at the estuary from which the Low Salinity Gap hypothesis was derived. The model will aid in testing the hypothesis, however further improvements need to be made. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1487 AUTHOR: Brenner, E.K., F.J. Brenner, S. Brovard, and T.E. Schwartz PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Analysis of wetland treatment systems for acid mine drainage SOURCE: Journal of the Pennsylvannia Academy of Science 67(2):85-93. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: CASE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: PLANT, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper analyzes the overall effectiveness of a wetland created to treat acid mine drainage after a seven-year study. Two wetland systems were constructed with two interconnected wetlands each layered with crushed limestone, mushroom compost and planted with Typha. Water and Typha were collected and sampled monthly from 1985-1991 at both entry and discharge points. Monitoring results indicate a limited effectiveness of wetlands in reducing heavy metals, especially manganese. Approximately 82.4% of the iron and 98.6% of the manganese in the system was not precipitated or taken up by Typha. Heavy metals tended to accumulate in the substrate as a result of the inability of iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria to accommodate precipitated heavy metals. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1383 AUTHOR: Brenner, F.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Evaluation and mitiation of wetland habitats on mined lands SOURCE: Pages 181-184 in D.H. Graves, ed. 1986 Symposium on mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamaiton. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This brief report discusses wetland evaluation and mitigation based on principles to guide the mining industry as well as regulatory agencies. The Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) is used for determining habitat value of wetlands based on the following categories: 1) high value unique wetlands, 2) high value scarce wetlands, 3) high to medium value wetlands, and 4) medium to low value wetlands. Developmental severity impact is broken into four categories: 1) operations variables, 2) physical and chemical variables, 3) biological and ecological variables, and 4) public interest variables. The author proposes the principal species affected by the disturbance of the wetland be the prime consideration in mitigation. In additon, wetland systems be developed to a successional stage suitable for wildlife as soon as possible. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 91 AUTHOR: Brenner, F.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Surface mine reclamation: an opportunity for wetland development SOURCE: Pages 338-343 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: PA, MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB., PO-EM., PO-FO., PO-SS., PO-UB. RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, CERATOPHYLLUM, CEPHALANTHUS, CORNUS, ERAGROSTIS, QUERCUS, ACER, ECHINOCHLOA, SPARTINA, BETULA, ELEOCHARIS, NELUMBO, TAXODIUM, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, POTAMOGETON, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of wetland development on surface coal mines, particularly in the eastern and midwestern U.S. A case history of wetland development on 2 mine sites in northwestern PA also is discussed. Wetlands along with treatment and slurry ponds may be converted into productive wetlands with little additional cost. Twenty-two ha of wetlands were established on the 2 mine sites in PA at approximately the same cost that would have been incurred if the land was returned to approximately original contour according to current regulations. During the first year, over 30 wildlife species used these wetlands, including 5 species of concern in PA. The author discusses reclamation techniques and their value to wildlife for the case history study and in general terms for various wetland developments on mined lands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1292 AUTHOR: Brenner, F.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wetland assessment, evaluation and mitigation procedures SOURCE: Pages 249-260 in S.K. Majumdar, R.P. Brooks, F.J. Brenner, and R.W. Tiner, Jr., eds. Wetlands Ecology and Conservation: Emphasis in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Easton, PA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: SUCCESS, SHOREB, WFOWL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides criteria for evaluating wetlands which include their values as wildlife habitat, hydrologic features, and their value to the ecology of the region in general. The author provides a guide for assigning a numerical index to the wetlands based on the above features in addition to aesthetics and economic feasibility. The evaluation procedure allows one to determine the severity of impact as well as provides a framework for mitigation decisions and procedures. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1279 AUTHOR: Brenner, F.J., and B.A. Sterner PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: First year evaluation of mitigated wetlands on two mine sites in western Pennsylvania SOURCE: Pages 133-138 in Proceedings of the 1988 mine drainage and surface mine conference sponsored by Bureau of Mines and office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, April 17-22, 1988, Pittsburgh, PA. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: VEG, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses two different procedures for site construction, establishment of vegetation, and evaluation of mitigated wetlands on two coal mine site in western Pennsylvania. The two procedures included transplanting wetlands from different sites and wetlands receiving supplemental plantings. Wetlands at both mine sites created by each procedure proved to have good survival and growth of vegetation. The author notes that the cost of these procedures was approximately equal to restoring the sites to approximate original contour. In addition, the mitigated wetlands were used by over 40 species of wildlife. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 92 AUTHOR: Brice, J.R., and O.C. Boody, IV PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Fish populations in reclaimed and natural lakes in central Florida's phosphate region: a preliminary report SOURCE: Pages 359-372 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares the fish population structure of 12 reclaimed lakes and 4 natural or unmined lakes in central FL's phosphate region. Only 3 reclaimed lakes exhibited fish assemblages greater than or equal to the natural lakes. These lakes were the oldest systems (>10 years). Fish species not uniformly represented in the remaining reclaimed lakes included rough fish (gar, bowfin) and catfish (various species). Although fish species diversity generally exhibited a positive relationship with lake age and flow-through systems, not all systems evaluated followed these trends. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1517 AUTHOR: Brinson, M.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A hydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands SOURCE: Technical Report WRP-DE-4, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. 101 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of hydrogeomorphic characteristics to classify wetlands rather than wetland functions or vegetative cover. The three major characteristics which make up the Brinson classification system are geomorphic setting, water source, and the hydrodynamics of a system. Indicators of ecological significance used in conjunction with hydrogeomorphic characteristics include water and soil characteristics, color (platinum units), pH, and nutrient status. Examples of profile development for various wetlands are provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1489 AUTHOR: Brix, H. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands: system design, removal processes, and treatment performance SOURCE: Pages 9-22 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT, LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: LEMNA, ELODEA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, EICHHORNIA, ISOETES, LOBELIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article reviews various types of macrophyte-based wastewater treatment systems. Removal processes using macrophytes for suspended solids, BOD, nitrogen, phosphorous, and pathogen removal are described. Macrophyte-based wastewater systems may be classified as: 1) free-floating macrophyte systems using water hyacinth or duckweed as the dominant macrophye, 2) rooted emergent macrophyte-based systems using surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow, or vertical subsurface flow systems dominated with Scirpus, Typha, or Phragmites, 3) submerged macrophyte-based systems dominated by Elodea, Isoetes, or Lobelia, and 4) multi-stage macrophyte-based systems which use a combination of the above methods. The system used is dependent on the climate, effluent quality required, wastewater characteristics, etc. Suggestions to improve or intensify treatment performances using a multi-stage design are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1302 AUTHOR: Brix, J. and H.H. Schierup PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Danish experience with sewage treatment in constructed wetlands SOURCE: Pages 565-573 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: DENMARK STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview man-made wetlands designed for treating wastewater at 25 facilities in Denmark. All the Danish systems were designed as horizontal subsurface flow systems, and most were constructed to treat domestic sewage. The design of the systems consisted of plastic-lined excavations filled with one meter of soil and a surface slope of 1-5%. Original soil at the individual sites was used at the majority of the facilities, however a few facilities were constructed with gravel or sand. In addition, bed dimensions varied from site to site. Eight to twelve inlet and effluent quality control analyses were performed at each site annually. BOD removal was rated as good and total N and total P removal was rated as poor. Despite poor TN and TP removal, the authors concluded that the performance of the systems was satisfactory for most sites since no requirements for nutrient removal were set. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 93 AUTHOR: Broadfoot, W.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1967 TITLE: Shallow-water impoundment increases soil moisture and growth of hardwoods SOURCE: Proc. Soil Sci. Am. 31(4):562-564. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R2-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO PGENUS: LIQUIDAMBAR, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS, CELTIS, POPULUS, CARYA, GLEDITSIA, ACER, DIOSPYROS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses an 8 year experiment on the effect of water impoundment early in the growing season on soil moisture supply for hardwoods on the Mississippi River floodplain near Greenville, MS. Impounding winter and spring rainfall until 1 July significantly increased soil moisture and radial tree growth. In early July, average moisture per 30 cm of soil was 19.5 cm for the flooded area and 13 cm for the control area. Oxygen in the water was depleted after 15 days of dry weather, but was quickly replenished by rain. An extended period of no rain could cause oxygen supplies to become critical and may explain why timber varies greatly in its ability to withstand extended flooding. In this study, showers producing less than 1 cm of rainfall were able to replenish oxygen supplies. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 94 AUTHOR: Broadfoot, W.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Water table depth and growth of young cottonwood SOURCE: U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note SO-167. 4 pp. STATE: MS STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the results of an experiment examining growth of cottonwood cuttings under the following conditions: 1) no water table (control); 2) water table 2 ft from the surface; 3) water table 1 ft from the surface; and 4) water table at the soil surface. The 2 ft deep water table was best for growth; however, where the water table was high into the root zone and the soil was saturated, death of juvenile cottonwoods was likely to occur at the end of the second growing season. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1309 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Selection and evaluation of sites for constructed wastewater treatment wetlands SOURCE: Pages 307-317 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM, HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides guidelines for selecting and evaluating sites for the construction of wetlands for the treatment of wastewater. Factors to be considered and investigated for site selection include land use, geological, geotechnical, hydrological, regulatory, and other environmental factors that could effect the wetland system. The article provides general methodologies for the consideration of each factor. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1493 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Staged, aerobic constructed wetlands to treat acid drainage: case history of Fabius impoundment 1 and overview of the Tennessee Valley Authority's program SOURCE: Pages 157-165 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM, STOCK WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM, ECON PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Design and construction guidelines are made based on constructed wetlands results of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Twelve operational wetlands were constructed to treat acid mine drainage, nine of which meet water discharge limitations. Aerobic multi-staged wetlands were designed to treat 4.0 to 11.0 GDM of Fe. Water depth ranged from 15 to 30 cm with deep pockets to provide aquatic habitat. Vegetation was planted and Gambusia were stocked to prevent mosquito breeding problems. Bat houses and various bird houses were constructed to attract wildlife and study the use of bats for mosquito control. A case study of one of the impoundments is provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 97 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Man-made wetlands for acid mine drainage control SOURCE: Paper Presented at Eighth Annu. Natl. Abandoned Mine Lands Conf., Billings, MT, Aug. 10-15. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, EQUISETUM, PHILONOTES, UTRICULARIA, POTAMOGETON, CAREX, SAGITTARIA, ECHINODORUS, CYPERUS, BIDENS, POLYGONUM, LEERSIA, ALISMA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the construction of a wetland to mitigate effects of acid seepage from a coal slurry disposal pond at the Tennessee Valley Authority's Fabius Coal Preparation Facility, Jackson County, AL. Existing woodlands were cleared and sandbag dikes were set up to create a number of small impoundments. Plants from nearby acid seeps were transplanted to the construction site. Mosquitofish and fathead minnows were stocked (for mosquito control). Within 3 weeks of completion of the wetlands, water quality monitoring showed significant improvement. Total cost of the system was $28,000. Major research needs include determining design criteria and longevity of a functioning system. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 96 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Constructed wetlands for acid drainage control in the Tennessee Valley SOURCE: Pages 173-180 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: TN, AL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STOCK, HYDRO, CUT, FERT, FIRE, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, CAREX, ELEOCHARIS, EQUISETUM, UTRICULARIA, SPARGANIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of 11 wetlands constructed by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in Jackson County, AL, and Roane County, TN, to treat acid mine drainage. Design, construction, operation, maintenance, and monitoring are discussed. Design, construction, and operation costs of a typical impoundment were $40,000. Overall, artificial wetlands are a preferred alternative to conventional methods of treating acid drainage from coal mines. Treatments for pH and for removal of manganese and iron are no longer needed at six of TVA's constructed wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 95 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Treatment of acid drainage from coal facilities with man-made wetlands SOURCE: Pages 903-912 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publ., Orlando, FL. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, FERT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: SPHAGNUM, POLYTRICHUM, HYPNUM, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, EQUISETUM, PHILONOTES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Northeast AL was the site for construction of an artificial marsh/ pond wetland system used to treat acid drainage from coal facilities that were negatively impacting aquatic systems and drinking water supplies. Channeling, diking, and creating impoundments provided conditions necessary for planting. After completion of the wetland system, dissolved oxygen increased to nearly 8.0 mg/l, total iron decreased to 1.1 mg/l, total magnesium averaged 2.8 mg/l, and total suspended solids were 2.8 mg/l. The use of slurry lake water significantly lowered pH levels. Construction costs were approximately $28,000. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1252 AUTHOR: Brodie, G.A., D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Treatment of acid drainage with a constructed wetland at the Tennessee Valley Authority 950 Coal Mine SOURCE: Pages 201-209 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: AL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, STABIL, SEED, FERT, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: ECON, WQUAL, INVERT, SUCCESS, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, ACER, BIDENS, CHARA, ECHINOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS, ERECHTITES, EUPATORIUM, HYPERICUM, JUNCUS, LUDWIGIA, PANICUM, PLUCHEA, SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: An impoundment built in 1975 at the Tennessee Valley Authority 950 Coal Mine (near Flat Rock, Jackson Co., AL) to receive acid mine drainage was converted to an emergent wetland in 1986 to improve water quality and maintain compliance with state and federal regulations. The impoundment was regraded, sludge was removed, riprap/erosion control fabric installed, seeded with grasses and planted with cattails and woolgrass. The area was fertilized and limed. Total construction costs were $41,200; annual upkeep is less than $3,700. Pre-wetland construction maintenance costs are also given. Other plants listed in PGenus established naturally within 1 year. Changes in macroinvertebrate species composition are summarized. Water quality standards were met from November 1986-June 1988. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 98 AUTHOR: Brookes, A. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Recovery and adjustment of aquatic vegetation within channelization works in England and Wales SOURCE: J. Environ. Manage. 24:365-382. STATE: ENGLAND, WALES STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, HYDRO ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: R.-AB2, R.-AB3, R.-EM2, PO-EM1, R.-UB3, R.-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: NASTURTIUM, RANUNCULUS, APIUM, OENANTHE, BETULA, ELODEA, CALLITRICHE, MENTHA, APIUM, ALISMA, NUPHAR, MYRIOPHYLLUM, SPARGANIUM, SAGITTARIA, MYOSOTIS, VERONICA, CLADOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper assesses short-term recovery of aquatic vegetation following channelization at 7 sites in southcentral England in terms of standing crop and species composition. Recovery depended on plant rhizomes still present in the bed of the channel after construction, on species present in the unaffected channel upstream, and also on morphological variables changed during construction, most notably the width, depth, and grain-size composition of the substrate. Vegetation surveys at an additional 22 sites in England and Wales, channelized for up to 24 years, indicated that destruction of the original substrate, significant changes of width or depth, and removal of bankside vegetation may have long-term effects on aquatic vegetation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 99 AUTHOR: Brooks, R.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Optimal designs for restored wetlands SOURCE: Pages 19-29 in J.E. Burris, ed. Treatment of mine drainage by wetlands. Pennsylvania St. Univ., University Park, Contrib. No. 264. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., PO-EM1, R4-... RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: TYPHA, SPHAGNUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes several optimal designs for restoring or creating wetlands to treat acid mine drainage. Wetland diversity on 36 surface mine sites in western PA is being studied in terms of wildlife habitat relationships. Several considerations for design include: 1) site suitability; 2) wetland use in addition to water quality improvement; and 3) wetland size. Varying pond shapes and meandering natural systems are recommended. Sheet flow through aquatic vegetation is essential. Diagrams and a question/answer discussion session are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1175 AUTHOR: Brooks, R.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wetland and waterbody restoration and creation associated with mining SOURCE: Pages 117-142 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II. Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS, PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA, CAREX, NYSSA, PONTEDERIA, EUPATORIUM, SAGITTARIA, FRAXINUS, ACER, LIQUIDAMBAR, TAXODIUM, GORDONIA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS, SPHAGNUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes wetland creation and restoration on lands mined for coal, phosphate, and sand and gravel. An overview of the nature and extent of mining nationwide is provided. Specific recommendations for wetland creation and restoration on each type of mined land include: 1) coal- area, water depth, slope, soils, shoreline configuration, upland soils, hydric soils, vegetation and fauna; 2) phosphate- basin morphometry, soils, vegetation, emergent marshes, forested wetlands and fauna; and 3) sand and gravel- basin morphometry and soils. Research needs and recommendations for planning and implementation are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 100 AUTHOR: Brooks, R.P., J.P. Hepp, and J.B. Hill PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetland creation opportunities on coal mined lands SOURCE: Pages 181-184 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, L.-... RESPONSE: INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper identifies key morphometric, vegetation, and water quality parameters that contributed to biotic diversity during studies of established and newly-created palustrine wetlands on coal-mined lands in western PA. Topics include erosion and sedimentation control, abatement of mine drainage, wildlife and fisheries habitat, and landscape enhancement. Guidelines for wetland creation are proposed that enable land managers to plan, construct, and assess success with realistic technical, regulatory, and economic constraints. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 101 AUTHOR: Brooks, R.P., and R.M. Hughes PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Guidelines for assessing the biotic communities of freshwater wetlands SOURCE: Pages 276-282 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks, eds. Proceedings of the national wetland symposium: mitigation of impacts and losses. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Berne, NY. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes assessment guidelines for the quantitative field sampling of biotic communities for effective assessment and comparison of wetlands. Guidelines include selection of reference wetlands; sampling logistics; sampling biotic communities; sampling of vertebrates, invertebrates, and vegetation; hydrologic sampling; and morphometric sampling. Data analysis, costs, and recommendations are included. KEYWORDS: freshwater wetlands/wetlands/reference wetlands/function/values/ biotic communities/technique/proceedings/symposium/wetlands mitigation/impacts/losses/mitigation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1151 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Creation and restoration of tidal wetlands of the southeastern United States SOURCE: Pages 37-72 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I. Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: GA, NC, SC, VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE, CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL, HABITAT, EROSION, HYDRO ACTION: PLANT, SEED, FERT, LFORM, HYDRO, SOIL, SPOIL, CONTAM, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, E2-SS. RESPONSE: SUCCESS, SOIL, VEG, FISH PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS, MYRICA, IVA, BACCHARIS, HALODULE, ZOSTERA, BORRICHIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides information on coastal wetland creation and restoration in VA, SC, NC, GA, including: regional wetland characteristics; functions; extent of tidal wetland creation and restoration; factors affecting success or failure; project designs; seeding and transplanting; management; monitoring; research needs; and bibliographic references. The appendix includes profiles of 8 projects: Virginia Wetland Bank (Goose Creek); Virginia Vegetative Erosion Control Project (Chesapeake Bay); NC Phosphate Project Area II (Pine Knoll Shores); dredge spoil sites (NC); Winyah Bay (SC); Buttermilk Sound (GA); Kings Bay (GA). Information on each project includes: wetland type; location; age; size; project goals; judgement of success; significance; reports; and contacts. KEYWORDS: wetlands creation/restoration/wetlands/southeastern United States/ creation/tidal wetlands/technique/tidal marsh/marsh creation/ wetlands restoration/status =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1423 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Creation and Restoration of tidal wetlands of the Southeastern United States SOURCE: Pages 37-72 in J.A. Kusler and M. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C. STATE: VA, NC, SC, GA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This chapter addresses tidal wetland creation techniques, planning, and implementation of creation and restoration projects in the tidal marshes of the Southeastern United States. Functions of tidal marshes are listed in three categories: 1) fish and wildlife values, 2) environmental quality, and 3) socio-economic values. Creation and/or restoration goals include: 1) dredged material stabilization, 2) shoreline erosion control, 3) mitigation of impacted natural stands, and 4) research. Planting Spartina is a primary technique used in shoreline stabilization and coastal restoration. Special considerations in restoration projects include the extent of the intertidal zone, severity of the wave climate, salinity of tidal water, and excessive foot or vehicular traffic near the plant site. The author recommends further study of Spartina species for propagation and planting. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 102 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., C.E. Craft, and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Creation and development of brackish-water marsh habitat SOURCE: Pages 197-205 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, R4-..., R.-... RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares growth of 3 species of Spartina and Juncus roemerianus transplanted at different elevation zones near South Creek, a tributary of the Pamlico Estuary, NC. The site was previously used as borrow pits or undisturbed uplands by the phosphate mining industry. A 2.5 ha area was graded to various elevations and a dendritic pattern of creeks was installed. Greenhouse grown seedlings of S. alterniflora were planted along drainage creeks (15-21 cm MSL), S. cynosuroides and J. roemerianus from 21-37 cm, and S. patens from 37-43 cm. Growth was variable the first year because of acid soil. The soil was limed over 25% of the area, transplanted, and fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus. After 4 years, aboveground standing crop was greater for S. alterniflora in the created marsh compared to a nearby natural marsh, whereas standing crop of the other 3 species was less. KEYWORDS: wetlands creation/habitat/wetlands/wildlife/brackish-water marsh habitat/proceedings/elevation/vegetation/biomass/soil/ fertilization/intertidal/marshes/monitoring/cr eation/ transplanting =============================================================================== NUMBER: 104 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Planting marsh grasses for erosion control SOURCE: Univ. North Carolina, Sea Grant Coll. Program, Publ. UNC-SG-81-09. 11 pp. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This pamphlet describes the use of salt marsh grasses for erosion control along the coast of NC. It includes discussions of site suitability, plant establishment procedure, transplanting methods, and some species descriptions with the focus on smooth cordgrass, giant cordgrass, and American beachgrass (bermudagrass). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 103 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Establishing brackish marshes on graded upland sites in North Carolina SOURCE: Wetlands 2:152-178. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study describes an experiment to establish 3 Spartina species on a brackish, graded upland marsh in Bond Creek, adjacent to the Pamlico River Estuary, NC. The experimental site was part of a phosphate mining operation requiring compensation for marsh disturbance. A series of borrow pits was constructed and graded to elevations between 0.06-0.43 m msl. Field-dug plants of Spartina alterniflora, S. patens, and S. cynosuroides and greenhouse-grown seedlings of S. alterniflora were planted. Correct elevation for each species was most critical for planting success. Results were compared to conditions present in a nearby natural marsh. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1014 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Tidal salt marsh restoration SOURCE: Aquatic Bot. 32:1-22. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, PUCCINELLIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of tidal salt marsh restoration and summarizes information available from various restoration projects throughout the world. Recovery of marshes after human perturbation such as dredging, discharges of wastes, and spillage of petroleum products or other toxic chemicals is often slow under natural conditions and can be accelerated by planting. Factors that affect successful revegetation include elevation of the site in relation to tidal regime, slope, exposure to wave action, soil chemical and physical characteristics, nutrient supply, salinity and availability of viable propagules of the appropriate plant species. Further research is needed to determine the success of marsh restoration and creation in terms of ecological functions, including the faunal component. KEYWORDS: wetlands restoration/salt marshes/marshes/habitat/restoration/ intertidal/estuaries/ values/fishes/birds/wildlife/losses/ wetlands creation/vegetation/technique/ecological function/ function/North Carolina/Spartina alterniflora/fauna/marsh restoration/coastal/primary production/disturbance/creation/ perturbation/dredging =============================================================================== NUMBER: 105 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Creation of brackish-water marsh habitat SOURCE: Pages 319-331 in D.J. Robertson, ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, DISTICHLIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the feasibility of converting a 0.4 ha upland site to brackish-water marsh adjacent to an estuary near Aurora, NC. Soils were phosphorus deficient and fertilization with phosphorus and nitrogen was essential for satisfactory establishment and growth of Spartina spp. Broadcast application and incorporation of fertilizer before transplanting was the most practical fertilization method for large areas. Fall seeding in the greenhouse was necessary for spring transplants of J. roemerianus. Transplanting on a new surface graded to the proper elevation accelerated first stages of marsh plant community succession. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1237 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Creating brackish-water marshes for possible mitigation of wetland disturbance SOURCE: Pages 350-369 in J. Hernandez, ed. A healthy economy in a healthy environment: proceedings of the first annual Carolina environmental affairs conference. Environ. Stud. Counc., Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hills. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, FERT, SEED WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, WQUAL, VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes experiments conducted in NC (Pamlico Sound near Aurora) to develop techniques for creating brackish coastal marshes in an attempt to mitigate for wetlands lost as a result of phosphate mining. The study sites were graded, disked, and fertilized. Greenhouse grown (from seed) seedlings (Spartina alterniflora, S. cynosuroides, S. patens, and Juncus roemerianus) were planted on the sites in June 1980 (Site 1) and April 1982 (Site 2). Data were collected on Site 1 to determine plant species: 1) elevational distribution; 2) response to fertilizer; and 3) correlation of zonation to tide levels. Elevational requirements for Site 1 species were: 1) S. alterniflora- 0.09-0.40 m; 2) S. cynosuroides- 0.21-0.43 m; 3) S. patens- 0.21-0.40 m; and 4) J. roemerianus- 0.06-0.30 m. Other results are included. Plant growth measurements were taken on Site 2. Spartina establishment and growth was enhanced by applying N and P fertilizers. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 106 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Long-term growth and development of transplants of the salt-marsh grass Spartina alterniflora SOURCE: Estuaries 9:63-74. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the long-term sampling of Spartina alterniflora transplants along eroding estuarine shorelines in NC. The effects of transplant spacing (45, 60, and 90 cm) were tested; 45 and 60 cm spacings were more successful on sites near the lower elevation limits of Spartina. Differences between the planted sites and natural marsh were apparent at first, but decreased over time. Annual production and decomposition of the belowground standing crop were nearly equal. After 10 years, the artificial marsh was self-sustaining, successful in shoreline erosion control, and equal in primary productivity to the natural marsh. KEYWORDS: transplanting/salt marshes/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/North Carolina/biomass/marshes/natural marshes/vegetation/adjacent natural wetlands/function/values/ten-year study =============================================================================== NUMBER: 107 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., W.W. Woodhouse, Jr., and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The influence of duration-of-inundation on development of a man-initiated Spartina alterniflora Loisel marsh in North Carolina SOURCE: J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 94:259-268. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, ASTER, IVA, CYPERUS, VIGNA, SUAEDA, SABATIA, BORRICHIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This experiment records the growth responses of Spartina alterniflora to duration of inundation in the Cape Fear River Estuary, NC. Culms were planted in 15 plots in 4 zones perpendicular to the shoreline. In all 4 zones, standing crop increased from 56-100% 17 months after planting. Although this experimental planting was an almost pure stand of S. alterniflora over the first 17 months, the upper elevation zones became a mixed species marsh from the third to the twelfth growing season. Lower elevation zones remained dominated by S. alterniflora, which had spread 30 m toward the estuary's open water by the twelfth season. KEYWORDS: Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/marshes/North Carolina/values/ elevation/estuaries/duration-of-inundation/inundation/ man-initiated/salinity/monitoring =============================================================================== NUMBER: 108 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: An investigation of propagation and the mineral nutrition of Spartina alterniflora SOURCE: North Carolina St. Univ., Raleigh, Sea Grant Publ. UNC-SG-7314. 121 pp. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses propagation of Spartina alterniflora from seed and the relationship of mineral nutrients to growth of this species in estuaries of NC. A series of experiments was used to determine the best collection, storage, and seeding techniques for S. alterniflora. A short period of dry, cold storage increased percent germination. Direct seeding can be an effective method of establishing new stands on dredge spoil material. Seedlings can be expected to survive on the upper 20-50% of the elevational range of naturally occurring stands in a given area. N and P fertilizers enhanced the growth of seedlings and transplants artificially established on sandy dredge spoil. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 109 AUTHOR: Broome, S.W., W.W. Woodhouse, Jr., and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Propagation of smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, from seed in North Carolina SOURCE: Chesapeake Sci. 15(4):214-221. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the germination and establishment of Spartina alterniflora at various estuarine sites, including dredged material areas, along the coast of NC (Oregon Inlet, Ocracoke, Beaufort, Surf City, Oak Island, and Snow's Cut). Successful seed germination and survival were attributed to a combination of techniques: 1) the storage of seeds at 2-3 degrees C, first in burlap sheets, then in estuarine or sea water over the winter; and 2) direct seeding between April and early June. Seedling survival was best in the upper 20-50% of the elevational range of naturally growing Spartina. In 1 growing season, aboveground standing crop produced from seeds may be similar to that of well-established marshes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1469 AUTHOR: Brostoff, W. and D. Clarke PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Monitoring marsh development on an island constructed of dredged material in South Carolina's Winyah Bay SOURCE: The Wetlands Research Bulletin 3(1):7-9. STATE: SC STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS, FISH PGENUS: SPARTINA, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the development and monitoring of an intertidal wetland island built up over 18 years with dredged material. Spartina alterniflora is the only species of vegetation on the younger sites, while Scirpus robustus makes up one-fifth of the vegetation along with Spartina at the older sites. Scirpus and Phragmites australis has also naturally recruited on elevated sediment mounds. After a topographic map is completed comparisons will be made of the 2-,5-, and 16-year old marsh zones. Studies are currently being done to monitor marsh use by transient/migratory fishes and crustaceans. Results will provide a better understanding of the ability of wetlands created from dredged materials to resemble the functions of natural wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1438 AUTHOR: Broussard, L.J. and D.M. Grouchy PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The use of structures and other techniques for wetland restoration and protection in coastal Louisiana SOURCE: Pages 236-238 in M.C. Landin, ed. Wetlands: Proceedings of the thirteenth annual conference society of wetland scientists. New Orleans, LA. 990 pp. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E.-... RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The authors briefly describe wetland restoration and protection efforts in Louisiana to reverse or impede the erosion process threatening its coastlands. Techniques and/or structures used include freshwater diversion, sediment diversion, marsh management, sediment capturing, dredged materials, shallow bay terracing, shoreline protection, and revegetation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1566 AUTHOR: Brown, D.S. and S.C. Reed PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Inventory of constructed wetlands in the United States SOURCE: Water Science Technology 28(4):309-318. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: WQUAL, ECON, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: An inventory of subsurface flow (SF) and free water surface (FWS) constructed wetlands systems for wastewater treatment was conducted to gather information on the design and performance of these systems. Results indicate a majority of systems found in the Mississippi basin area; an equal number of SF and FWS systems, although SF systems are projected to outnumber FWS systems in the future; most systems treat less than 3800 m3/day; and FWS systems tend to be larger. Each of the constructed wetland types are further broken into three categories based on design or effluent groups. There seems to be no general consensus on length to width ratio, system configuration, depth or type of media, slope, vegetation type, or pretreatment. Amounts of NH3 in the effluent continue to be a limiting factor for both constructed wetland types. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 110 AUTHOR: Brown, M.T., F. Gross, and J. Higman PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Studies of a method of wetland reconstruction following phosphate mining SOURCE: Pages 24-45 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, SEED, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM1 RESPONSE: HYDRO, VEG, ECON PGENUS: NYSSA, TAXODIUM, LIQUIDAMBAR, POLYGONUM, EUPATORIUM, PANICUM, SESBANIA, INDIGOFERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Two methods were used to apply peat from existing wetlands to several phosphate mine sites. After 1 growing season, no wetland species survived on a control site with no applied peat. Sites with peat had good growth of wetland and transitional species; overall vegetative cover was 100%, compared to 30% for the no-peat control. Peat-mulched areas had greater plant biomass and species diversity. Germination, survival, and growth of wetland species might have been limited by short hydroperiods (74% of plots had hydroperiods of less than 30 days). Cost of peat-mulching varied from 5-12/m3 and was competitive with other methods. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1135 AUTHOR: Brown, M.T., H.T. Odum, F. Gross, J. Higman, M. Miller, and C. Diamond PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Studies of a method of wetland reconstruction following phosphate mining SOURCE: Cent. For Wetlands, Phelps Lab., Univ. Florida, Gainesville. 76 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, LFORM, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-EM. RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, HYDRO, CHEM, ECON PGENUS: NYSSA, TAXODIUM, LIQUIDAMBAR, POLYGONUM, ELEOCHARIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes an experimental project to quantify the establishment and survival of wetland plant species on areas spread with peat. The 10 experimental sites are located on Occidental Chemical Company's Reclamation Project SR-8 near White Springs, FL. Nyssa biflora, Taxodium distichum and Liquidambar styracifolia seedlings were planted. Data on physical parameters (pH of water and soil, elevation, peat depth, lake water levels) and project costs are included. Statistical methods were used to examine relationships between site characteristics and vegetation parameters. Numbers and types of plants that survived and grew were controlled by hydroperiod. Summary data is included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1015 AUTHOR: Brown, R.G., and J.R. Stark PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Comparison of ground-water and surface-water interactions in two wetlands SOURCE: Pages 77-80 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: MN, WI STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, EXPERIMENT ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-UB2, PO-FO4, PO-ML1, PO-EM1, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: HYDRO PGENUS: TYPHA, LARIX, PICEA, SPHAGNUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article compares hydrologic data from two wetlands near St. Joseph, MN, and Phelps, WI. The St. Joseph Wetland is a flat glacial outwash plain adjacent to a river; the Phelps wetland is a surface water depression area, part of the headwaters of a small stream. Hydrologic budgets were based on precipitation, surface water outflow, groundwater outflow, and change in storage. Ground- and surface-water interaction was evident at St. Joseph, but not at Phelps. Hydrologic differences between these two sites illustrate the importance of describing ground- and surface-water interaction prior to the development of a hydrologic budget. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 111 AUTHOR: Brown, R.L., and A.L. Hafenrichter PUBL. YEAR: 1948 TITLE: Factors influencing the production and use of beachgrass and dunegrass clones for erosion control: III. Influence of kinds and amounts of fertilizer on production. SOURCE: J. Am. Soc. Agronomy 40(8):677-684. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: AMMOPHILA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of experiments on the use of fertilizers to promote the growth of European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria) on coastal dunes in OR. Three inorganic fertilizers and 6 organic nitrogen fertilizers were applied in early spring to test plots over a 3-year period. Inorganic fertilizers were more effective than organic fertilizers for increasing rate of production. Ammonium compounds were more effective than sodium nitrate as inorganic sources of nitrogen. Single applications of fertilizer resulted in better production than split applications. Applications of 40 lbs/acre of nitrogen were necessary to increase production, but 80 lbs did not increase production enough to warrant the additional cost. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 112 AUTHOR: Brunori, C.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Examples of wetland creation and enhancement in Maryland SOURCE: Pages 306-313 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: MD STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO, BIOCIDE, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB., E2-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-FO4, E2-UB., PO-UB3 RESPONSE: FISH, WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, JUNCUS, LEMNA, SAGITTARIA, CAREX, POLYGONUM, ECHINOCHLOA, PHRAGMITES, HIBISCUS, PONTEDERIA, MYRIOPHYLLUM, PELTANDRA, ACORUS, POLYGONUM, LEERSIA, ALNUS, SALIX, ACER, FRAXINUS, ZIZANIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, POTAMOGETON, ZANNICHELLIA, NAJAS, PINUS, SPARTINA, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses creation and enhancement of 3 wetlands in the Chesapeake Bay area, MD, and resulting wildlife use of the wetlands. The projects consisted of creation of a 28 ha nontidal pond, a 2.6 ha diked tidal-fresh marsh, and a 4 ha diked tidal- brackish marsh. Techniques included water level manipulation, herbicide treatment of Phragmites, and creation of islands, in addition to modifications by diking. Progress and modifications of each wetland plan are included. All projects were planned in the last 5 years and were completed within the last 2 years. Early monitoring indicated that waterfowl use of the areas has increased. Further plans for increasing this use include installation of nest boxes and maintenance of a 50:50 ratio of emergents to open water. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1278 AUTHOR: Bruns, D. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Restoration and management of ecosystems for nature conservation in West Germany SOURCE: Pages 163-185 in J. Cairns, Jr., ed. Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. Vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. STATE: WEST GERMANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT, SOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS, WFOWL PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The author of this article is concerned with the loss of certain species and ecosystems in West Germany due to land development. The author suggests several restoration techniques and discusses their related problems. Examples of each technique are mentioned. The restoration techniques include transplantation, implantation (partial transplantation), natural colonization, regulation of the water regime, and reclamation of flooded gravel pits for lake development. Planning strategies for two case studies in the article are discussed to demonstrate the application of some of the restoration methods described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 113 AUTHOR: Brusven, M.A., F.J. Watts, R. Luedtke, and T.L. Kelley PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: A model design for physical and biotic rehabilitation of a silted stream SOURCE: Univ. Idaho, Water Resour. Res. Inst., Moscow, Res. Tech. Complet. Rep. Proj. A-032-IDA. 96 pp. STATE: ID STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL ACTION: HYDRO, MODEL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB3, R4-SB4, R.-..., R2-..., R3-... RESPONSE: INVERT, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the effects of stream alterations on sediment transport and insect communities in Emerald Creek, a tributary of the St. Maries River in northern ID. Instream alterations proved to be effective means for increasing sediment transport, thereby improving insect and fish habitat. Debris jam removal, channel diversion, and gabion deflectors caused flushing of fine sediment from runs and pools. Log-drop structures scoured pools, thereby increasing the pool-riffle ratio. Higher values of percent cobble, average sediment size, mean channel depth, and greater diversity and abundance of insects resulted from in-stream alterations. Flow models were used to predict effects on sediment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1222 AUTHOR: Bryan, H.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A saltwater wetland in northeastern Kentucky SOURCE: Pages 24-30 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: KY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1H0gx RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, FISH, INVERTS, REPT, AMPHIB PGENUS: CEPHALANTHUS, ALNUS, SALIX, ACER, SAGITTARIA, ALISMA, MIMULUS, ONOCLEA, CICUTA, BOEHMERIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A 1.5 ha wetland was created in 1987 near Vanceburg, Lewis Co., KY (just south of the Ohio River) as mitigation for the loss of an adjacent buttonbush slough to highway construction. A fallow cornfield was excavated, a hydraulic connection made with the impacted wetland, and muck transferred from the impacted to the new wetland. Fish, herptofauna, and macroinvertebrates were trapped and transferred from the impacted to the new wetland. Trees and shrubs (species not listed) were planted around the perimeter. Monitoring 1 year after construction showed an average vegetative cover of 85%; many juvenile fish and toad larvae were observed in the created wetland in the spring of 1988. An initial problem with high chloride levels was resolved by winter flooding and siltation which apparently sealed the bottom (and the source of chloride). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 114 AUTHOR: Buck, J.K., and R.J. Houston PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Direct revegetation of four coal waste sites in Pennsylvania--four approaches SOURCE: Pages 385-429 in C.L. Carlson and J.H. Swisher, eds. Innovative approaches to mined land reclamation. Southern Illinois Univ. Press, Carbondale. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This chapter includes 4 case studies; one of which dealt with wetland restoration. The Pennsylvania Power and Light Harwood Reprocessed Anthracite Waste Site, Luzerne County, PA, was selected for an experimental study on revegetation using fly ash as a major soil amendment. Fly ash and coal wastes were combined and analyzed for pH, lime requirements, nutrients, trace elements, and toxic elements. On the site, 200 tons of fly ash/acre were incorporated to a depth of 10 inches. Growth and diversity of plants on the fly ash site are compared to those in the soil-covered control plot. Chemical monitoring of soil and water is described. Costs are compared. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 115 AUTHOR: Buckley, F.G., and C.A. McCaffrey PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Use of dredged material islands by colonial seabirds and wading birds in New Jersey SOURCE: Appendix B: vegetation analysis. U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-1. 226 pp. STATE: NJ STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US., E2-SS. RESPONSE: SHOREB PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, LONICERA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the vegetation on 21 selected dredged material islands along the Intracoastal Waterway, NJ. Eleven of these islands harbor colonial nesting birds. Vegetation maps indicate 14 major plant communities. Average frequency, percent cover, and height classes of dominant species were recorded. Mapping units were Phragmites, Phragmites-shrub, shrub, bare substrate, shrub/dense grassland, sparse grassland, dense grassland, dike, shrub-forest, intertidal areas, Lonicera, impounded water, and Lonicera-shrub. Plant succession was described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 116 AUTHOR: Bucknauage, M.J., and E.C. Aharrah PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Determination of the algal growth-limiting nutrients in stripmine ponds SOURCE: Pages 191-196 in D.H. Graves, ed. Proceedings 1984 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. Univ. Kentucky, OES Publ., Lexington. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, ANKISTRODESMUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses results of test alga (Ankistrodesmus faloatus) and natural phytoplankton assays used to determine algal growth limiting nutrients in 2 strip mine ponds in Clarion County, PA. Results indicated that phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient and nitrogen was a secondary limiter. The presence of bacteria influenced nutrient availability in one of the ponds, maintaining lower concentrations of algal growth. The authors discuss the various factors that determine bioavailability of chemical nutrients in aquatic systems. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1396 AUTHOR: Buckner, D.L. and R.L. Wheeler PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Construction of cattail wetlands along the east slope of the front range of Colorado SOURCE: Pages 126-131 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, eds. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. PIC Tecnologies, Inc and CRS Sirrine, Inc. 235pp. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: PLANT, SOIL, SEED, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, VEG, WFOWL, SHOREB PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the construction methods, results, possible problems, and recommendations of a constructed cattail marsh as part of a highway mitigation effort. The primary objective was to create habitat for Northern Harriers and Short-eared owls. A 12 acre site was selected on a previously drained wetland area. "Live topsoil" was used to treat less than five acres and the other seven acres were seeded with cattail from Boulder Reservoir wetlands. Three spreader berms were spaced evenly in the area to encourage even spreading of water. Sampling in the following year revealed 48 percent coverage by hydrophytes in the live topsoil areas and 77 percent coverage in the seeded areas. Wildlife surveys revealed a higher than expected number of birds during the development phase and the first season. The authors suggest creating appropriate hydrological features is the most critical aspect in the creation of wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1415 AUTHOR: Buffa, J. and D.I. Werner PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian habitat protection and reforestation in Panama and Costa Rica to enhance food production and wildlife SOURCE: Pages 441-444 in J.A. Kusler and S. Daly, eds. Wetlands and river corridor management. Charleston, South Carolina. STATE: PANAMA, COSTA RICA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, REPT, HUSE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the restoration attempts in riparian areas in South America to reverse the destruction of tropical rainforests, improve soil fertility, control soil erosion, and provide habitat for iguana production as food. Iguana ranching allows the farmers to use the existing forests as well as offering them incentives to plant new trees. Native trees are being grown in small nurseries to be planted along live fencerows to protect river banks as part of the "Iguana Project". One of the primary goals is to fill the gaps in the tree canopy cover of the riparian corridor to provide continuous canopy cover which will benefit iguanas, wildlife, and control soil erosion. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 117 AUTHOR: Bureau of Land Management PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Environmental assessment on state of reclamation techniques on phosphate mined lands in Florida and their application to phosphate mining in the Osceola National Forest SOURCE: U.S. Dept. Int., Bur. Land Manage., East. St. Office, Alexandria, VA. 82 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST, HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes current reclamation techniques that might be used on proposed phosphate mine sites in the Osceola National Forest, FL. Conventional methods such as lake construction; sand tailing, clay waste, and overburden fills; and several experimental methods are discussed. Conclusive data on reclamation of hardwood wetlands is lacking and sufficient technological capabilities do not exist to ensure reasonably successful reclamation for proposed mined sites in the National Forest. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 118 AUTHOR: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife PUBL. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: Fish and wildlife in man-made and man-modified aquatic environments SOURCE: Project MAR: the conservation and management of temperate marshes, bogs, and other wetlands 1(3):369-382. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E2-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of the use of created or restored wetlands by fish and wildlife (especially waterfowl). Sewage disposal lagoons, impoundments, farm ponds, gravel pits, irrigated land, fish ponds, and brackish coastal wetlands are discussed in terms of fish and wildlife potential and/or use. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 119 AUTHOR: Burgess, S.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Some effects of stream habitat improvement on the aquatic and riparian community of a small mountain stream SOURCE: Pages 223-246 in J.A. Gore, ed. The restoration of rivers and streams. Butterworth Publ., Boston, MA. STATE: CANADA, QUEBEC STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: R2-UB1, R2-UB2, R3-UB1, R3-UB3, RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the effects of a stream habitat improvement program on a spring-fed stream 105 km northwest of Montreal, Quebec. To increase trout biomass, habitat improvement techniques such as small rock dams and deflectors and instream cover (logs and rafts of alders) were used on 1 of 2 parallel (100 m) sections of the stream. The other section served as a control. Over the 2 years of this study, the improved section produced an average of 218% greater trout biomass, increases in all age classes of fish, and larger crayfish populations. Observations of mink and raccoon activity in the area are noted. Management implications for trout-producing streams are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1304 AUTHOR: Burgoon, P.S., K.R. Reddy, and T.A. DeBusk PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Domestic wastewater treatment using emergent plants cultured in gravel and plastic substrates SOURCE: Pages 536-541 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares the use of gravel and plastic substrates for growing emergent aquatic plants and wastewater treatment. Three substrates were used in the experiment: gravel with high specific surface area and low porosity, and two sizes of plastic media with low and medium specific surface area both with high porosity. The treatments were batch loaded with primary effluent. The gravel substrate with high specific surface area proved to be better at contaminant removal than the plastics. Similarly, plant growth was better in the gravel substrate than in the plastic substrates. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 120 AUTHOR: Burk, C.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Partial recovery of vegetation in a pollution-damaged marsh SOURCE: Univ. Massachusetts, Water Resour. Res. Cent., Amherst. 28 pp. STATE: MA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: LEERSIA, MARSILIA, ELODEA, POTAMOGETON, NUPHAR, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes a study of the vegetation of Arcadia Wildlife Sanctuary Marsh, at the mouth of the Mill River in Northampton, MA, during a period of recovery from oil and other industrial pollution. Quantitative studies revealed an increase in total cover and in diversity. The successional nature of marshes is noted; the relative resilience of marsh vegetation along polluted streams is in part attributable to the adaptation of dominant species to early stages of the hydrosere. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1016 AUTHOR: Burk, C.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Characteristics of the plant communities growing in the drawdown zone of Schoharie Reservoir in upstate New York SOURCE: Pages 274-281 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, L.-..., L2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: PHALARIS, SALIX, CAREX, SCIRPUS, CYPERUS, SPIRAEA, BIDENS, GNAPHALIUM, THELYPTERIS, ONOCLEA, POPULUS, APOCYNUM, ANTHEMIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the wetland plant communities growing in the drawdown zone of Schoharie Reservoir, east-central NY. The reservoir experiences a summer/fall annual drawdown of 12-18 m. Flooding regime, aspect, slope, and elevation were important factors influencing plant growth in the drawdown area. The timing and extent of water supply withdrawal was one of the major factors controlling the distribution of plant species. Dense growth of numerous herbaceous plants in areas previously dominated by chufa resulted from a short full-pool period (10 days) and a lack of water in backwaters (22 days). Species composition of various elevation zones is described. Standing crop measurements of several species in different elevation zones are compared. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 121 AUTHOR: Burk, J. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: A four year analysis of vegetation following an oil spill in a freshwater marsh SOURCE: J. Appl. Ecol. 14:515-522. STATE: MA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM2, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: ACER, ALISMA, CAREX, CERATOPHYLLUM, DULICHIUM, ELEOCHARIS, ELODEA, EQUISETUM, LEMNA, LYSIMACHIA, NUPHAR, POLYGONUM, POTAMOGETON, SAGITTARIA, SALIX, SCIRPUS, SCUTELLARIA, SIUM, VERONICA, VITIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study documents the recovery of vegetation following an oil spill at Arcadia Wildlife Sanctuary at the mouth of the Mill River in Northampton, MA. The affected marsh vegetation had been studied for a year prior to the spill. For 2 years after the spill, total plant cover and number of species were reduced. Perennial species were initially less affected than annuals. Shifts in dominant species in different areas of the marsh are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1209 AUTHOR: Burney, J.L., Jr., S.T. Bacchus, and J.B. Lee PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: An evaluation of wildlife utilization in a man-made freshwater wetland system in central Florida, U.S.A. SOURCE: Pages 24-48 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-OW., PO-FO1, L2-... RESPONSE: INVERTS, FISH, AMPHIB, REPT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, SUCCESS PGENUS: SCIRPUS, TYPHA, CANNA, PANICUM, POLYGONUM, SAGITTARIA, ACER, FRAXINUS, ILEX, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, QUERCUS, TAXODIUM, JUNCUS, PONTEDERIA, THALIA, NITELLA, VALLISNERIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A 1200 acre wetland complex (deep marsh, mixed marsh, created hardwood swamp, littoral zone) was constructed on and adjacent to Lake Chipster near Orlando, FL, to polish tertiary treated wastewater from a nearby Orlando wastewater treatment facility. Wildlife species observed using the complex were documented from Spring 1987 (prior to the first release of wastewater into the wetland but after wetland construction had commenced) to Spring 1989. Visual/auditory observations and various trapping methods were used to determine species composition. KEYWORDS: wildlife/freshwater wetlands/wetlands/central Florida/Florida/ proceedings/wetlands restoration/restoration/wetlands creation/ macroinvertebrates/amphibians/birds/comparison/fishes/created wetlands/marshes/wildlife utilization/man-made freshwater wetland system/reptiles/mammals/reclamation/wastewater/diversity/aquatic macroinvertebrates/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1535 AUTHOR: Burroughs, J.T. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: New wetlands policy in California SOURCE: National Wetlands Newsletter 16(1):6-8. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper reviews Governor Pete Wilson's California Wetlands Conservation Policy which attempts to increase the quality and quantity of wetlands in California. An estimated 30 to 50% increase in wetland acreage is expected by 2010. Elements of the policy include: 1) conducting a statewide inventory of wetlands, 2) state assumption of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act permitting programs with a pilot version of policy being implemented in the San Francisco Bay area, 3) endorsing and providing guidelines for mitigation banking, 4) endorsing wetlands acquisition, restoration, enhancement, and management through bond measures, and 4) creating and interagency task force to promote a forum for new ideas as well as sort through regulatory issues. Views and criticisms of the policy from opponents and proponets are also shared. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 122 AUTHOR: Burton, T.M., D.L. King, and J.L. Ervin PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Aquatic plant harvesting as a lake restoration technique SOURCE: Pages 177-185 in Lake restoration; proceedings of a national conference. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Washington, DC. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST, WQUAL ACTION: CUT WETLAND TYPE: L2-AB3, L2-AB4, PO-EM1, L.-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: CERATOPHYLLUM, MYRIOPHYLLUM, HYDRILLA, POTAMOGETON, ELODEA, CHARA, VALLISNERIA, EICHHORNIA, LEMNA, SPIRODELA, PHRAGMITES, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the advantages, disadvantages, ecological consequences, and costs of using aquatic plant harvesting as a lake restoration technique. This technique can work only where nutrient loading has been reduced to low levels (net loading of phosphorus less than 1 g/m2/year) and the lake supports dense stands of macrophytes. Floating species such as water hyacinths and emergent species such as cattail can produce more biomass and remove greater amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus than submerged macrophytes. Harvest can maintain recreational potential, for example, by reducing winter kill and keeping waterways open. Estimates of harvest for various plant species and locations are presented, as well as estimates of n and P removal by the plants. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 123 AUTHOR: Busch, W.D.N., and L.M. Lewis PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Wetlands and lake interrelationships SOURCE: Pages 519-524 in Proceedings, third annual conference of the North American Lake Management Society: lake and reservoir management. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA 440/5/84-001. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: L1-..., L2-..., PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM2, L2-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: TYPHA, CERATOPHYLLUM, CALAMAGROSTIS, CORNUS, FRAXINUS, PONTEDERIA, SPARGANIUM, ELODEA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of 2 Lake Ontario wetlands to determine vegetation responses to water level fluctuations. Historical habitat and vegetation conditions were examined through the use of aerial photographs of Campbell Marsh, Jefferson County, NY, and Sage Creek Marsh, Oswego County, NY. Contours and habitat types were digitized for detailed computer analysis, which revealed that vegetation types occur within distinct ranges in elevation, shifting and adjusting as water levels change. Area of habitat types for each marsh in 1958, 1966, and 1978 are provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 124 AUTHOR: Byerly, D.W., J.B. Maddox, C.S. Fletcher, and D.T. Eagle PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Reclamation of mined land in the Piney Creek watershed--an interim report SOURCE: Pages 267-275 in D.E. Samuel, J.R. Stauffer, and C.H. Hocutt, eds. Proceedings of a symposium: surface mining and fish/wildlife needs in the eastern United States. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-78/81. STATE: TN STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-EM1, PO-SS1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: PINUS, ROBINIA, ELAEAGNUS, LESPEDEZA, QUERCUS, MALUS, PRUNUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses effects of restorative measures applied to 174 ha of coal mined land within the Piney Creek watershed, Van Buren County, TN. Treatments, including planting of trees and shrubs, seeding grasses and legumes, fertilizing, liming, building silt-retaining structures, and plugging underground mines, resulted in improved vegetative cover and water quality. After 2 years, average manganese and sulfate concentrations had been reduced by about 30%, iron by 50%, and specific-conductance by 30%. Costs of reclamation are summarized. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 125 AUTHOR: Byron, G.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Man-made wetlands as a post-mining land use: regulatory issues and conflicts SOURCE: Pages 181-183 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds. Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour., University Park. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses laws and regulations concerning surface mining within 30.5 m of natural wetlands and the adverse hydrologic or water quality impacts of mining activity. Wetland construction should be designed to guarantee suitable water quality on a permanent basis for wildlife habitat. Future regulations regarding biological treatment should address questions relating to the pH and acidity of the final effluent, receiving water quality, maintenance of a sufficient water level to support vegetation, presence of seeps and discharges, use of biological treatment on the discharge area, and liability issues associated with the treatment system. Biological treatment using vegetation is a viable alternative for controlling acid mine drainage. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1522 AUTHOR: Cahoon, D.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Recent accretion in two managed marsh impoundments in coastal Louisiana SOURCE: Ecological Applications 4(1):166-176. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM2 RESPONSE: HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study compares two managed impoundments and two unmanaged reference sites to determine the rate of matter accumulation on the marsh surface. A two-phase water management scheme (drawdown and flood) was implemented on both of the managed impoundments for one year. Field plots were established and sampled on similar Spartina patens-dominated brackish marsh in the managed and unmanaged areas of the Fina LaTerre site and also on burned and unburned Spartina patens-dominated marsh in the managed and unmanaged areas of the Rockefeller Refuge site. In both unmanaged sites vertical accretion, bulk density, and organic and mineral accumulation was greater, although organic/mineral content was less in the unmanaged sites than the managed sites. Results suggest managed impoundments reduce the amount of sedimentation thus eventually resulting in a shorter life expectancy than unmanaged marshes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1277 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Restoration, reclamation, and regeneration of degraded or destroyed ecosystems SOURCE: Pages 465-484 in M.E. Soule, ed. Conservation Biology; The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Assoc., Inc.,Sunderland, MA. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, LFORM WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: HUSE, WFOWL, SHOREB, MAMMALS, VEG PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The author of this article discusses an expandable management strategy for the recovery of damaged ecosystems as a result of human activity. He suggests three major determinations must be made after an ecosystem has been damaged before corrective action can be taken: the degree of change, the area in which change has occurred, and the ecological significance of the change. Next, one must decide on recovery goals. These might include restoration, rehabilitation, or enhancement. Another alternative might be to do nothing at all. Finally, one must determine criteria for degree of recovery and conditions for terminating management responsibilities. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 127 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Waterway recovery SOURCE: Water Spectrum 10(4):26-32. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., E.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides a brief overview of aquatic ecosystems and their general recovery characteristics. Factors that contribute to rapid recovery are described along with a rating system by which all factors are combined to produce a recovery index for a specific site. These factors include: 1) existence of nearby epicenters for providing "seed" organisms to reinvade a damaged system; 2) transportation of organisms to a new area; 3) chemical-physical environmental quality after pollution stress; and 4) management capabilities for direct and immediate control of the damaged area. The state of the art on restoration of communities, with some examples, is discussed briefly. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1017 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Management options for rehabilitation and enhancement of surface-mined ecosystems SOURCE: Minerals Environ. 5(1):32-38. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes four basic management options for surface-mined land: 1) restoration to original condition; 2) rehabilitation of some desirable characteristics; 3) development of alternative ecosystems that may be quite unlike the original but may be desirable for a variety of reasons; and 4) neglect or natural reclamation when evidence suggests that unaided natural processes will produce better results than human intervention. The author provides checklists so that essential information will be available in selecting the most suitable option and includes examples where the option was selected for a particular site. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 126 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Facing some awkward questions concerning rehabilitation management practices on mined lands SOURCE: Pages 9-17 in R.P. Brooks, D.E. Samuel, and J.B. Hill, eds. Wetlands and water management on mined lands, proceedings of a workshop. Pennsylvania St. Univ., School For. Resour., University Park. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., R.-..., L.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discussed 7 major questions relating to rehabilitation management practices on surface-mined land. Criteria for determining the following are examined: 1) at what point is a self-maintaining system produced; 2) can an ecosystem be restored to its original condition; 3) when should only selected characteristics or qualities of the system be rehabilitated; and 4) when is rehabilitation not feasible? Planning for species selection, professional personnel requirements, and research opportunities are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 128 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr., J.S. Crossman, K.L. Dickson, and E. E. Herricks PUBL. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: The recovery of damaged streams SOURCE: Assoc. Southeast. Biol. Bull. 18(3):79-106. STATE: VA, PA, TN STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper examines biological recovery of streams in VA (Mill Creek, Clinch River, Roanoke River) and PA (Indian Creek and Little Scrubgrass Creek) damaged by acidic or caustic material. Short- term acute stresses elicited an immediate reduction in diversity and density of macroinvertebrates and fishes. Recovery was fairly rapid unless the materials contained residual toxicities, which resulted in the establishment of an interim, atypical community structure lasting as long as the toxicity persisted. The rate of recolonization of damaged areas seems to be dependent on: 1) the distance an area is located from the site of the original spill; and 2) the existence of undamaged tributaries. Reaches of the river further downstream were slower to recover; rate of recovery was faster below healthy tributaries. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 129 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., Jr., J. Stauffer, Jr., and C.H. Hocutt PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Opportunities for maintenance and rehabilitation of riparian habitats: eastern United States SOURCE: Pages 304-317 in R.R. Johnson and J.F. Mccormick, eds. Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-12. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of the requirements for maintaining ecosystem quality in terms of: 1) baseline studies; 2) hazard evaluation; and 3) biological monitoring. Rehabilitation of riparian ecosystems is discussed. Several case histories demonstrate that rehabilitation of damaged aquatic systems can be achieved at reasonable cost. Tables displaying systems for rating the critical factors in ecosystem elasticity and inertia are included; demonstrations of the application of these concepts to fish data from the Monongahela and Susquehanna River Drainages are provided. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 130 AUTHOR: Cairns, J., and K. Dickson PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Recovery of streams from spills of hazardous materials SOURCE: Pages 24-42 in J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks, eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems. Univ. Press Virginia, Charlottesville. STATE: VA, MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper briefly describes the recovery of 2 streams (the Clinch and Roanoke Rivers, VA) damaged by hazardous materials (caustic wastes, sulfuric acid, ethylbenzene-creosote). Ecosystem characteristics related to the process of recovery include: 1) vulnerability to irreversible damage; 2) ability to recover (elasticity); 3) ability to resist displacement of structural or functional characteristics; and 4) resiliency--the number of times an ecosystem can recover from stress. Methods of determining each of these for a given ecosystem or site are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1210 AUTHOR: Caldwell, R.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Diversity and similarity indices: uses and value in the regulatory environment SOURCE: Pages 49-56 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: M.-..., E.-..., R.-..., L.-..., P.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Regulatory agencies often base the success of wetland creation or restoration projects on diversity and/or similarity indices (e.g., Shannon Diversity Index, Morisita Index). The author discusses the drawbacks associated with the use of these indices in comparing created/restored wetlands to reference (undisturbed/natural) wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1018 AUTHOR: California State Coastal Conservancy PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Los Cerritos Wetlands: alternative wetland restoration plans report SOURCE: California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, Unpubl. Rep. 133 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents four alternative plans for enhancing the Los Cerritos Wetlands, Long Beach, CA. Each alternative serves to: 1) increase amount of quality habitat required by the region's endangered wetland species; 2) increase relatively scarce habitats; 3) enhance populations of coastal dependent migratory waterfowl and shorebirds; 4) exhibit high predictability of success; 5) create mix of fresh and saltwater habitats; and 6) provide adequate buffers along development edges. Plans and alternatives preferred by various agencies are discussed. Appendices include reports on existing wetland resources, site constraints, and wetland enhancement criteria. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 131 AUTHOR: California State Coastal Conservancy PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Regional wetland restoration study: Los Angeles and Orange Counties. Final draft report SOURCE: California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, Unpubl. Rep. 78 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, CUT, FIRE, STABIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-US3, E2-EM1, PO-EM1, PO-UB3, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: FISH, HUSE, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA, SALICORNIA, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents wetland restoration site plan guidelines for Los Angeles and Orange Counties, CA. A regional assessment of historical and present wetlands and regional goals is included. Design criteria, performance standards, and other guidelines necessary to insure that individual restoration site plans have a "high predictability of success" are discussed. Topics include watershed management, adjacent land management and development, passive recreational and educational access, buffer zones, corridor development, migratory birds, endangered species, design of ponds, mosquito control, design of tidal areas, islands, and dikes and levees. Ten specific upland sites suitable for restoration are analyzed. Appendices include information on bird and fish use of regional wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 134 AUTHOR: Cammen, L.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Accumulation rate and turnover time of organic carbon in a salt marsh sediment SOURCE: Limnol. Oceanogr. 20:1012-1015. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a study of organic carbon in salt marsh sediment at several sites (natural marsh, unvegetated dredged spoil, and spoil planted with Spartina alterniflora) near Drum Inlet, NC. Both spoil areas accumulated organic carbon, but the annual accumulation rate was higher where Spartina was present. The turnover time for organic carbon in the natural marsh was calculated at 3.7-4.5 years. The main source of the carbon was probably a combination of detrital matter transported by tidal action and benthic algae. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 133 AUTHOR: Cammen, L.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Abundance and production of macroinvertebrates from natural and artificially established salt marshes in North Carolina SOURCE: Am. Midl. Nat. 96(2):487-493. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US., E1-UB. RESPONSE: INVERT PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study compares the abundance and production of macroinvertebrates in several salt marshes at Drum Inlet and Snow's Cut, NC. Marsh types were: 1) dredge material planted with Spartina; 2) bare marsh spoil; and 3) natural emergent marsh and creeks. Differences in elevation between Drum Inlet and Snow's Cut accounted for differences in faunal composition. The elevation of planted material increased due to sediment trapping by Spartina and estuarine fauna were gradually replaced by more terrestrial fauna such as insect larvae. Creek production was higher than that of emergent marsh. Initially, marsh creation may result in reduced secondary productivity, but eventually Spartina production will support detritus-based communities in the creek and estuary, resulting in a net gain in secondary productivity for the entire ecosystem. KEYWORDS: macroinvertebrates/North Carolina/Spartina/Spartina alterniflora/ marshes/insects/macrofauna/wetlands creation/elevation/Drum Inlet,North Carolina/Snow's Cut,North Carolina/salt marshes/ dredge spoil/spoil/fauna/polychaetes/creation =============================================================================== NUMBER: 132 AUTHOR: Cammen, L.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Macroinvertebrate colonization of Spartina marshes artificially established on dredge spoil SOURCE: Est. Coastal Mar. Sci. 4(4):357-372. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: INVERT, SOIL, VEG, CHEM, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study compares macroinvertebrate colonization on dredged material sites at Drum Inlet and Snow's Cut (on the Cape Fear River), NC. Samples were taken at unplanted plots (bare soil), artificially planted plots, and natural marsh areas at both sites. Sediment analysis of the sites revealed that the source of organic carbon was probably benthic microalgae and detritus. The turnover time for sediment organic carbon (3.7-4.5 years at Drum Inlet and 22.6-26.6 years at Snow's Cut) approximates the time taken for spoil plots to reach organic carbon concentrations equal to those of the natural marsh. Faunal distribution was affected by elevation, sediment particle size, proximity of spoil to natural marsh, and maturity of natural marsh faunal communities. KEYWORDS: colonization/Spartina/dredge spoil/salt marshes/macroinvertebrate colonization/Spartina marshes/North Carolina/marshes/spoil/Spartina alterniflora/fauna/biomass/species richness/elevation/dredging/ macrofauna/sediment/diversity/stabilization =============================================================================== NUMBER: 135 AUTHOR: Cammen, L.M., E.D. Seneca, and B.J. Copeland PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Animal colonization of man-made salt marshes on dredge spoil SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Coastal Eng. Res. Cent., Fort Belvoir, VA, Tech. Pap. 76-7. 58 pp. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US2, R1-... RESPONSE: INVERT, SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study compares natural and artificial marshes to determine whether dredged spoils planted with Spartina alterniflora function similarly to natural marshes. The study areas were at Drum Inlet, Carteret County, NC, and Snow's Cut, New Hanover County, NC. Patterns of faunal development are described in detail. Using organic carbon content of the sediment as an indicator, estimates for the length of time taken for dredge spoil to resemble natural marsh were about 4 years (from last spoil deposited) at Drum Inlet and about 25 years at Snow's Cut. Factors affecting marsh development are: 1) how closely spoil resembles natural sediment; 2) natural sedimentation rate of the area; and 3) the elevation and maturity of natural marsh compared to spoil. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1019 AUTHOR: Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Bracut Marsh restoration project: a report on the environmental and engineering surveys SOURCE: California St. Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, Unpubl. Rep. 25 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: PGENUS: SALICORNIA, JAUMEA, SPARTINA, LIMONIUM, GRINDELIA, ORTHOCARPUS, SPARTINA, PLANTAGO, PUCCINELLIA, SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents results of environmental and engineering surveys conducted to evaluate the suitability of the proposed Bracut Marsh restoration site in Humboldt Bay, Eureka, CA. Environmental parameters included tidal hydraulics, bay circulation and flushing patterns, sedimentation, soils, vegetation, and wildlife. The investigation also included a survey of state and local agencies to determine general interest level and to obtain advice on project feasibility. Survey results indicated that the site was suitable for marsh restoration, assuming the addition of an appropriate fill material to provide adequate structural stability and sufficient nutrient supply to support desired marsh vegetation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 136 AUTHOR: Campbell, C.J., and W. Green PUBL. YEAR: 1968 TITLE: Perpetual succession of stream-channel vegetation in a semiarid region SOURCE: J. Arizona Acad. Sci. 5(2):86-98. STATE: AZ STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: R4-SB., PO-SS., PO-FO., R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PSEUDOTSUGA, PINUS, PLATANUS, JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, SAMBUCUS, SALIX, POPULUS, BACCHARIS, PLUCHEA, EUPHORBIA, PECTIS, CASSIA, ERODIUM, PLAGIOBOTHRYS, AMSINCKIA, BOUTELOUA, SCHISMUS, PROSOPIS, HYMENOCLEA, ACACIA, MIMOSA, QUERCUS, CUPRESSUS, JUNIPERUS, LYCIUM, LARREA, FRANSERIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses channel vegetation communities with respect to changing elevation on Sycamore Creek, Maricopa County, AZ. Ninety-five percent of the shrub species sampled and approximately 50% of the tree species are indigenous to the semiarid mountain slopes and are not dependent on additional subsurface moisture in the channel. These species, which have a wide ecological amplitude with respect to soil moisture variation are termed "pseudoriparian"; they invade the channel sites perpendicularly from adjacent slopes and remain confined to their area of introduction. Riparian species exist only where additional subsurface moisture is available in addition to annual precipitation. Mosaics of various seral stages with different dominant species characterize the vegetation communities. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 137 AUTHOR: Campbell, R.S., and O.T. Lind PUBL. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: Water quality and aging of strip-mine lakes SOURCE: J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 41(11):1943-1955. STATE: MO STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-... RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the physical and chemical characteristics of 5 strip mine lakes of varying age and pH (2.8-8.1). The initial succession stage of acid-mine lakes is characterized by low pH, absence of bicarbonates, and large concentrations of dissolved minerals, which produce high conductivity measurements. Sulfate is the predominate anion. Strong colors of red, blue, or green usually characterize the water. These conditions become less pronounced as sulfuric acid pollution lessens. During the less acid phase, the lakes are homeothermous. A later alkaline stage appears comparable to stages of early eutrophy in natural lakes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 138 AUTHOR: Campbell, R.S., O.T. Lind, W.T. Geiling, and G.L. Harp PUBL. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: Recovery from acid pollution in shallow strip-mine lakes in Missouri SOURCE: Proc. 19th Indus. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Eng. Ext. Ser. 117, Eng. Bull. 49(1A):17-26. STATE: MO STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, . PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses recovery from acid pollution in shallow strip-mine lakes in Calloway County, MO. A sequence of stages of recovery from acid pollution was readily identified by an increase in pH and an increase in species diversity of zooplankton, benthos, fish, and phytoplankton over a 23-year period. However, the rate of recovery was highly variable, even for adjacent lakes constructed at the same time. The presence of waste coal piles in the watershed delayed recovery in 1 lake for 45 years. Recovery from acid pollution was accelerated in another lake by alkaline drainage from farmlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1020 AUTHOR: Carangelo, P.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Creation of sea grass habitat in Texas: results of research investigations and applied programs SOURCE: Pages 286-300 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, DC. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-SS3, E2-EM1, E2-FO3, E2-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: THALASSIA, HALODULE, RUPPIA, SYRINGODIUM, HALOPHILA, SPARTINA, AVICENNIA, LAURENTIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper summarizes creation techniques and results of experimental seagrass plantings conducted since 1974 and larger-scale plantings conducted since 1982 in south TX. Four seagrass mitigation projects are described in more detail: Hog Island, Huffco, Petrus-Hughes, and Clark Island. Diagnostic evaluation of these projects suggested that the degree to which a prepared planting surface acted as a sediment, leaf blade, drift algal, or detrital sink resulted in varying levels of project efficacy. When a project did not respond as a sink, and where sediment stability was achieved, a project appeared successful. Some general principles and guidelines are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 139 AUTHOR: Carangelo, P.D., C.H. Oppenheimer, and P.E. Picarazzi PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Biological application for the stabilization of dredged materials, Corpus Christi, Texas: submergent plantings SOURCE: Pages 243-262 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: HALODULE, THALASSIA, RUPPIA, HALOPHILA, SYRINGODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the planting of several test plots on dredged material and other barren disturbed sites in Corpus Christi Bay. Upland, emergent, and submergent species were transplanted; only the submergents are discussed here. Information on the types of plants that can be used effectively to revegetate and stabilize nonvegetated estuarine areas with minimum cost and effort is provided. Growth and survival rate of submergents were examined at Laguna Madre, Rincon, and Mud Island. Planting considerations include: 1) water depth; 2) timing (after spring revitalization or before winter dieback); 3) restoration of predisturbance elevation and substrate type; and 4) avoidance of high wave energy sites. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 140 AUTHOR: Cardamone, M.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Wetlands and the surface mining of coal: protection and values assessment SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Univ. Kentucky, Louisville. 148 pp. STATE: KY, IN, IL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM., PO-FO. RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, PHRAGMITES, SPHAGNUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis examines management options for protecting wetlands during surface coal mining, particularly for the eastern interior coal region in KY, IN, and IL. Interactions between wetlands and surface coal mining are discussed using a conceptual systems model. An analysis of mining effects on wetlands and general legal and regulatory information on wetland protection and surface coal mining are provided. Wetland protection procedures include: 1) preventing impacts; 2) mitigation; and 3) reclamation techniques. A hypothetical wetland restoration plan is presented. Selection of which wetlands are to be protected is discussed in terms of an overview of wetland values and the current methods used for values assessment and decision-making processes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1523 AUTHOR: Carlson, C.L. and C.A. Carson PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Impacts of coal pile leacheate on a forested wetland in South Carolina SOURCE: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 72:89-109. STATE: SC STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO4 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: PINUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper determines the effects of mine leachate on a nearby forested wetland showing signs of severe dieback and stress. The killzone and stressed areas tend to be on the western zone of the site which is fed by an ephemeral stream and is seasonally flooded. Acid leachate from a nearby coal pile is believed to be the source of contamination due to evidence of the water-table aquifer being highly contaminated with sulfate and metals. Results of loblolly pine seedlings and water quality samples indicated a high level of Co and Se in the tissue of seedlings sampled at the sites with greatest contamination but found no toxic levels of phytotoxic elements such as Al,Fe, or Mn in any of the samples. The authors suggest that while the high trace elements found in soil samples are not preventing the growth of seedlings they are interfering with seed germination and establishment. The authors also hypothesize that the dieback and stressed forests are the result of initial Al and Mn concentrations as well as high acidity and salinity. Those trees with low tolerance and deep rooting systems tended to be impacted the greatest such as willow oaks and those with higher tolerance and shallow lateral root system, such as loblolly pine and sweetgum, tended to be less impacted and currently show signs of regeneration. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 141 AUTHOR: Carlson, D.B., R.G. Gilmore, and J.R. Rey PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Salt marsh impoundment management on Florida's central east coast: reintegrating isolated high marshes to the estuary SOURCE: Pages 47-63 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the twelfth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO3 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, VEG PGENUS: BATIS, SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA, RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, RUPPIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the reopening of a salt-marsh mosquito impoundment to the adjacent estuary. The study site is Indian River impoundment #12, a high marsh on a barrier island between Indian River and St. Lucie Counties, FL. The purposes of the study were to: 1) reestablish exchange of organisms and detritus between marsh and estuary; and 2) control mosquito populations. When the impoundment site was reopened to tidal influence, there was a major increase in species richness and considerable revegetation by Batis and Salicornia. Mosquito larvae formed an insignificant portion of the diet of marsh fish; continued mosquito control apparently requires the pumping of water into the marsh during spring and summer, when natural water levels become low enough to provide breeding sites for mosquitoes. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 142 AUTHOR: Carlson, J.E. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Preliminary report on the restoration of farmed freshwater marshes at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary SOURCE: Pages 212-227 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PANICUM, PONTEDERIA, CYPERUS, UTRICULARIA, SAGITTARIA, SPARTINA, NYMPHOIDES, CENTELLA, BACOPA, DIODIA, PLUCHEA, LIPPIA, POLYGONUM, IPOMOEA, ELEOCHARIS, ASTER, ANDROPOGON, HYDROCOTYLE, PROSERPINACA, URENA, SCHINUS, MELALEUCA, EICHHORNIA, LUDWIGIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Freshwater marshes at Corkscrew Swamp, FL, were modified by dikes and ditches. In 1981 restoration of one third of the disturbed area was initiated by grading and restoration of natural ground elevations. Elevation profiles and vegetation transects were recorded. Species composition, percent cover, height, and vegetation biomass were measured in both restored and control areas. A major factor affecting success of natural profile restoration was amount of organic accumulation on dikes and in ditches. After 1 growing season, filled ditches had similar vegetation height and percent cover and greater living biomass, compared to natural marsh and old field areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 143 AUTHOR: Carlson, J.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Streamside revegetation SOURCE: U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Portland, OR, Tech. Notes Plant Materials-55. 9 pp. STATE: OR, WA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: R1-..., R2-..., R3-..., PO-SS1, RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, WQUAL PGENUS: AGROPYRON, TRIFOLIUM, LOTUS, FESTUCA, CORNUS, SYMPHORICARPOS, ROSA, ACER, AMELANCHIER, CORYLUS, SPIRAEA, SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides specific information for revegetating streambanks in the Pacific Northwest. Revegetation costs generally do not exceed 1/10 the cost of equivalent protection by riprap. Erosion control efforts are best suited to meandering streams heavily impacted by human activities. Success of a revegetation effort requires: 1) fitting vegetative treatment to stream hydraulic conditions; and 2) managing the stream corridor for fish and wildlife habitat, human use, and aesthetics. The specifications of a revegetation project are based on site conditions and design criteria that consider plant adaptations and erosion control characteristics, fish and wildlife habitat, hydraulic limitations of revegetation, and effective implementation and maintenance. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 144 AUTHOR: Carlson, P. PUBL. YEAR: 1972 TITLE: Patterns of succession on spoil islands: a summary report SOURCE: New College, Sarasota, FL. 114 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US., E2-SS., E2-FO. RESPONSE: INVERT, MAMMALS, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG, HUSE, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: SALICORNIA, AVICENNIA, BACCHARIS, BORRICHIA, SPARTINA, BATIS, SESUVIUM, CAKILE, HELIOTROPIUM, IPOMOEA, PASPALUM, CASUARINA, SCIRPUS, SPOROBOLUS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses succession of plant and animal communities on spoil islands along the west coast of FL. Plant species composition, arthropod populations, and physico-chemical parameters of the soil were sampled along transects across the islands. Variables other than age, for example, distance from shore and the physiography of the islands, were found to be important in colonization and succession. The islands are used regularly by many species of birds because of the diversity of suitable feeding and breeding habitats. Recommendations regarding management of spoil islands toward conservation and recreational uses are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 145 AUTHOR: Carlton, J.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Land-building and stabilization by mangroves SOURCE: Environ. Conserv. 1(4):285-294. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article provides an overview of mangroves in terms of their use for land-building and shoreline stabilization, particularly at several sites along the FL coast. An overview of planting methods and case studies generated the following: 1) mangrove seedlings raised in the lab can later be successfully planted in the field; 2) larger (1-5 m) mangroves have the best survival rate as transplants; 3) black mangroves are more tolerant of cold temperatures and disturbed substrate than red mangroves and also produce pneumatophores more rapidly and thus may be the more useful species; and 4) mangroves can be useful for substrate stabilization (e.g., with planned filling and seawall construction projects). KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 146 AUTHOR: Carlton, J.M., and M.D. Moffler PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Propagation of mangroves by air-layering SOURCE: Environ. Conserv. 5:147-150. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-SS3, E2-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: RHIZOPHORA, LAGUNCULARIA, AVICENNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the technique of air-layering as another approach to revegetating coastal areas with mangroves. The experiment was conducted in Fort De Soto County Park, Pinellas County, FL. The technique involves girdling of a mangrove branch (less than 2.5 cm diameter in this case), covering the cut with Sphagnum moss soaked in distilled water, and wrapping with aluminum foil. Root growth was observed 5-16 months later. Preliminary information indicates that air-layering may be an effective and economical technique for restoring mangroves. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 147 AUTHOR: Carlton, J.M., and Z. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Vegetation establishment-- Fontainbleau State Park, Louisiana SOURCE: Pages 63-80 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, PANICUM, PHRAGMITES, ROSA, TAMARIX, VALLISNERIA, RUPPIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This demonstration project focused on 2 methods for preventing shoreline erosion along Lake Pontchartrain, LA. The first method included various structures--revetments, breakwaters, concrete structures, and a brush dike. The second method consisted of vegetative plantings with and without fertilization in the intertidal and upper beach areas. Average survival rates were 22.6% for the intertidal planting zone and 6.4% for the upper beach planting zone. Estimated cost of planting (including fertilizer) was about $4/ft. Several factors--environmental conditions, condition of plant materials, and offshore structures--were discussed in terms of their effects on vegetative establishment. KEYWORDS: =========================================================================== NUMBER: 1163 AUTHOR: Carothers, S.W., G.S. Mills, and R.R. Johnson PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: The creation and restoration of riparian habitat in southwestern arid and semi-arid regions SOURCE: Pages 359-376 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I. Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: CA, AZ, NM, TX, NV, UT STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, PLANT, HYDRO, SEED, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, RIPARIAN RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON, VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS, TAMARIX, PROSOPIS, JUGLANS, PLATANUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides information on the creation and restoration of riparian wetlands in the southwestern U.S. and includes regional characteristics, wetland types, extent to which creation and restoration have occurred, successes and failures, project designs, preconstruction considerations, monitoring, mitigation, information gaps and research needs, restoration techniques, and a bibliography. Tables list 17 projects with information on location, species planted, cost, area, substrate, depth to water, and status. The appendix includes profiles of 5 projects: dredge spoils (Colorado River); Mittry Lake (AZ); Bankline (Lower Colorado River, AZ); and BLM Safford District. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 148 AUTHOR: Carson, J.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Progress report of a reclaimed wetland on phosphate mined land in central Florida SOURCE: Pages 243-250 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SOIL, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-FO2 RESPONSE: SHOREB, FISH, REPT, NGBIRDS, MAMMALS, VEG PGENUS: SABAL, ACER, CEPHALANTHUS, FRAXINUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, NYSSA, PERSEA, QUERCUS, TAXODIUM, PLATANUS, CARYA, PINUS, SALIX, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study documents the reclamation of a wetland on phosphate mined land in Polk County, FL. The reclaimed area was backfilled and graded and received surface soil from other wetlands (source of seeds and root material). The site is being monitored for revegetation success. So far, the topsoiled areas have 100% ground cover, whereas areas that did not receive topsoil are being invaded by wetland species. One third of the area was topsoiled and one third was planted with rye for temporary cover while wetland species invaded. Fifteen species of trees were planted. Sod was used for erosion control. The area is being used by a variety of wildlife species. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 149 AUTHOR: Catchpole, C.K., and C.F. Tydeman PUBL. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Gravel pits as new wetland habitats for the conservation of breeding bird communities SOURCE: Biol. Conserv. 8:47-59. STATE: GREAT BRITAIN STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-US1, PO-UB1 RESPONSE: WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB PGENUS: SALIX, CRATAEGUS, RUBUS, URTICA, EPILOBIUM, PHRAGMITES, GLYCERIA, PHALARIS, JUNCUS, TYPHA, CAREX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of gravel pit wetland habitats by breeding bird communities in Great Britain. Most gravel pits are in urban or agricultural environments and contain a variety of aquatic, marshland, and terrestrial habitats. Their breeding bird communities contain a wide variety of species, often at high breeding densities. At least 3 species of wetland birds have expanded their breeding habitat within Great Britain due to the presence of gravel pits. The authors suggest that gravel pit wetlands are important for the future conservation of marshland and aquatic species and may act as reservoirs of diversity and abundance in a rapidly changing environment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 150 AUTHOR: CE Maguire Inc. PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Wetland replacement evaluation SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Norfolk, VA, Unpubl. Rep. 186 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS, SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, ACER, IVA, PHRAGMITES, CHAMAECYPARIS, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, SETARIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report evaluates the success of 32 replacement wetlands in VA created as a result of compliance with Section 404 permit conditions. Data for each site includes wetland area and classification, vegetation cover characterization, observed fauna, mitigation status, comments concerning compliance with permit conditions, and effectiveness of mitigation activities. Of the 19 sites completed, mitigation was judged successful at 9 sites, likely to be successful with time at 4 sites, and only partially successful at 6 sites. Primary factors associated with successful wetland creation included proper grading, slope, and erosion control. Factors contributing to poor success included poor site preparation and careless transplanting/sprigging practices. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 151 AUTHOR: CH2M Hill PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Feasibility of using geothermal effluents for waterfowl wetlands SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-81/44. 236 pp. STATE: ID, MT, NV, NM, CA, OR, UT STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB4, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the use of geothermal effluent water to create wetlands at 206 sites in 7 states. Evaluation criteria include land use suitability, topography, groundwater contamination potential, and waterfowl use potential. Sites with highest potential were the Beaverhead Area of MT, the Camas Area of ID, and the Nye Area of NV. Wetland processing of water from geothermal facilities and legal and institutional factors affecting wetland development are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 153 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1967 TITLE: Weirs, plugs and artificial potholes for the management of wildlife in coastal marshes SOURCE: Pages 178-192 in J.D. Newsom, ed. Proceedings of the marsh and estuary management symposium. Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. STATE: LA, FL, SC, NC STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, REPT, VEG, HYDRO, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: RUPPIA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS, CERATOPHYLLUM, JUNCUS, ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents a brief overview of the use of weirs, plugs, and artificial potholes to improve coastal marsh habitat for wildlife (primarily waterfowl) of the southeastern U.S. Weirs and plugs are used in marshes to regulate water levels, control salinities, and minimize turbidity to promote the production of aquatic vegetation. Potholes and ditches are constructed in marshes to create permanent water areas and to open up dense vegetation. Results of studies, primarily in LA, that demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques are briefly summarized. A few examples of construction methods and costs also are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1021 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Revegetation program for pipeline construction areas in certain Texas and Louisiana wetlands SOURCE: Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp., Houston, TX, Unpubl. Final Rep. 28 pp. STATE: TX, LA STUDY TYPE: CASE, COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: DISTICHLIS, SPARTINA, PASPALUM, SALICORNIA, SESUVIUM, PLUCHEA, LIMONIUM, SCIRPUS, LEPTOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS, ASTER, ECLIPTA, ECHINOCHLOA, SUAEDA, HELIOTROPIUM, BACOPA, CYPERUS, BATIS, MONANTHOCHLOE, AMARANTHUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses a wetland revegetation program for portions of the Galveston-High Island Pipeline Project in TX and LA. Both the single-ditch and double-ditch methods were used to bury the pipeline. Topsoil was replaced after ditches were backfilled. Sprigs of salt grass and two Spartina species were planted on test plots. After 2 growing seasons, natural revegetation cover was complete in low salt marsh areas and less than 50% complete in high salt marsh areas. Plantings showed good survival and growth, particularly in brackish marsh areas; however, natural revegetation took place at even greater rates. The double-ditch method produced slightly greater revegetation rates than the single-ditch method. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 152 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Effects of marsh impoundments on coastal fish and wildlife resources SOURCE: Pages 1-16 in P.L. Fore and R.D. Peterson, eds. Proceedings of the Gulf of Mexico coastal ecosystems workshop. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-80/30. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HARVEST, HYDRO, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM2, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-EM1, L2-AB3, L.-..., E2-EM., E2-AB., E.-... RESPONSE: FISH, SHELLF, MAMMALS, WFOWL, SHOREB, REPT PGENUS: ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, HYDROCOTYLE, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, CYPERUS, RUPPIA, SESUVIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of fish and wildlife use of various types of coastal marsh impoundments. Marsh impoundments were categorized into 4 types: permanently flooded with fresh water, manipulated fresh water, permanently flooded with brackish water. The habitat requirements of fish and wildlife are summarized briefly for each type of impoundment and for various species groups: 1) waterfowl; 2) rails; 3) wading birds; 4) fur animals; 5) alligators; 6) freshwater fishes; 7) estuarine fishes; and 8) crawfishes. The effects of impoundments on fish and wildlife vary with the resources involved and the type of impoundment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1154 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Creation, restoration, and enhancement of marshes of the northcentral Gulf Coast SOURCE: Pages 127-144 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I. Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: AL, MS, LA, TX STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, GENERAL, HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, STABIL, CONTAM, SPOIL, PLANT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, SOIL, HYDRO, WFOWL, SHOREB, NGBIRDS, FISH, REPT PGENUS: SPARTINA, DISTICHLIS, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides information on wetland creation and restoration in coastal AL, MS, LA, and TX including regional characteristics, marsh types, functions performed, extent to which creation, restoration, or enhancement has occurred, project design, monitoring, mitigation, information needs, and a bibliography. Profiles of 16 projects are included in the appendix: Gaillard Island, Coffee Island, AL; Bolivar Peninsula, Stedman Island, TX; Southwest Pass, Tenneco Management Unit, Laborgne Canal, Calcasieu Lake, canal sites in Vermilion Parish, Miller Lake Weir, Bird Island Weir, Mississippi River Diversion, Rockefeller Refuge Impoundments, Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge Impoundment, and Shoreline Barrier Island Restoration, LA; pipeline site, LA and TX. Wetland types, location, size, project goals, significance, and contacts are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1426 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Creation, restoration, and enhancement of marshes of the Northcentral Gulf Coast SOURCE: Pages 125-142 in J.A. Kusler and M. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C. STATE: AL, LA, TX, MS STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: M.-..., E.-... RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Wetlands of the Northcentral Gulf Coast are described in terms of regional characteristics, marsh types, wetland functions, and restoration/creation projects. The two primary types of wetland creation include marsh creation from dredged material deposited in shallow water and direct sedimentation by controlled diversions of river flow. Weirs and impoundments are being used to offset the deteriorating factors, such as saltwater intrusion, in order to establish plant growth for restoration and enhancement. Diversion of freshwater into marshes is also being used to restore deteriorating marshes. Goals for marsh creation include optimizing the use of dredged materials, expanding the acreage of wetlands, and slowing the erosion process. Planting dredged material is often done to hasten marsh development and material stabilization. Aspects of project plans include construction considerations, hydrology, location of dredge spoil, substrate, and establishment of plant communities. Two levels of monitoring are recommended to evaluate the success of plant establishment and factors effecting plant growth. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 154 AUTHOR: Chabreck, R.H., and C.M. Hoffpauir PUBL. YEAR: 1962 TITLE: The use of weirs in coastal marsh management in Louisiana SOURCE: Proc. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. Conf. 16:103-112. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, PO-EM1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, RUPPIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, SCIRPUS, PANICUM, ELEOCHARIS, CYPERUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of weir construction in 2 areas: 1) marsh island wildlife refuge, between Vermilion and Cote Blanc Bays on the Gulf Coast; and 2) a privately owned area north of Lake Felicity in Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes, LA. Ninety ponds were sampled for vegetation; 53 were behind weirs and 37 were unmanaged (controls). Vegetative growth, salinity, turbidity, water levels, and tidal action are discussed. The greatest effect of weir construction was water level stabilization. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 155 AUTHOR: Chaimson, J.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian vegetation planting for flood control SOURCE: Pages 120-123 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, HYDRO ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-FO1, PO-EM1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SALIX, POPULUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a plan to plant riparian vegetation for erosion control and sediment stabilization on the murphy slough, a section of the Sacramento River near Chico, CA. The plan included 1) grading the riverside to a 3:1 or 4:1 slope to prevent rain-caused gullying; 2) planting a mixture of bermuda and rye grasses on the slope face; and 3) planting Salix and Populus on the lower slope in the fall. High water washed out most of the planted lower slope. This will be corrected by replanting and using an irrigation system to enhance growth for greater bank stabilization and protection from floods. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1195 AUTHOR: Chainey, S.P., F.J. Lang, and S. Mills PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Revegetation of riparian trees and shrubs on alluvial soils along the Upper Sacramento River, 1987-1988 SOURCE: Pages 441-446 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, ECON, VEG PGENUS: ACER, ALNUS, SAMBUCUS, FRAXINUS, PLATANUS, POPULUS, QUERCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Two sites on the Sacramento River near Red Bluff and Colusa, CA were planted with 7 native tree species in an effort to mitigate for the loss of woody riparian vegetation from bank protection construction projects. Techniques designed to protect plants and promote survival and growth but require minimal maintenance were effective. Overall survival rates on the Colusa site were 91%; frost damage impacted sycamore survival. The Red Bluff site showed an overall survival rate of 60%; mortality was primarily due to drought. Irrigation rates were increased on this site following additional plantings. Costs for digging holes are included. (AA-Mod) KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 156 AUTHOR: Chamberlain, R. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Methods used to evaluate fish utilization of a salt marsh restoration site in Humboldt Bay, California SOURCE: Page 97 in M. Josselyn, ed. Wetland restoration and enhancement in California. Univ. California, Sea Grant Coll. Program, La Jolla, Rep. T-CSGCP-007. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E1-UB. RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article evaluates fish use of a restored salt marsh adjacent to Freshwater Slough, Humboldt Bay, CA. A 16 acre pasture was returned to tidal flushing by a dike breach. Samples taken from drop traps and seines indicated that the dominant fish was the threespine stickleback. The channel through the dike breach also is being sampled for fish and for physio-chemical and water flow characteristics. Other fish included staghorn sculpin, juvenile arrow and tidewater gobies, topsmelts, and various osmerids. The study will continue to July 1982. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1563 AUTHOR: Chamberlain, R.H. and R.A. Barnhart PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Early use by fish of a mitigation salt marsh, Humboldt Bay, California SOURCE: Estuaries 16(4):769-783. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: FISH, HYDRO PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A mitigation marsh was studied for fish use to determine the success of mitigation for habitat lost by nearby marina construction. Fishes were sampled from channels adjacent to the Woodley Island Marina (area impacted), a control marsh, and the mitigation marsh. Both the control marsh and the mitigation marsh were at higher elevations and upstream from the impacted marsh, thus they tended to have higher dissolved oxygen and pH levels but lower salinity and water temperatures than the impacted marsh. Results of fish collections showed a greater variety of species at the mitigation marsh although there was a greater biomass of fish of Wooley Island. Samples of larval and post larval fishes were greater for the mitigation marsh than the control marsh or the impacted marsh. Finally, ichtyoplankton densities were highest for the mitigation marsh and lowest for the impacted marsh Although the mitigation marsh is "successful" it does not provide the same functions or habitat for the fish species as the impacted marsh, therefore; it was not adequately mitigated. Recommendations and considerations for mitigating salt marsh areas are discussed. KEYWORDS: fishes/wetlands mitigation/salt marshes/marshes/California/ habitat/elevation/intertidal/tidal flushing/comparison/ restoration/values/invertebrates/vegetation/Humboldt Bay, California/established marsh/mitigation/biomass/channels/ salinity/dike/diversity/plants/eelgrass/eelgrass meadows/meadow =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1552 AUTHOR: Chambers, J.M., T.J. Wrigley, and A.J. McComb PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The potential of wetlands to reduce phosphorus export from agricultural catchments SOURCE: Fertilizer Research 36:157-164. STATE: AUSTRALIA STUDY TYPE: CASE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EMI, PO-MLI RESPONSE: WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: MELALEUCA, LEPIDOSPERMA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Three created wetlands were studied to determine the effect of residence time on phosphorous (P) removal of a natural wetland; the effectivness of dominent sedges as well as peat and sand substrates on P removal frominflow; and the flow rates and P concentrations effect on P uptake efficiency. Results indicated an exponential decrease in the P concentration of the wetland water over a period of 52 days with a total uptake of 792 mg p m-2. Another study revealed greater P removal over longer retention times and lower flow rates for wetlands containing plant material than those containing only peat or sand. The final study compared five P loadings of various concentrations at different flow rates over a 68-day period. Phosphorous uptake tended to increase as the inflow load of P decreased. Mangagement options using natural and artifical wetlands to reduce point and non-point source pollution are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 157 AUTHOR: Chan, E. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Regional wetlands plan for urban runoff treatment, case study of marsh planning, design and creation: Hayward Shoreline Marsh--phase II SOURCE: Assoc. Bay Area Gov., San Francisco, CA, Water Qual. Tech. Memo. No. 92. 16 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, WQUAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, E2-EM1, PO-AB3 RESPONSE: PGENUS: POTAMOGETON, MYRIOPHYLLUM, RUPPIA, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses plans for design and creation of the second phase of the Hayward Shoreline Marsh, San Francisco Bay, CA. The second phase involves restoration of 155 acres of land to fresh and brackish marshes, using existing and newly-created channels and dikes to form a 5 basin marsh system. A separate 20 acre pickelweed marsh was set aside as a preserve for the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse. Four areas are delineated for specific management and operation considerations: 1) water quality, 2) mosquito vector control; 3) botulism management; and 4) vegetation management. Fresh water input to the system will be secondary-treated effluent from a treatment plant. Management plans and costs are presented for the various features of the marsh creation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1192 AUTHOR: Chan, F.J., and R.M. Wong PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Reestablishment of native riparian species at an altered high elevation site SOURCE: Pages 428-435 in D.L. Abell, tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s, 1988 September 22-24, Davis, CA. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, WQUALITY, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: ALNUS, SALIX, POPULUS, SAMBUCUS, CORNUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The failure of a 22 ft diameter pipe caused an estimated water flow of 40,000 cfs for about 1 hour, which scoured and removed 1.75 million cubic yards of soil and vegetation from Lost Canyon, located 50 miles east of Fresno, CA, at elevation of 6300-7800 ft Mitigation for the damage included reestablishing lost vegetation and focused on the riparian component. Successful reestablish- ment was dependent on the use of proper planting techniques and maintenance practices, and the use of local plant sources. Survival rates for selected species are given in Table 13. Planting methods are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 158 AUTHOR: Chaney, A.H., B.R. Chapman, J.P. Karges, D.A. Nelson, R.R. Schmidt, and L.C. Thebeau PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: The use of dredged material islands by colonial seabirds and wading birds in Texas SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-78-8. 238 pp. STATE: TX STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-EM2, E2-SS1, E2-SS2, E2-US. RESPONSE: SHOREB, VEG, SOIL PGENUS: PROSOPIS, BACCHARIS, ANDROPOGON, PASPALUM, AMBROSIA, IVA, SPOROBOLUS, CHLORIS, BORRICHIA, SALICORNIA, SOPHORA, OPUNTIA, TYPHA, ELEOCHARIS, TAMARIX, SPARTINA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses use of dredged material islands by nesting colonial seabirds and wading birds in the Galveston-houston area and Upper Laguna Madre near Corpus Christi, TX. Approximately 60% of the nesting pairs along the TX Gulf Coast use dredged material islands for nest sites. Nesting succession of birds was closely related to succession of vegetation from bare substrate to shrubs or trees. Generally, terns and skimmers preferred bare to sparse forbs; gulls, herons, egrets, ibises, spoonbills, and cormorants preferred dense forbs to dense shrubs and trees. Vegetation, soils and substrates, bird use, predation, and human use of 34 dredged material islands are discussed in detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 159 AUTHOR: Chapman, R.J., T.M. Hinckley, L.C. Lee, and R.O. Teskey PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities, volume X: index and appendum to volumes I-VIII SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-82/23. 111 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., PO-SS., PO-FO., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides the user with a summary and a general reference document for volumes I-VIII of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service series on impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities. Topics in this volume include: 1) literature updates for volumes I-VIII; 2) a comprehensive species index to the volumes, including ecoregion and tolerance rating; and 3) a brief discussion of site rehabilitation, which provides a framework by which damage can be assessed, the rate of recovery estimated, and the need for management determined. The reader also is referred to other volumes in this series for making the necessary decisions regarding integration of essential steps for wetland rehabilitation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1276 AUTHOR: Charette, D.J., J.K. Shisler, and R.A. Kantor PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Guidelines for the mitigation of salt marshes in New Jersey SOURCE: Coastal Zone '85 (1):941-961. STATE: NJ STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM. RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides guidelines for the mitigation of human impacts on coastal marshes. The mitigation process begins with the definition of mitigation in a management program. The marsh to be destroyed is pre-evaluated and environmental factors are considered in order for the marsh to be successful and equivalent to the natural marsh. Finally, ecological management goals are set for mitigation. The authors point out that many times restored or created marshes are not equivalent to the natural marsh and may not fully compensate for the destruction of the natural marsh. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1550 AUTHOR: Chen, S., R. F. Malone, and L. J. Fall PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: A theoretical approach for minimization of excavation and media costs of constructed wetlands for BOD5 removal SOURCE: Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 36(6):1625-1632. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1 RESPONSE: NONE PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of models to mimimize excavation and media costs of constructed subsurface wetlands designed for BOD5 removal. The models are based on major design parameters including slope, aspect ratio, BOD removal rate, construction costs, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, depth, width, and length. Two sample designs of constructed wetlands using design parameter results from the EPA and Conley et al. are compared to those of the authors. Further design considerations as well as model limitations are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 160 AUTHOR: Chironis, N.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Reedgrass greens slurry ponds SOURCE: Coal Age (April):86-91. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, FERT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes the use of Phragmites australis for cover and stabilization of coal slurry impoundments and ponds. The study site was at Monterey Coal Slurry Impoundment in IL. Without using topsoil, 6-8 ft rhizomes were collected from nearby impoundments and planted and fertilized in rows 15 ft apart. After 3 growing seasons, shoot height was 6 ft in favorable locations, with stem densities reaching 130/square yard. Most areas had an aboveground dry weight biomass of over 2.7 tons/acre. Growth continued despite high acidity, conductivity, and concentrations of soluble iron, manganese, and aluminum in the substrate. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 161 AUTHOR: Chmura, G., and L. Steere PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Sod removal, replacement tried in tidal marsh restoration (Rhode Island) SOURCE: Restor. Manage. Notes 1(1):15. STATE: RI STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: DISTICHLIS, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This note discusses attempts to restore a tidal marsh in Barrington, RI, by replacing the original peat excavated from the marsh surface during sewer construction. The marsh consisted of high marsh vegetation (e.g., Spartina spp. and Distichlis spicata) along the banks of the tidal creek. An area of approximately 50 by 50 ft, bisected by a small tidal creek, was disturbed. An excavator was used to strip blocks of peat from the area. Blocks varied from 3-4 ft2, with a minimum thickness of 6 inches to ensure inclusion of viable rhizomes. Blocks were stored on site from mid-April to mid-July and replaced by a backhoe. Some new growth was noted during Fall and monitoring of the site will continue through the next year. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1513 AUTHOR: K.D. Choate, J.T. Watson, and G.R. Steiner PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: TVA's constructed wetlands demonstration SOURCE: Pages 509-516 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: KY STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1 RESPONSE: HYDRO, CHEM PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of three Tennessee Valley Authority demonstration projects using constructed wetlands to treat municipal wastewater. The first wetland was created to polish effluent from an existing two-cell lagoon system. A three cell wetland was created from one of the existing cells and designed with an effluent capacity of 3785 m3/day. The first two cells received 25% of the flow and operated as a surface flow system while cell 3 operated as a subsurface flow system and received 50 of the total flow. The second wetland system was created by the TVA as a 379 m3/day two-celled subsurface gravel marsh system used to polish effluent from a contact stabilization package plant. The third site was constructed as a marsh-pond-meadow with a capacity of 341 m3/day to treat effluent from a contact stabilization package plant. Both wetlands constructed to treat waste from the package plants were temporarily short-circuited by sludge deposits. All three wetland systems effectively removed BOD, TSS, TP, TN, FC bacteria, and organic nitrogen below the NPDES permit limits the majority of the time with gravel cells being slightly more effective although less cost effective. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 162 AUTHOR: Chongxin (Chung-Hsn Chung), Z., Z. Rhongzong, Z. Hungbin, Y. Kuanghan, H. Chenghua, Y. Bingyao, J. Liangshao, and P. Xiaoliang PUBL. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Experiments of trial plantings of Spartina anglica Hubbard and effects of saline soil amelioration in China SOURCE: Pages 44-82 in Research advances in Spartina--achievements of past 22 years. J. Nanjing Univ., China. (English Abst.) STATE: CHINA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HARVEST, EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA, MEDICAGO, SESBANIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents results of trial Spartina anglica plantings and amelioration of saline soil experiments conducted at the Nanjing University and Taizhou Institute of Agriculture, Zhejiang Province, China. In general, Spartina plantings in riverine, marsh, and coastal lands have been successful with the exception of open coasts with high wave energy. A single, small rhizome produced over 9 million sprigs in less than 2.5 years. Optimum planting elevation, season, and spacing are discussed. Increase of organic matter in Spartina marsh soil promoted formation of greater granular structure of soil. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 163 AUTHOR: Christensen, B.A., K. Erickson, and J. Dorman PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Niles Channel restoration project: hydraulic model tests evaluating restored and recently revegetated beds exposed to erosion caused by tidal currents SOURCE: Univ. Florida, Dept. Civil Eng., Hydraulic Lab., Gainesville, Rep. No. 8301. 17 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL, MODEL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-UB2 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes a laboratory model that evaluated the resistance of newly revegetated seagrass areas to tidal erosion in the Niles Restoration Project near Cudjoe Key in the Florida Keys. The usefulness of dikes for protecting planted seagrasses was studied. Dikes affect the size of the ripple area and amount of scouring and erosion around a restored seagrass bed. An equation for estimating necessary dike length to protect the seagrasses is presented. Experimental test plants with 6-12 inch runners were stabilized with steel staples. Equations describe the velocity of the currents, average bed roughness, and average bed shear stress of a revegetated sand bed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 164 AUTHOR: Christensen, B.A., and D. Tachney PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Anchoring stability of new seagrass plantings SOURCE: Pages 60-75 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E1-UB2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL PGENUS: HALODULE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the vegetative establishment of Halodule in shallow coastal waters near Cudjoe Key in the Florida Keys. After bottom elevation was restored, Halodule runners were planted 0.5-1.0 m apart. Steel staples or other anchoring devices were used. Newly vegetated beds exhibit lower resistance to water flow and often fail because of massive erosion of the sandy bottom or uprooting of runners. Methods for quantifying the impact of flow on the plant bed are described, in conjunction with results from lab testing. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1616 AUTHOR: Christensen, N., W.J. Mitsch, S.E. Jorgensen PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: A first generation ecosystem model of the Des Plaines River experimental wetlands SOURCE: Ecological Engineering 3:495-521. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: MODEL, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: R4-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses the use of model simulations to determine the effect of various flow conditions on water quality. Experimental wetlands were used, with high and low flows, which receive nonpoint source pollution from nearby agricultural areas. A model was created with hydrology, sediment, phosphorus, water column primary production, and macrophyte submodels which are linked together and calibrate the input based on a list of assumptions with a time step of 0.05 week. Although this model is anticipated to be a helpful management tool, it has yet to be validated with an independent data set. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 165 AUTHOR: Christiansen, J.E., and J.B. Low PUBL. YEAR: 1970 TITLE: Water requirements of waterfowl marshlands in northern Utah SOURCE: Utah Div. Fish Game Publ. No. 69-12. 108 pp. STATE: UT STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, MODEL, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-AB3, PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: DISTICHLIS, POTAMOGETON, HORDEUM, POLYPOGON, SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents results of a study to determine: 1) amounts of water required to maintain productive marshlands near the Great Salt Lake in UT; and 2) salt tolerance of several marsh plant species. Equations used to calculate evapotranspiration from inflow-outflow data are described in detail. Salt tolerance tests indicated that germination, growth, and seed and tuber production of cattail (Typha spp.) and bulrush (Scirpus acutus and S. paludosus) decreased as salinity increased. Cattail and bulrush exhibited the best growth in fresh water; sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) grew better in slightly saline conditions. Several suggestions for water management of the marshlands are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 166 AUTHOR: Chung, C.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Low marshes, China SOURCE: Pages 131-145 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Creation and restoration of coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. STATE: CHINA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3, R1-... RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA, SUAEDA, PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article discusses the low marshes of China, including marsh values and habitat loss. Rice grass, Spartina anglica, is described as the most useful plant for revegetating marshes. Revegetation techniques are described in detail, as are factors controlling success or failure. The physiography of planting sites, tide, waves, wind, drought, temperature, human activities, and animals may all play a role in the success rate of planted materials. Habitat values of these revegetated communities include waterfowl habitat, animal fodder, pasture, aquaculture, green manure, amelioration of saline soil, and coastline stabilization. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1346 AUTHOR: Chung, Chung-Hsin PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Ecological engineering of coastlines with salt-marsh plantations SOURCE: Pages 255-289 in W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen, eds. Ecological engineering: an introduction to ecotechnology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. STATE: CHINA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-US3 RESPONSE: VEG, MAMMALS, FISH, CHEM, HUSE, ECON, SOIL PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses a 22-year case study from 1964 to 1986 in Wenling, China of an ecological engineering project transforming tidelands to arable land with a Spartina plantation. Laboratory propogations were done of seed, sprigs, and rhizomes. Stress experiments included, temperature stress, drought stress, submergence stress, and accretion stress. Effects of coastal morphology are discussed in regards to accretion and reclamation, crop production, citrus production, and coastal stabilization. Finally,the effects on animals, soils of intertidal and supratidal zones and humans (especially the economic and social values) are examined. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 167 AUTHOR: Churchill, A.C., A.E. Cok, and M.I. Riner PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Stabilization of subtidal sediments by the transplantation of the seagrass Zostera marina L. SOURCE: Adelphi Univ., New York Sea Grant Program, Oakdale, NY, Rep. Ser. RS-78-15. 48 pp. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, SPOIL, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, ECON PGENUS: ZOSTERA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes an experiment to transplant Zostera marina on sand hill, a dredged spoil island off the coast of Long Island, NY, to determine its effectiveness in preventing erosion. Transplants were obtained from Fire Island and were planted at the study site the same day. Three transplant techniques were used: single shoot treated with rooting hormone (NAA), single shoots treated with slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14), and miniplugs with no treatment. Transplant survival and growth are documented for each treatment. The addition of fertilizer did not significantly enhance the growth of shoots and rhizomes. Total cost for planting 1,655 plants (0.41 ha) was $12,775. A section on flower and seed production is included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1520 AUTHOR: Cintron-Molero, G. PUBL. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Restoring Mangrove Systems SOURCE: Pages 223-277 in G.W. Thayer, ed. Restoring the nation's marine environment. Maryland Sea Grant College, College Park, MD. 716 pp. STATE: FL, PUERTO RICO, VIRGIN ISLANDS STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: MANY WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3 RESPONSE: MANY PGENUS: RHIZOPHORA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses restoration of mangrove systems as a function of understanding the systems' natural developement. Functional values and physiographic types pertaining to Avicennia germinans, Rhizophora mangle, and Lagnucularia racemosa as well as their response to natural disturbances are addressed. The inertia and resilient properties exhibited by mangroves allow for natural regeneration when faced with disturbances. Managers can take advantage of these properties when restoring or creating habitat. The author cautions managers and planners to understand the conditions and causes of areas without mangrove forests before undertaking extensive creation efforts. Elevation, tidal flow, soil nutrients, water quality, and disturbance factors are critical in obtaining successful mangrove establishment. Transplanting methods and techniques are offered which take advantage of mangroves regenerative properties. Considerations for possible sites, conditions, and restoration designs to ensure success are also discussed. Finally, post-management strategies and success criteria are proposed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 168 AUTHOR: Clairain, E.J., R.A. Cole, R.J. Diaz, A.W. Ford, R.T. Huffman, L.J. Hunt, and B.R. Wells PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Habitat development field investigations, Miller Sands Marsh and upland habitat development site, Columbia River, Oregon: summary report SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. D-77-38. 76 pp. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: R1-US3, R1-US2, E2-EM1, E2-UB2 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, VEG PGENUS: DESCHAMPSIA, CAREX, AMMOPHILA, ELEOCHARIS, SALIX, SAGITTARIA, JUNCUS, IRIS, ALISMA, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report summarizes progress at the Miller Sands marsh and upland habitat development site (Columbia River, OR), one of 7 experimental projects for examining the feasibility of using dredged material for development of fish and wildlife habitat. Selected plant species were planted on intertidal and upland areas; responses to tidal inundation, fertilization, wildlife use, planting methods, and invasion by other plant species were noted. Plantings generally were successful, but the wildlife habitat provided by intertidal and upland plantings had not yet significantly affected wildlife populations. Some food/nesting preferences of birds and small mammals are noted. KEYWORDS: habitat/habitat development/Oregon/dredged material/biomass/ intertidal/animal community/wildlife/wildlife habitat/ succession/fishes/benthos/birds/field investigations/dredged material disposal =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1022 AUTHOR: Clark, J.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Assessment for wetlands restoration SOURCE: Pages 250-253 in J.A. Kusler and P. Riexinger, eds. Proceedings of the national wetland assessment symposium. Assoc. St. Wetland Managers, Chester, VT. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., M.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of wetland restoration, including policy, assessment approaches, and wilderness versus utility wetlands. Assessment of wetlands involves more than simple classification or evaluation. Wetland functions, social needs, and relationship to surrounding systems must be considered. Wilderness wetlands are those that should be preserved in their historic condition. Utility (or economic) wetlands are considered an economic resource to be rehabilitated or replaced as appropriate to meet regional wetland priorities for natural goods and services. Through the processing of Corps of Engineers dredge and fill permits, opportunities exist for conducting demand-oriented strategic wetland restoration programs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1173 AUTHOR: Clark, J.R. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Regional aspects of wetlands restoration and enhancement in the urban waterfront environment SOURCE: Pages 85-103 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. II. Perspectives. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: MANY, NJ, NY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L.-..., PO-..., E.-..., M.-..., R.-..., E2-EM1, R1-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS, HUSE, SHOREB PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes restoration and enhancement of wetlands along urban waterfront, and the role of regional planning strategies for successful wetland mitigation. The emphasis is on a regional approach to an entire landscape system, rather than on each individual project site. Advantages of this regional strategy are discussed, as is regional organization, with examples of federal and state programs that can be used to explore regional possibilities. Sections on regional goals and mitigation targets, multiple impact projects, mitigation banks, and a case study of the Porte Liberte Project, located along the Hudson River near Jersey City, NJ, are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1211 AUTHOR: Clark, P.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Seagrass restoration: a non-destructive approach SOURCE: Pages 57-70 in F.J. Webb, Jr., ed. Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on wetlands restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Plant City, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG, ECON PGENUS: HALODULE, RUPPIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: A technique for restoring or creating seagrass beds without transplanting seagrass plugs, sprigs, or turf from healthy to restoration sites is discussed. This experiment conducted in Upper Tampa Bay, FL, involved placing wooden stakes in test plots to determine if drifting seagrass would catch on the stakes and successfully attach or root and begin to colonize the new site. Plot construction costs and materials needed are given. Plots were checked once every 2 months for the first year. Results from the 6 test plots are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 169 AUTHOR: Clay, D.H. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: High mountain meadow restoration SOURCE: Pages 477-479 in R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix, eds. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California Water Resour. Rep. No. 55. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-SS1, R2-..., R3-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, ECON, SUCCESS PGENUS: SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes an experiment to repair stream erosion and eventually restore meadow vegetation in a creek in Modoc County, CA. Procedures for the restoration process were: 1) constructing 3.3 m by 1 m slots in the bank using a backhoe or bulldozer; 2) depositing large rocks into the slots to form a sill across the stream channel; 3) placing excavated soil upstream of the sill to prevent water from passing through the rock; 4) constructing low earth fills and spillways to prevent overland flow; 5) planting vegetation on the sills; and 6) fencing the area to prevent livestock damage. Costs for installation were $700-1,000. Results after 2-3 years include the raising of the channel bottom 0.7-1 m and subsequent raising of the water table, possibly to original elevations. Eroded channels are filled and bank slopes are gradual and covered with vegetation. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 171 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Vegetational restoration techniques on reclaimed phosphate strip mines in Florida SOURCE: Wetlands 1:158-170. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2, PO-FO1, PO-AB3, PO-AB4, PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: NAJAS, TYPHA, SALIX, MYRICA, BACCHARIS, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, FRAXINUS, QUERCUS, EICHHORNIA, LEMNA, SPIRODELA, SALVINIA, AZOLLA, HYDRILLA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of techniques for restoring wetlands on reclaimed phosphate mines in FL. Marsh creation is described as the most successful effort; specific examples are described in detail. Advantages and disadvantages of extensive mulching are discussed. Four swamp restoration techniques are compared and contrasted: 1) planting of tree seedlings, 2) transplanting of saplings from natural swamps; 3) mulching; and 4) natural colonization. Economic factors for all methods are considered. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 170 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Riverine forest restoration efforts on reclaimed mines at Brewster Phosphates, central Florida SOURCE: Pages 122-133 in D.J. Robertson ed. Reclamation and the phosphate industry: proceedings of the symposium. Florida Inst. Phosphate Res., Bartow, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SOIL, SEED, PLANT, HYDRO, CUT, CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R2-..., PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, R4-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: QUERCUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, ACER, CORNUS, CARYA, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, CELTIS, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, SALIX, RHYNCHOSPORA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses development of methods for the restoration of forested wetlands at 2 phosphate mines in Hillsborough and Polk Counties, FL. Inventories of natural forests and natural plant colonization on disturbed lands were conducted, as well as various seeding and planting experiments. Based on data collected for plots up to 3 years old, the authors made several recommendations for successful restoration of riverine forests. Successful restoration will be dependent on using a combination of techniques, including mulching with riverine topsoil. The first few years will require irrigation, unless near-saturated soils can be maintained through dry seasons. Both planting and seeding of trees should be attempted to insure a dense initial growth. Canopy will begin to close within 4-5 years, protecting the preferred undergrowth species transferred in the mulch. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1157 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Creation and restoration of forested wetland vegetation in the southeastern United States SOURCE: Pages 199-237 in J.A. Kusler and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the status of the science. Vol. I. Regional reviews. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency EPA/600/3-89/038. STATE: AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, CASE, TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL, HYDRO, WQUAL, EROSION ACTION: PLANT, CONTAM, SEED WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO., PO-FO1, PO-FO2, PO-FO3, PO-FO4, PO-UB4, RIPARIAN RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: ACER, POPULUS, QUERCUS, SALIX, PLATANUS, LIQUIDAMBAR, TAXODIUM, NYSSA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides information on the creation and restoration of forested wetlands in the southeastern U.S., and includes discussion of the magnitude of bottomland hardwood loss, approaches to forest recovery, regional characteristics, wetland types, key functions, creation and restoration project experience, project goals, project success, agency involvement, project design, site preparation and planning, natural reforestation, artificial reforestation, non-arboreal vegetation, management, monitoring, reference wetlands, information gaps and research needs. A checklist of issues to be addressed in permit applications is included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1286 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Alafia River crossing "B" restoration at Lonesome Mine SOURCE: Semi-annual narrative report, summer, 1990. 13pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, R4-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: QUERCUS, MYRICA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report is one of four semi-annual narrative reports. The progress report includes photographs, describes problems and provides solutions encountered during the reforestation of four project sites located along the South Prong of the Alafia River, Florida. Water oak and wax myrtle bushes were planted (all were sack-grown). In addition to the plantings, cogongrass and patches of bahiagrass were treated with the herbicide, RODEO. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1287 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F. PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Vegetational restoration at Dogleg and Lizard Branch Reclamation areas SOURCE: Eleventh semi-annual report, summer, 1990. 9pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR, PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: ACER, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report is the eleventh semi-annual progress report concerned with the restoration of two inland sites in Florida. Red maple seeds were distributed along a stream bottom to increase tree density, however only a few seedlings were observed. Furthermore, the herbicide, RODEO, was used to treat dense patches of bahiagrass and cogongrass in several plots. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1288 AUTHOR: Clewell, A.F., and R.S. Beaman PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Vegetational restoration at Hall Branch Reclamation area SOURCE: 1989 monitoring report. 16pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SOIL, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1 RESPONSE: VEG, SUCCESS PGENUS: TAXODIUM, FRAXINUS, ACER, MAGNOLIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the monitoring and continuation of a reclamation project that began in 1984 subsequent to surface mining in Hillsborough County, Florida. A summary of the past reclamation work is included in the report. Success criteria for the restoration include tree density of at least 400 trees per acre, with no acre-sized area containing less than 200 trees per acre and tree cover averaging 33% overall, with no acre-sized area containing less than 20% cover. Tree density was found to be in compliance with the success criteria with 751 trees per acre and no acre-sized area contained less than 200 trees. In addition, the canopy cover was calculated to be 32% and is expected to reach the success criteria. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 173 AUTHOR: Coastal Zone Resources Corporation PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Identification of relevant criteria and survey of potential application sites for artificial habitat creation. Vol. II. Survey of potential application situations and description of optimum project areas SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-76-2. 348 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., E.-... RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes a detailed evaluation process that applies marsh-island creation criteria for screening potential sites for development. Two general criteria were employed to alleviate the complexities of screening 3,000 sites: 1) the project must require maintenance work; and 2) the work must be performed by a hydraulic pipeline dredge. Each site was described on the basis of dredged material characteristics, public and private controls over the land, cost/benefit features, public attitudes, climatology, hydrology, and hydrography. As a result of the selection process, 10 optimum project sites were chosen, 2 in each geographical region. Extended data analysis was conducted on data gathered from the project areas and from U.S. Army Corp of Engineer Districts. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 174 AUTHOR: Coastal Zone Resources Corporation PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Identification of relevant criteria and survey of potential application sites for artificial habitat creation. Vol. I. Relevant criteria for marsh-island site selection and their application SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-76-2. 173 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: E1-..., R1-..., E2-..., E2-EM1, E2-EM2 RESPONSE: HUSE, SOIL, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, HIBISCUS, ZIZANIA, SCIRPUS, SAGITTARIA, PLUCHEA, ASTER, SALICORNIA, MYRICA, BORRICHIA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes the environmental requirements for creating marsh-island complexes with dredged material and examines sites available for dredged material deposit. Numerous river and estuarine areas along the U.S. coast were evaluated for tide- elevation interactions, salinity, soil nutrients, soil physical variation, public acceptance, and the energy/sediment/climate of the site. These criteria were tested in the field to select 10 optimum riverine/estuarine areas in 5 geographical regions. Results of the selection provided 50 project areas for further detailed analyses. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 172 AUTHOR: Coastal Zone Resources Corporation PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: A comprehensive study of successional patterns of plants and animals at upland disposal areas SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Vicksburg, MS, Contract Rep. D-77-2. 489 pp. STATE: CT, FL, LA, TX, OR STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: SPOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-FO1, R.-..., E2-EM1, E2-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-FO3, PO-SS3 RESPONSE: MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, SOIL PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, TYPHA, SCIRPUS, AMMOPHILA, PANICUM, SPARTINA, CYPERUS, JUNCUS, RHUS, CAREX, EQUISETUM, AMORPHA, POPULUS, ACER, FRAXINUS, SALIX, QUERCUS, ROBINIA, TAXODIUM, SALICORNIA, DISTICHLIS, PASPALUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report examines plant and animal successional patterns at 5 dredged material disposal sites: 1) Nott Island in the Connecticut River; 2) 6 islands in Hillsborough Bay near Tampa, FL; 3) an area along the Whiskey Bay Pilot Channel, Atchafalaya River Basin, LA; 4) an area along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway near Galveston, TX; and 5) Mott Island in the Columbia River near Astoria, OR. Descriptions of each site include a history of the disposal area, physical characteristics (topography, soils, microclimate), biological characteristics (existing vegetation and animal populations, past and future patterns of succession), and potential resources of regional upland disposal areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1316 AUTHOR: Coats, R., M. Swanson and, P. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Hydrologic analysis for coastal wetland restoration SOURCE: Environmental Management 13(6):715-727. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO ACTION: MODEL, LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E1-EM1 RESPONSE: SOIL, CHEM, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, INVERTS, HYDRO PGENUS: SALICORNIA, FRANKENIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes two case studies utilizing hydrologic analysis for designing coastal wetland restoration projects. Hydrologic analysis was used in combination with geomorphic relationships, numerical modeling, and field verification. The restoration sites include the Hayward Area Recreation District (HARD) marsh and Tijuana Estuary in southern California. A critical step in the design process was identification of opportunities and constraints. This helped to identify a hydrologic goal. MPOND, a hydrologic routing model, was used for the HARD marsh design. MARSHQ, a tidal hydrodynamic model was used for designing the Tijuana Estuary restoration project. KEYWORDS: coastal wetlands/wetlands/wetlands restoration/restoration/ California/hydrology/wetlands mitigation/tidal hydrodynamics/ wildlife habitat/coastal/monitoring =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1340 AUTHOR: Coats, R., and P. Williams PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Hydrological techniques for coastal wetland restoration illustrated by two case studies SOURCE: Pages 236-246 in J.J. Berger, ed. Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D.C. and Covelo, California. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, HABITAT ACTION: MODEL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2.-... RESPONSE: SUCCESS PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes techniques used in the design and restoration of tidal wetlands and lists factors for assessing the success or failure of these projects. Basic steps proposed are definition of the objectives, determination of the topography and tidal regime, analysis of opportunities and constraints imposed by local biological and physical conditions, and development of design alternatives. A case study using the hydrological routing model, MPOND, in the restoration of the Hayward Area Recreation District (HARD) marsh is used as an example of typical design problems. The author suggests a built-in post-construction monitoring phase including biological and hydrologic observations be used for up to five years. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1580 AUTHOR: Cohn, J.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Restoring the Everglades SOURCE: BioScience 44(9):579-583. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: HYDRO, MANY PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: The history and decline of the Everglades and surrounding areas due to decreased water flows and increased canals to prevent flooding and open up areas for developement is reviewed. The natural hydrology was restored to sections of the Loxahatchee NWR resulting in a greater number of beeding birds including a species which had not successfully nested there in 20 years. Models are currently being used to determine the necessary modifications required to restore a more natural flow and system. Removing earthen mounds, plugging canals, pumping in additional water, and creating buffer zones are among the proposals for restoration. Test projects are also underway to restore sections of the Kissimmee River and improve water quality entering the Everglades. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1418 AUTHOR: Cole, C.A. PUBL. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Wetland vegetation ecology on a reclaimed coal surface mine in southern Illinois, USA SOURCE: Wetlands ecology and management 2(3):135-142. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: PLANT, SEED WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report studies five created wetlands to characterize patterns and conditions in early successional wetland complexes. Vegetative density varied considerably between wetlands but generally had the highest values in early spring. Density was greatest in wetland 4, which had the lowest biomass, and the lowest density was found in wetland 1, which had the highest biomass. None of the wetlands had any significant species classification, indicating lack of community structure and zonation pattern. This was due in part to the radically changing water levels throughout the year. Over the three year study, diversity increased in all five wetlands although values remained low to moderate. The author suggests species richness be used more as a reliable indicator of general diversity rather than species diversity due to large numbers of single species plants. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1274 AUTHOR: Cole, C.A., and E.A. Lefebvre PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Soil and water characteristics of a young surface mine wetland SOURCE: Environmental Management 15(3):403-410. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-US5 RESPONSE: SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM PGENUS: POTAMOGETON, CHARA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses the soil and water characteristics of a young wetland on a reclaimed surface coal mine in southern Illinois. This study was done in hopes that the analytical results could serve as a model for future wetland developments of surface mines. Water parameters measured include conductivity, salinity, alkalinity, chloride, copper, total hardness, iron, manganese, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate. Soil parameters measured include pH, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, iron, sulfate, chloride, and percent organic matter. Concentration of the variables were within the reported ranges of natural sites or other man-made wetlands. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 175 AUTHOR: Colenbrander, H.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: The rational management of hydrological systems SOURCE: Pages 363-390 in M.W. Holdgate and M.J. Woodman, eds. The breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. Plenum Press, New York. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO, CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., L.-..., PO-... RESPONSE: PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of hydrological systems that need to be considered in water management projects. Topics include: 1) surface water systems (manmade channels and lakes), 2) subsurface water systems (groundwater, soil moisture); and 3) balancing of interests (e.g., preservation, agriculture, recreation). To arrive at rational water resources management, "social" problems are often more difficult to solve than physical and technical ones. Socio-economic models and a multilevel organizational hierarchy for decision making are necessary to achieve an optimal overall water management scheme. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1141 AUTHOR: Colombo, E. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Survey of a group of ponds in Epping Forest SOURCE: London Naturalist 67:47-68. STATE: ENGLAND STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, INCIDENTAL ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-UB1, PO-EM., PO-..., PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, CHEM PGENUS: FAGUS, QUERCUS, BETULA, PTERIDIUM, DESCHAMPSIA, CARPINUS, TYPHA, JUNCUS, LEMNA, POTAMOGETON CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes recolonization of vegetation on gravel pit ponds at 3 sites in Epping forest: Wake Arms; Deershelter Plain; and Strawberry Hill. Number of plant species present are correlated with size and age of pond, water depth, and presence of organic matter. Competition and succession are discussed in detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 176 AUTHOR: Comes, R.D., and T. McCreary PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Approaches to revegetate shorelines at Lake Wallula on the Columbia River, Washington- Oregon SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps Eng., Waterways Exp. Stn., Environ. Lab., Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rep. E-86-2. 91 pp. STATE: WA, OR STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, EROSION, EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT, HYDRO, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: L2-US., R.-US2, R.-US3, PO-EM1, PO-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: CAREX, DESCHAMPSIA, ELEOCHARIS, JUNCUS, SCIRPUS, TYPHA, TRIFOLIUM, POLYGONUM, SAGITTARIA, ELAEAGNUS, MORUS, RIBES, ROBINIA, ROSA, SALIX, SAMBUCUS, CORNUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report describes a field study to determine the suitability of 29 plant species for use in reservoir shoreline revegetation projects. Three experimental sites were established: 1) a subimpoundment (control pool) in McNary Wildlife Park on the Columbia River, OR; 2) a protected mudflat on the river; and 3) an exposed sandy beach on the river. Plant performance is described for each species. On the natural shoreline sites, Scirpus validus was the only consistent survivor. On the control area, where water fluctuations were controlled, Salix fragilis, S. purpurea, Eleocharis coloradoensis, Carex obnupta, and C. rostrata were the most successful species. Planting recommendations are discussed in detail. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1275 AUTHOR: Comin, F.A., M. Manendez, and J.R. Lucena PUBL. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Proposals for macrophyte restoration in eutrophic coastal lagoons SOURCE: Pages 427-436 in R.D. Gulati, E.H.R.R. Lammens, M.L. Meijer, and E. van Donk, eds. Biomanipulation - Tool for Water Management. Hydrobiologia 200(201):427-436. STATE: SPAIN STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, E1-UB3 RESPONSE: WQUAL PGENUS: RUPPIA, POTAMOGETON CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report compares two coastal lagoons (Encanizada and Tancada) in Ebro Delta, NE Spain. Encanizada lagoon has no macrophytic population because of large amounts of phytoplankton and inorganic particles resulting in high turbidity of the water. Phytoplankton blooms are the result of high nutrient discharge from freshwater inflows from rice field drains. Tancada lagoon, on the other hand, has higher seawater influence and less turbidity thus allowing for the growth of macrophytes. Three proposals for macrophyte restoration in Encanizada lagoon are proposed based on comparisons of environmental requirements for two macrophyte species, macrophyte versus phytoplankton biomass and production features, and differences in hydrological and nutrient balances between the two lagoons. Decreasing freshwater inputs is proposed as the most effective means for restoration of Encanizada lagoon. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1419 AUTHOR: Confer, S.R. and W.A. Niering PUBL. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Comparison of created and natural freshwater emergent wetlands in Connecticut SOURCE: Wetlands ecology and management 2(3):143-156. STATE: OR STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, NGBIRDS, WFOWL, SHOREB, REPT, AMPHIB PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report compares five created palustrine/emergent wetlands with five natural wetlands to evaluate the viability of created wetlands. The created wetlands had deeper and more open water than the natural wetlands although greater water depth fluctuations occurred in natural wetlands. Soil differences were great between the wetland sites with natural wetlands having rich soil containing high chroma and black organic soils. Using transect data, total emergent plant cover was greater for natural sites, averaging 97% compared to 71% at created sites. However, species richness was slightly greater at the created wetlands than at the natural wetlands. Although wildlife sightings occurred infrequently at both sites, wildlife occurred more often in the natural wetland. The authors recommend limited accumulation of sediments of anthropic origin to prolong the multi-functional activities of created wetlands. They also recommend long-term research data to increase the data base on structural and functional attributes of created wetlands. KEYWORDS: comparison/created wetlands/wetlands/Connecticut/natural wetlands/soils/vegetation/Typha/emergent vegetation/wildlife/ freshwater wetlands/wetlands mitigation/Typha latifolia/ wildlife utilization/marshes/palustrine wetland/two-year study/ emergent wetlands/soil/monitoring/diversity =============================================================================== NUMBER: 177 AUTHOR: Connell, J.H., and R.O. Slatyer PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization SOURCE: Am. Nat. 111(982):1119-1144. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: MODEL WETLAND TYPE: PO-..., L.-..., R.-..., E.-... RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes several aspects of plant succession on disturbed sites. Mechanisms of succession are described along with several models: 1) a facilitation model--earlier species prepare the ground, rendering it suitable for later species; 2) a tolerance model--predictable sequences are produced by species that have different "strategies" for exploiting a site's resources; and 3) an inhibition model--species resist invasion of competitors; early species preempt the site and will inhibit growth of competitors until the early species die or are damaged. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1023 AUTHOR: Connelly, D.P. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Propagation of selected native marsh plants in the San Joaquin Valley SOURCE: California Dept. Fish Game, Sacramento, Wildl. Manage. Leafl. No. 15. 13 pp. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: PLANT, HYDRO, CUT WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WFOWL, VEG PGENUS: SCIRPUS, PASPALUM, POLYGONUM, ELEOCHARIS, RUMEX, MONTIA, ASTER CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This leaflet discusses propagation and management of six marsh plant species beneficial to dabbling ducks of the San Joaquin Valley, CA: swamp timothy, picklegrass, alkali bulrush, jointgrass, smartweed, and spikerush. Information includes optimal soil depth and temperatures for germination, reduction of plant competition, survival, maximum waterfowl use, and other benefits of planting these species (e.g., cattail control, creation of favorable aquatic invertebrate habitat). The author stresses that any marsh program should incorporate a mixture of plants to provide diversified habitat and optimal conditions for long-term waterfowl use. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1233 AUTHOR: Conner, W.H., and K. Flynn PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Growth and survival of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) planted across a flooding gradient in a Louisiana bottomland forest SOURCE: Wetlands 9(2):207-217. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO2 RESPONSE: SUCCESS, VEG PGENUS: TAXODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes a project conducted in a bottomland hardwood wetland (Lake Verret Basin between East Atchafalaya Protection Levee, the Mississippi River, and Bayou Lafourche) to determine growth and survival rates for baldcypress seedlings planted on unflooded intermittently flooded, and flooded plots (hydroperiods are defined). Seedlings were planted in March and September. Half the seedlings were protected with a chickenwire fence. Unprotected seedlings planted in March sustained 100% browse induced mortality; unprotected seedlings planted in September had survival rates of 24% (unflooded), 28%, and 68% (flooded). First year survival rates for all other plantings were high. Third year survival rates for all plantings (except those listed above) were highest on the flooded and intermittently flooded areas. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1272 AUTHOR: Conroy, S.D., and T.J. Svejcar PUBL. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Willow planting success as influenced by site factors and cattle grazing in northeastern California SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 44(1):59-63. STATE: CA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SALIX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study evaluates the influences of grazing and selected site factors on the survival and leader growth of planted Geyer willow cuttings along three tributaries to Lake Davis in the northern Sierra Nevada. The unrooted cuttings were planted at three locations along the streams (streambottom, streambank, and stream terrace). The author reveals no significant effects of grazing on survival or growth, however, stream channel location did have a significant effect on survival. Willows planted within 20-30cm of the watertable had the highest mean survival rate. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 178 AUTHOR: Conservation Consultants, Inc. PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Wetland reclamation pilot study for W.R. Grace & Company: annual report for 1978 SOURCE: Conserv. Consult., Inc., Palmetto, FL. 56 pp. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SEED, PLANT, FERT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-FO1, PO-SS3, PO-FO2, PO-SS1, PO-EM1, PO-EM2 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: ACER, MAGNOLIA, NYSSA, ILEX, CORNUS, TAXODIUM, JUNCUS, PANICUM, ECHINOCHLOA, ELEOCHARIS, SAGITTARIA, CYPERUS, POLYGONUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses a baseline study of 2 marshes in Manatee County, FL, and construction and 1 year monitoring of 4 pilot- scale wetlands in Hillsborough County, FL. Four small depressions were constructed on a site containing trace amounts of phosphates. One site was used as a control, one was planted with marsh plants from a nearby natural marsh, one received only a layer of organic marsh material, and the last was planted with trees. Phosphate levels in artificial wetlands were higher, partly due to fertilization of surrounding grassland. The mulched marsh showed the greatest diversity of plants. However, continued monitoring is necessary to determine all effects of treatments. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1136 AUTHOR: Continental Shelf Associates PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Seagrass revegetation studies in Monroe County SOURCE: Continental Shelf Assoc., Inc. Tequesta, FL, Publ. No. FLR-ER-20-82. 95 pp. + Append. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, SEED WETLAND TYPE: E1-AB3, M2-AB3, M1-AB3, E2-AB3 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON, CHEM, SOIL, WQUAL PGENUS: HALODULE, THALASSIA, SYRINGODIUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study examined the establishment and monitoring of experimental seagrass plantings in Monroe County, Florida Keys, to determine the feasibility of restoring large areas of seagrasses for mitigation purposes. Plugs, turions, seeds, and seedlings were planted. The following physical parameters were measured: growth, pH, eh, nutrients, organic and inorganic carbon, trace metals, sediment grain size, elevation, salinity, and temperature. Results are included. Recovery of donor sites was also examined. Planting 22 x 22 cm intact plugs of Thalassia, Syringodium, and Halodule at 1 m intervals was the most successful method. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1249 AUTHOR: Conway, T.E., and J.M. Murtha PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: The Iselin Marsh Pond Meadow SOURCE: Pages 139-144 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: PA STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1K0RX, PO-AB3K0RX, PO-AB4K0RX RESPONSE: WQUAL, SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: TYPHA, PHALARIS, LEMNA, NUPHAR, SAGITTARIA, AMACHARIS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Describes a pilot project designed to determine the feasibility of using a wetland to treat wastewater from 62 homes in Iselin, Indiana Co., PA. Construction costs were $174,000. The system includes 4 main components (listed in effluent receiving order): 1) a Typha latifolia emergent marsh to remove dissolved minerals; 2) a pond with Lemna, Sagittaria, Nuphar and Amacharis to remove dissolved nutrients and fish to eat the plants; 3) a Phalaris arundinacea meadow for final filtration and nutrient uptake; and 4) an erosion chlorinator and contact tank for bacteriological control. Average yearly reductions were: 1) 97% for BOD5; 2) 89% for suspended solids; 3) 99% for fecal coliform; 4) 77% for ammonia nitrogen (summer- 93%, winter- 54%); and 5) 82% for total phosphorus (summer- 90%, winter- 68%). System modifications over the 5 year monitoring period are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 179 AUTHOR: Cook, A.H., and C.F. Powers PUBL. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: Early biochemical changes in the soils and waters of artificially created marshes in New York SOURCE: New York Fish Game J. 5(1):9-65. STATE: NY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL ACTION: SOIL, FERT, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-EM2, PO-AB3, PO-AB4 RESPONSE: VEG, SOIL, WQUAL, CHEM, HYDRO PGENUS: TYPHA, POTAMOGETON, ANACHARIS, CYPERUS, ERAGROSTIS, LEERSIA, ELEOCHARIS, BIDENS, LEMNA, WOLFFIA, SPARGANIUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a 2 year study of artificially created marshes in central NY: 1) Swartwood Marsh, West Danby, a 15 acre artificial impoundment; 2) Future Farmers of America Marsh, Spencer, flooded in 1954; and 3) Howland's Island Game Management Area, near Port Byron in the Seneca River, study site ponds flooded in 1934. Water quality and changes in marsh soil chemistry following flooding or drainage are evaluated. Marshes adjacent to good agricultural soils were more productive than those surrounded by degraded soils. Marsh basin soils were more fertile and had higher concentrations of iron and manganese than contiguous drainage areas. Production varied from about 2 1/4 to 6 tons of air-dried plant material per acre. Thermal and chemical stratification of the water, vegetative conditions before and after drainage, fertilization, liming, affects of water level fluctuations, and marsh management are discussed. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 180 AUTHOR: Cooper, C.O., and T.A. Wesche PUBL. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Stream channel modification to enhance trout habitat under low flow conditions SOURCE: Univ. Wyoming, Water Resour. Res. Inst., Laramie, Water Resour. Ser. No. 58. 107 pp. STATE: WY STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, HYDRO, EXPERIMENT ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, HYDRO, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, R.-..., RIPAR RESPONSE: FISH, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: SALIX, PINUS, CAREX, ARTEMISIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report provides a method for enhancing stream habitat by flow manipulation on Douglas Creek, Albany and Carbon Counties, WY. The stream channel was altered by installing a 4 ft Parshall flume just downstream of the study area. A gaging station obtained data on discharge rates and channel flows. Artificial overhangs with attached Salix and low-profile gabion structures were installed on the stream bank. Flows greater than 400 cfs were destructive to the vegetation, structures, and stream channel. Total costs of construction materials were $1,500; estimated life expectancy was 2-10 years. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1024 AUTHOR: Cooper, D.J. PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Mountain wetland vegetation dynamics SOURCE: Pages 23-25 in K.M. Mutz, D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller, tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. Soc. Wetland Sci., Rocky Mountain Chap., Denver, CO. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: ACTION: WETLAND TYPE: PO-SS1, PO-EM1, RIPAR RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: CAREX, CALAMAGROSTIS, SALIX, BETULA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes conditions in mountain wetlands found in basins, along streams and springs, in the southern Rocky Mountains. Vegetation in these areas depends on: 1) microtopography of the wetland; 2) nutrient input conditions from mire margin to mire expanse; and 3) overall nutrient sources of the wetland along a poor-to-rich gradient. Restoration of these wetlands because of negative impacts on these three gradients is discussed. Creation of these wetland types is considered to be extremely limited due to the difficulty of creating necessary hydrologic conditions. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1126 AUTHOR: Cooper, D.J., and J.C. Emerick PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: The effects of acid mine drainage on a Carex aquatilis fen in the Colorado Rocky Mountains SOURCE: Pages 96-100 in K.M. Mutz and L.C. Lee, tech. coords. Wetland and riparian ecosystems of the American West: eighth annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Soc. Wetland Sci., Wilmington, NC. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: CAREX, BETULA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This article describes a study to provide baseline data on the vegetation and soils of a fen in the Peru Creek Drainage, central Colorado (elevation 11,000 ft). The fen received contaminated water from a nearby mine and from water seeping through tailings, waste rock, and other sources of contamination. The effects of contaminants on vegetation are assessed- specifically Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, Sr, B, Ni, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb in leaves and roots of Carex aquatilis at healthy, moderate, and poor sites. Metal exclusion mechanisms in Carex limit entry of metals into plant roots; inactivation mechanisms limit transport of metals within the plants. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Al are most likely causes of phytotoxicity. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1025 AUTHOR: Cooper, D.J., and B. Smith PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: First annual report: Chatfield Arboretum wetland creation project SOURCE: Colorado School Mines, Dept. Environ. Sci. Eng. Ecol., Golden, Unpubl. Rep. 79 pp. STATE: CO STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-AB. RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: JUNCUS, CAREX, SPARTINA, ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, AGROSTIS, TYPHA, SAGITTARIA, CERATOPHYLLUM, POLYGONUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents data on hydrology, soils, and plant communities 1 year after creation of the Chatfield Arboretum Wetlands Project, Jefferson County, CO. The wetlands were created as Corps of Engineers Section 404 permit mitigation for filling of 17 acres of wetlands at Massey Draw due to Metro Denver C-470 highway construction. Four depressions were excavated until the groundwater table was reached. Wetland soils from massey draw area were transplanted to the site. Over 70 plant species were present 1 year later. Low water table and coarse soils resulted in inadequate filling of depressions. Surface water flow will be necessary to provide adequate inundation for establishing proposed wetlands. Monitoring will continue for 4 more years. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 181 AUTHOR: Cooper, J.W. PUBL. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: An overview of estuarine habitat mitigation projects in Washington State SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Olympia, WA, Unpubl. Rep. 18 pp. STATE: WA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, SPOIL, HYDRO, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-AB3, E2-EM1, E2-US1, E2-US3 RESPONSE: PGENUS: ZOSTERA, SALICORNIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report presents an overview of estuarine habitat mitigation projects in WA. Four techniques were commonly used: substrate modification, shoreline creation, eelgrass transplantation, and marsh complex establishment. Most projects included baseline resource assessment and monitoring components. Fewer projects included contingency plans for potential courses of action in the event of suboptimal project performance or failure of the habitat. Specific functional standards or success criteria were rarely pinpointed. Mitigation goals or objectives were rarely provided. A concerted effort to provide thorough mitigation plans must be undertaken to protect estuarine habitat. Critical site specific factors should be considered, including soils, hydrologic regime, proper contour grading and slopes, erosion control, and careful planting practices. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 182 AUTHOR: Cooper, P.F., and A.G. Boon PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: The use of Phragmites for wastewater treatment by the root zone method: the UK approach SOURCE: Pages 153-174 in K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds. Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publ., Orlando, FL. STATE: UNITED KINGDOM, ENGLAND STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: WQUAL, ECON PGENUS: PHRAGMITES, SCIRPUS, TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the root zone method of wastewater treatment developed in West Germany and currently being evaluated in the United Kingdom for more than 30 pilot systems. The treatment process is based on bacterial activity in the rhizosphere of Phragmites plants and typically consists of plants grown in a 0.6 m deep bed of soil or gravel, sloped at 2-8%, and fully sealed. The system is aesthetically acceptable, consists of a simple design with relatively low costs and low maintenance, and offers wildlife habitat. Preliminary suggestions for monitoring the program for the root zone beds are presented. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1254 AUTHOR: Cooper, P.F., and J.A. Hobson PUBL. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Sewage treatment by reed bed systems: the present situation in the United Kingdom SOURCE: Pages 153-171 in D.A. Hammer, ed. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. Lewis Publ., Inc., Chelsea, MI. STATE: UNITED KINGDOM STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, SEED, SOIL, LAB, BIOCIDE WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, WQUAL, SUCCESS, ECON PGENUS: PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Several Phragmites australis dominated reed bed treatment systems have been constructed in the United Kingdom to treat sewage from various sources. Construction costs ranged from 50-150 British Pounds/PE. PE= population equivalent based on 56 g BOD5/person/ day and 170 l/person/day. Specific location, size, slope, depth, substrate, flow rate, sewage source, planting time, and PE are given for each site. Performance data are given for several sites that had been active for up to 2 years. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1570 AUTHOR: Coops, H. M. Ohm, and A Nijhuis PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Former tidal wetlands revitalized: nature development in the Dordtse Biesbosoch reserve, the Netherlands SOURCE: Journal of Water, Science, and Technology 29(3):363-365. STATE: NETHERLANDS STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HYDRO, EROSION ACTION: HYDRO, LFORM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: E2-EMI RESPONSE: VEG, HYDRO, SOIL PGENUS: PHRAGMITES CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper discusses efforts to restore vitality to an estuary severely degraded by diminished tides and bank erosion. A series of efforts to restore tidal action included reconstructing breakwaters, lowering a dam and entrance channel, lowering bank profiles, and constructing a new channel. A sediment basin and shallow zones were also created and planted with various helophytes. Finally dykes were removed to promote tidal inundation of the floodplain forests. Annual monitoring has been initiated by an interdiciplinary group which will anually report various hydrologic, sediment, invertebrate, fishery, vegetation, and avian development. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1607 AUTHOR: Corbitt, R.A. and P.T. Bowen PUBL. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment SOURCE: Pages 221-241 in D.M. Kent, editor. Applied wetlands science and technology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 436 pp. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY ACTION: LFORM, CONTAM, PLANT WETLAND TYPE: (E.-..., L.-..., R.-..., PO.-...) RESPONSE: WQUAL, MANY PGENUS: CAREX, THYPA, CLADIUM, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Wetland functions are discusssed as well as the importance of understanding these functions in the application of wetlands for use in wastewater treatment. Treatment processes and mechanisms such as how various types of constructed wetlands work to remove BOD, suspended solids, nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, and metals are reviewed. Considerations in constructing a wastewater treatment wetland include any existing natural wetlands on site, site location, hydrology, soild characteristics, and topography. Loading rates, type of wetland design (FWS vs SFS), plant selection guidelines are offered in addition to suggestions for operating and maintenence of the system. Finally, case studies are reviewed of existing contructed wetland types and efficiency for wastewater treatment. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 183 AUTHOR: Coss, R.D. PUBL. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Wildlife habitats provided by aquatic plant communities of surface mine lakes SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 103 pp. STATE: IL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: INCIDENTAL, GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: L2-AB3, PO-AB3, PO-EM1, L2-EM2, L.-AB1 RESPONSE: FISH, MAMMALS, WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB, AMPHIB, REPT, VEG, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: CHARA, POTAMOGETON, NAJAS, TYPHA, ALISMA, SAGITTARIA, ELEOCHARIS, SCIRPUS, LEERSIA, PHRAGMITES, JUSSIAEA, MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This thesis characterizes the aquatic plant communities of 4 surface mine lakes in Perry County, IL, and evaluates these communities as wildlife habitat. All lakes had water quality sufficient to support aquatic plants; Chara and Potamogeton were the dominant genera. Emergent plant communities developed at only 1 lake; cattle grazing and steep shorelines curtailed growth at the other 3 lakes. Management recommendations for enhancing wildlife habitat by the creation of surface mine lakes included grading to develop topographic variation and to create ample littoral areas protected from wind and wave action and exclusion of cattle from portions of the shoreline. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 184 AUTHOR: Coultas, C.L. PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Transplanting needlerush SOURCE: Pages 117-124 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: SEED, PLANT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: JUNCUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper documents experimentation with transplanting and growth of needlerush. Plants were taken from a marsh at Wakulla Beach, FL; rhizomes and leaves were cut into lengths averaging 6 and 20 cm, respectively. Four factors were examined in various combinations: rhizomes with or without terminal or lateral buds and planting with or without treatments of rootone, a commercial growth regulator. After 6 months' growth in the greenhouse, rhizomes with buds were larger and had more shoots and buds than rhizomes without buds. Rootone had a negative effect on plant growth. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 185 AUTHOR: Coultas, C.L., G.A. Breitenbeck, W.L. Kruczynski, and C.B. Subrahmanyam PUBL. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Vegetative stabilization of dredge spoil in north Florida SOURCE: J. Soil Water Conserv. 33(4):183-185. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, GENERAL ACTION: SEED, PLANT, SPOIL, FERT WETLAND TYPE: E2-US2, E2-EM1, E2-SS1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: UNIOLA, PANICUM, AMMOPHILA, SPARTINA, IVA, BACCHARIS, PASPALUM, MYRICA, PARTHENOCISSUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study was designed to determine the suitability of several grasses for the stabilization of sandy dredged material in supertidal areas of Dickerson Bay near Panancea, FL. The effect of fertilizer on the growth of sea oats, panic grass, and American beachgrass was tested. Results indicated that these grasses were effective in stabilizing the spoil in the supertidal zone. Where the beach is exposed to high energy wave action, prior mechanical stabilization was necessary for the establishment of intertidal vegetation. Plants were treated with 100 lb/acre of 10-10-10 fertilizer twice during the growing season. All plants benefitted, but there was little advantage in applying 200 lb/acre of fertilizer. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 186 AUTHOR: Courser, W.D., and R.R. Lewis PUBL. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: The use of marine revegetation for erosion control on the Palm River, Tampa, Florida SOURCE: Pages 125-136 in D.P. Cole, ed. Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on the restoration and creation of wetlands. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, CASE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: LFORM, PLANT, FERT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, ECON PGENUS: SPARTINA, PASPALUM CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a revegetation project to control erosion along the Palm River, Tampa, FL. Sixty meters of river bank were cleared and excavated; Spartina alterniflora and Paspalum vaginatum were planted. After 7 months, P. vaginatum covered nearly 100% of the planted area. The S. alterniflora survival rate was about 20%; however, surviving plants were well established and spreading rapidly. Bahia sod was installed above these plantings and burlap was used to stabilize planted areas. Installation and plant material costs were about 123/m of shoreline; this was compared to costs for erosion control via a sand-cement bag revetment (approx. 330/m of shoreline). Project area maintenance needs are described. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 187 AUTHOR: Cowell, E.B., and J.M. Baker PUBL. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: Recovery of a salt marsh in Pembrokeshire, south-west Wales, from pollution by crude oil SOURCE: Biol. Conserv. 1(4):291-295. STATE: WALES STUDY TYPE: CASE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-AB1 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: SUAEDA, SALICORNIA, HALIMIONE, ASTER, COCHLEARIA, TRIGLOCHIN, PUCCINELLIA, JUNCUS, LIMONIUM, SPARTINA, ENTEROMORPHA, VAUCHERIA, ULOTHRIX, FESTUCA, GLAUX, PLANTAGO, ARTEMISIA, SPERGULARIA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes the recovery of vegetation at Bentlass Salt Marsh, near Pembroke, southwest Wales, after a spill of 250,000 kg of crude oil in the adjacent Milford Haven Bay on 13 January 1967. Frequency data collected in June 1966-1968 indicated that some plant species were more affected by the spill than other species. In June 1967, Suaeda maritima, Salicornia spp., Halimione portulacoides, and filamentous green algae showed the greatest reduction in frequency; Cochlearia spp., Triglochin maritima, Puccinellia maritima, Juncus gerardii, Limonium humile, and Spartina townsendii showed some reduction; and Festuca rubra, Plantago maritima, Armeria maritima, Artemisia maritima, Glaux maritima, and Spergularia spp. were not significantly lower than prespill levels. By June 1968, most species exhibited some degree of recovery. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 188 AUTHOR: Cox, G.V., and E.B. Cowell PUBL. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Mitigating oil spill damage-- ecologically responsible clean-up SOURCE: Pages 121-128 in G.A. Swanson, Tech. Coord. The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65. STATE: MANY STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, OVERVIEW, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUAL ACTION: CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: M1-..., M2-US2, E2-US., E2-EM1, E2-FO3, L.-..., R.-..., PO-..., M2-RS. RESPONSE: PGENUS: SPARTINA, JUNCUS, PUCCINELLIA, AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper presents an overview of clean-up techniques for mitigating oil spill damage in various wetland types. Techniques include using booms and skimmers, applying solvent-based dispersants, cleaning shores with high pressure waterjets, bulldozing sandy beaches, burning marsh vegetation, and cutting and removing vegetation. The authors urge development of contingency plans prior to oil spill events for the most effective mitigation of damage. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1273 AUTHOR: Cox, R.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Revegetation projects in Orlando Lakes SOURCE: Aquaphyte (7):15. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW OBJECTIVE: HABITAT, GENERAL ACTION: PLANT WETLAND TYPE: PO.-... RESPONSE: NGBIRDS, WFOWL, FISH, VEG, HUSE PGENUS: MANY CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This brief article discusses transplanting cypress trees and other vegetation to lake shores around Orlando, Florida. The author suggests that these transplantings will benefit the total ecosystem as well as improve aesthetics of the shorelines. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1105 AUTHOR: Craft, C.B., S.W. Broome, and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon pools in natural and transplanted marsh soils SOURCE: Estuaries 11(4):272-280. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: SOIL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This study compares soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon pools in both natural and transplanted marshes at five locations along the coast of NC. Three of the natural marshes had organic soil; two were underlain by mineral soils. Findings included: 1) soil organic content was greater in the natural marshes; 2) of the transplanted marshes, the two oldest marshes contained the most macroorganic matter, while the youngest marsh contained the least; and 3) macroorganic nutrient Reservoirs develop in about 15-30 yrs. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 189 AUTHOR: Craft, C.E., S.W. Broome, and E.D. Seneca PUBL. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The role of transplanted marshes in processing nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon in estuarine waters SOURCE: Pages 327-332 in J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing our wetland resources, proceedings of a conference. Natl. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC. STATE: NC STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: SPARTINA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper compares nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon fluxes between an irregularly flooded transplanted Spartina marsh (established the first year of monitoring) and the Pamlico River Estuary, NC. Concentrations of dissolved organic C were significantly higher in waters flowing out of the transplanted marsh. Concentrations of dissolved organic N were higher, although not significantly, in waters flowing out of the transplanted marsh. In contrast, ammonium and phosphates were significantly higher in estuarine water pumped into the marsh. Transplanted marshes serve as sources of dissolved organic materials and as sinks for particulates and inorganic nutrients. The productivity of transplanted marshes appears to be sustained, in part, by external inputs of N and P in estuarine waters. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 190 AUTHOR: Craig, R.M. PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Plants for coastal dunes of the Gulf and South Atlantic coasts and Puerto Rico SOURCE: U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Agric. Inform. Bull. 460. 41 pp. STATE: PUERTO RICO, TX, MS, LA, AL, FL, GA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EROSION ACTION: SEED, PLANT, STABIL WETLAND TYPE: E2-EM1, E2-FO4, E2-SS3, E2-SS1, E2-FO3, E2-FO1, E2-US2, M2-US2 RESPONSE: PGENUS: PANICUM, CYNODON, SPARTINA, CENCHRUS, SCHIZACHYRIUM, UNIOLA, SPOROBOLUS, PASPALUM, DISTICHLIS, STENOTAPHRUM, EUSTACHYS, CASSIA, CANAVALIA, SESUVIUM, GAILLARDIA, HELIANTHUS, IPOMOEA, HYDROCOTYLE, CASUARINA, SURIANA, CONOCARPUS, SABAL, PRUNUS, COCOS, CHRYSOBALANUS, QUERCUS, COCCOLOBA, MYRICA, YUCCA, ERNODEA, OPUNTIA, DALBERGIA, SCAEVOLA, LANTANA, SERENOA, TOURNEFORTIA, IVA, CROTON, ILEX CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report discusses revegetation of coastal dunes along the Gulf and South Atlantic Coasts and Puerto Rico. The section on planning includes a brief discussion of walkways, sand-trapping devices, and surface mulch. Descriptions of individual species of grasses (13 species), other herbaceous plants (9 species), trees (11 species), and shrubs (10 species) include recommended propagation techniques. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 191 AUTHOR: Crandall, M.E., and J.L. Lindsey PUBL. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Establishment of controlled freshwater diversions of the Mississippi River into the Louisiana coastal zone SOURCE: Pages 139-146 in R.D. Cross and D.L. Williams, eds. Proceedings of the national symposium on freshwater inflow to estuaries. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., FWS/OBS-81/04. STATE: LA STUDY TYPE: PROGRAM, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EROSION, INCIDENTAL ACTION: LFORM, HYDRO WETLAND TYPE: E2-... RESPONSE: FISH PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper provides an overview of the Louisiana coastal program and how this program, which started in the 1970's, led to the development of guidelines for regulating the deterioration of coastal wetlands. Solutions included establishing and implementing guidelines designed to restore or mimic the natural processes of the wetlands. A potential exists for increasing wetland areas by using freshwater sites to divert water and sediment to the problem areas. A small scale project in the St. Bernard Parish was dredged in the early 1960's and resulted in increased salinity and erosion levels. The restoration effort included the construction of a siphon to deliver fresh water from February-March, the period of traditional overbank flooding. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 192 AUTHOR: Crawford, R.D., and J.A. Rossiter PUBL. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: General design considerations in creating artificial wetlands for wildlife SOURCE: Pages 44-47 in W.D. Svedarsky and R.D. Crawford, eds. Wildlife values of gravel pits. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Misc. Publ. 17-1982. STATE: ND STUDY TYPE: OVERVIEW, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: HABITAT ACTION: LFORM, SOIL, SPOIL WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1, PO-... RESPONSE: WFOWL, NGBIRDS, SHOREB PGENUS: TYPHA, SCIRPUS CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper describes a monitoring study of 18 constructed wetland basins in Pembina, Pierce, and Barnes Counties, ND. All were 3-5 years old. Four natural basin wetlands were compared. A brief overview of the first 2 years of the study is provided. Design recommendations include discussion of bottom contouring, vegetative growth, clay sealing for prevention of leakage, use of hay to accelerate development of detritus food chain, use of muck from existing wetlands for seed bank and organic matter, island construction, shoreline slope considerations, and upland vegetation management. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 193 AUTHOR: Crewz, D.W., and M.D. Moffler PUBL. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: An evaluation of air-layering with three species of mangroves SOURCE: Pages 46-61 in F.J. Webb, ed. Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on wetland restoration and creation. Hillsborough Commun. Coll., Tampa, FL. STATE: FL STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT ACTION: PLANT, FERT, LAB WETLAND TYPE: E2-FO3 RESPONSE: VEG PGENUS: AVICENNIA, LAGUNCULARIA, RHIZOPHORA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Air-layering was effective for the propagation of white mangroves, but not for black or red mangroves. Production of air layers may take a year; white mangrove forms an adequate root system in 4-6 months. Application of hormones and osmotic agents had no significant effects on rooting of mangroves. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 194 AUTHOR: Crossman, J.S., J. Cairns, Jr., and R.L. Kaesler PUBL. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Aquatic invertebrate recovery in the Clinch River following hazardous spills and floods SOURCE: Virginia Polytech. Inst. St. Univ., Water Resour. Cent., Blacksburg, Bull. 63. 66 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: TECHNIQUE, COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: GENERAL, HABITAT ACTION: CONTAM, MODEL WETLAND TYPE: R3-..., R2-... RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, HYDRO, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This paper evaluates the recovery of benthic macroinvertebrates and fish in the Clinch River in southwestern VA following 2 major industrial contaminant spills and flooding. A spill from a fly-ash holding pond in 1967 and a sulfuric acid spill in 1970 eliminated benthic organisms and killed approximately 5,300 fish. Four stations above the spill site served as control stations and 12 sites below the spill were surveyed to assess recovery. Cluster analysis of the data provided information on species density, diversity, and recolonization rate. Comparative charts on species diversity, tolerance, and density are included. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1497 AUTHOR: Crumpton, W.G., T.M. Isenhart, and S.W. Fisher PUBL. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Fate of non-point source nitrate loads in freshwater wetlands: results from experimental wetland mesocosms SOURCE: Pages 283-291 in G.A. Moshiri, ed. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 632 pp. STATE: IA STUDY TYPE: CASE, TECHNIQUE OBJECTIVE: WQUALITY, EXPERIMENT ACTION: SOIL, PLANT, HYDRO, CONTAM WETLAND TYPE: PO-EM1 RESPONSE: VEG, CHEM PGENUS: TYPHA CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: Forty-eight experimental wetland mesocosms were set up to gain a better understanding of water quality functions of wetlands by controlling physical forcing functions. Tanks were filled with sediment, planted with Typha rhizomes, and flooded. Fertilizer injectors were used for the controlled addition of chemicals into the irrigation water. Batch dose studies, flowthrough mass balance studies, and direct measurements of transformations to determine assimilation capacities of wetlands on nitrate loading, phosphorus addition, and sediment loading were conducted. At the end of the second growing season cattail densities were 65.2 shoots/m2 and the mesocosms reasonably simulated emergent wetlands. Eighty percent or better nitrate retention occured with residence times of one week and loading rates of 3-15 mg/L of nitrate nitrogen. Further studies testing the effectiveness of nitrate sinks in wetlands are underway. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 195 AUTHOR: Cumming, K.B., and D.M. Hill PUBL. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: Stream faunal recovery after manganese strip mine reclamation SOURCE: U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Water Pollut. Control Res. Ser. No. 18050 DOH 06/71. 36 pp. STATE: VA STUDY TYPE: COMPARATIVE OBJECTIVE: EXPERIMENT, GENERAL ACTION: CONTAM, LAB WETLAND TYPE: R.-..., R4-SB., R.-UB1, R.-UB3 RESPONSE: FISH, INVERT, CHEM, WQUAL PGENUS: NONE CONTRIBUTOR: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center ANNOTATION: This report compares some of the chemical, physical, and biological parameters of streams draining manganese strip mine spoils in 3 stages of reclamation within the upper drainage of the South Fork of the Holston River, Smyth County, VA. Spoil reclamation stages were classified as reclaimed, partially reclaimed, and unreclaimed; details of reclamation are not included in the report. Seasonal monitoring indicated that the community structure of fish and benthic macroinvertebrates in these streams remains severely depressed until complete reclamation of the spoils has been accomplished. Six years after reclamation, only the faunal community in the stream draining the fully reclaimed area has recovered. Siltation and turbidity appeared to be the limiting factors in recovery of faunal communities. KEYWORDS: =============================================================================== NUMBER: 1026 AUTHOR: Cuneo, K.L.C. PUBL. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A predictive formula for use in planning salt marsh restorations in San Francisco Bay, California SOURCE: