Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
These two fields are entered and used to create the Contributed By field in the bibliography. Entries with Midcontinent Ecological Science Center in the Contributed By field are original entries in the bibliography.
The first author of an article is entered last name first, followed by a space and then the author's initials. Subsequent authors are entered initials first, followed by their last names. Periods follow initials.Title
Name of the article.Year
The publication year of the article.Source
Name of the publication in which the article is found, including page number(s).
Location of the wetland or wetlands being created or restored. State names are abbreviated according to U.S. postal code. Up to 10 states are listed individually; more than 10 states (or general articles) are recorded as "MANY." For articles or studies outside the U.S., this field contains the name of the country in which the study was done.
This keyword field describes the nature of the study or article by any combination of the following keywords:ProgramThis refers to articles that emphasize the legal, regulatory, institutional, or administrative aspects of wetland creation or restoration. It includes the development of project guidelines, management plans or programs, and federal/state policies.
OverviewThis denotes a general survey or summary that does not report specific results. Subjects for overview articles include general summaries of wetland restoration projects; general reasons for the success or failure of restoration efforts; site surveys; and overviews of costs, environmental conditions, or functions of restored or created wetlands.
TechniqueArticles coded for technique emphasize methods or procedures used in restoring or creating wetland areas. Some examples are seedling culture, seedling anchoring, planting methods, propagation, aerial photography, and techniques for improving water quality.
CaseA case study describes or evaluates a particular wetland creation/restoration at a specific site.
ComparativeA comparative article includes information on multiple sites or actions. It may compare several case studies, evaluate similarities or differences in the results of several creation/restoration projects, or examine similarities and differences between natural and artificial wetlands.
The objective is the reason, emphasized in the text of the publication, for the creation or restoration of a wetland. Usually it is based on the functions performed by the wetland and resultant wetland values. There are eight keywords in this field and they appear in abbreviated form. Any combination of keywords can be used.HabitatThe wetland creation/restoration effort results in enhanced wetland habitat or food chain support for birds, mammals, fish, invertebrates, reptiles, or amphibians.
HarvestThe wetland creation/restoration effort is directed toward the production of food or fiber (e.g., timber, wild rice, oysters, crayfish).
ErosionThe wetland is created/restored to control erosion or stabilize shoreline and sediment.
HydroThis keyword refers to hydrologic value derived from the wetland creation/restoration effort. The hydrologic functions of a wetland may include flood control, water supply, groundwater recharge, or stormwater retention.
WqualityThe created/restored wetland improves water quality through filtration of contaminants such as heavy metals, sediment trapping, nutrient sink functions, wastewater treatment, reduction of pollutant load from urban or agricultural runoff, or uptake of dissolved pollutants by wetland plants. This also refers to the clean-up of contaminated waters as part of the restoration process.
ExperimentCreation or restoration activities were undertaken as part of a formal experiment (may be laboratory or field).
IncidentalA wetland is created without intention or calculation, as a consequence of some other project or action, such as construction of highways or reservoirs.
GeneralGeneral is a frequently coded objective. It is used when specific objectives are not clearly identified. Some examples of general include aesthetics, research, recreation, and replacement or compensation for wetlands that have been damaged or destroyed (mitigation).
This field describes the procedures, activities, and methods employed in the creation or restoration of a wetland; such actions are undertaken to achieve the objective(s) defined in the previously described field. This category of action includes 15 keywords, described as follows, and abbreviated as they appear in the data base.LformThis is the modification of topography, landforming, and earthmoving. Some examples are dike or levee construction or breaching, changing the elevation of the site, channel construction or blocking, construction of wildlife habitat features (ponds, nesting sites), backfilling, grading, and contouring.
SpoilThis is a special case of "lform" involving the use of dredged materials (spoil) for wetland creation (e.g., salt marsh creation on dredged material, diking and filling with dredged material).
SeedThis is the dissemination of seeds by artificial means. It includes the use of mulch as a seed source.
PlantThe artificial introduction of plants as part of the wetland creation or restoration process includes planting seedlings, transplants, or cuttings.
SoilThe addition of soil, including peat or topsoil, to the wetland creation/restoration site, includes surface preparation such as disking or the removal of debris and litter. Peat inoculation also may be coded as "seed" if its role as a seed source is discussed.
StockStocking is the artificial introduction of animals to the wetland project site.
HydroThis action refers to active manipulation of the hydrologic regime such as stop-log spillway operation, drainage, or pumping. It does not include those actions described under "lform".
BiocideThe application of biocides is a management action to remove undesirable species. For example, herbicides may be applied to remove unwanted plant species prior to the planting of preferred species.
CutThe removal of vegetation by thinning, cutting, or mowing is a management action to maintain or encourage growth of desirable plant species.
FertFertilization includes the application of chemical fertilizer, hormones, rooting agents, or commercial growth regulators. For the purposes of this data base, it does not include peat, topsoil, or organic matter; these are entered under "soil".
FireThis keyword refers to the employment of prescribed burning as a management tool in wetland creation, restoration, or maintenance.
StabilThis keyword denotes the use of riprap, wave breaks, or mesh to stabilize shoreline or substrate, or to reduce wave energy or stress. It also includes containment structures (e.g., use of hay bales for containing dredged material), concrete revetments, bulkheads, sod, and burlap for stabilization of planted areas.
ContamIn some cases, the removal of existing contaminants (or sources of contamination) is part of a wetland creation or restoration project. Water quality improvements and site recovery following a major pollution event (e.g., an oil spill) are included. This keyword also denotes the presence of specific contaminants at the wetland site that may affect creation/restoration activities or responses.
ModelThis keyword describes the use of explicit spatial or temporal models (e.g., simulation, optimization, vegetation mapping) for planning or evaluating wetland creation or restoration projects. It includes the use of aerial imagery for the analysis of community types.
LabThis keyword refers to laboratory or small plot experiments under controlled conditions. It includes the evaluation of effects of salinity, temperature, depth, and turbidity on plant growth; demonstration of vegetative culture techniques; analysis of vegetative adaptation to low oxygen supply and ammonia; and the determination of the viability, germination, and storage requirements of seeds.
This field describes reactions to or results of the creation/restoration effort in terms of variables that can be measured, monitored, or evaluated. The observed results of the project, data collection, and monitoring are included in this field. Any combination of keywords can be used.NgbirdsThis group includes all nongame birds except shorebirds and nongame waterfowl.
WfowlThis group includes waterfowl and all game birds.
ShoredThis group includes all wading birds, seabirds, and other shorebirds.
MammalsThis group includes all mammals.
AmphibAll amphibians are included in this group.
ReptAll reptiles are included in this group.
InvertsThis group includes all invertebrates, except shellfish of commercial value. It also includes all mosquito control responses.
ShellfThis group consists exclusively of shellfish with commercial value.
FishThis group includes all fish.
VegResponses may be recorded for natural vegetation or artificially established vegetation. Examples of responses include survival rate, growth rate, biomass, species diversity, colonization success, and tolerance to flooding.
HuseThis refers to human use of the created or restored wetland. It includes recreation, education, research, and aesthetic appeal.
HydroThis keyword denotes the measurement of hydrologic variables: flood control, hydroperiod, water supply, flow stabilization, groundwater recharge or discharge, and stormwater retention.
SoilThis keyword describes the physical characteristics of soil and sediment, such as temperature, elevation, and shoreline or sediment stabilization.
WqualWater quality measurements include turbidity, temperature, trophic state, sediment trapping, and monitoring of pH, ammonia, BOD, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients.
EconThis keyword indicates that an article contains some specific reference to the economics of the restoration/creation project. Examples include economic analysis; cost comparisons; dollar benefits; labor requirements; costs of monitoring, labor, planting, or equipment; criteria for estimating project costs; economic impacts of restoration efforts; project costs; economic impacts of restoration efforts; and project feasibility.
ChemChemical concentrations are measured or monitored for other variables in the response field, such as vegetation, water quality, or soil. Thus, "chem" is always coded with other keywords such as "veg", "wqual", or "soil".
SuccessThis keyword denotes specific information regarding the evaluation of the success of a wetland restoration or creation project. It may include monitoring a site over a longer than usual period of time, guidelines for determining mitigation success, an evaluation of restoration or creation results in terms of actual wetland functions and values, or development of criteria for success.
This field describes the plants that are significant in a particular study; only the genus is recorded. "MANY" may be used alone or at the end of a list when a large number of plants are included in the text or tables of a publication.
The annotation is a brief summary or description of the article; it is generally 9-14 lines in length, and at a level of originality and fair use not requiring copyright permission. The annotation includes site descriptions and important details not described by the keywords or other fields of the data base. Study results and recommendations are briefly presented. Under no conditions should the ANNOTATION field be used as a substitute for reading the actual publication. It is provided only as an aid in determining whether a particular publication would be pertinent.
This field describes the subject wetland using National Wetland Inventory codes (Cowardin et al. 1979) in a System subsystem-Class subclass format (Table 1). The placeholder symbol "." is used when there is no identified or specified entry for subsystem, class, or subclass. For example, E2-EM1 describes Estuarine intertidal-Emergent persistent. PO-EM describes Palustrine-Emergent with "." as a placeholder when no subclass (in this case, persistent or nonpersistent) is specified. Note that because palustrine has no subsystem modifiers, "O" always follows "P" as a placeholder. All records contain an entry for wetland type. For general or overview articles or reports, all five systems are listed (E.-..., L.- ..., R.-..., PO.-...). The. term riparian (abbreviated RIPAR in the data base) has been added to this field even though it is not part of the Cowardin et al. (1979) system.
Table 1. Codes used for wetland classification.
Classification Code
System Subsystem Marine Subtidal M1 Intertidal M2 Estuarine Subtidal E1 Intertidal E2 Lacustrine Limnetic L1 Littoral L2 Riverine Tidal R1 Lower perennial R2 Upper perennial R3 Intermittent R4 Palustrine PO Class Subclass Emergent Persistent EM1 Nonpersistent M2 Aquatic bed Algal AB1 Aquatic moss AB2 Rooted vascular AB3 Floating vascular AB4 Moss/Lichen Moss ML1 Lichen ML2 Scrub/shrub Broad-leaved deciduous SS1 Needle-leaved deciduous SS2 Broad-leaved evergreen SS3 Needle-leaved evergreen SS4 Forested Broad-leaved deciduous FO1 Needle-leaved deciduous FO2 Broad-leaved evergreen FO3 Needle-leaved evergreen FO4 Unconsolidated bottom Cobble/gravel UB1 Sand UB2 Mud UB3 Organic UB4 Rock bottom Bedrock RB1 Rubble RB2 Streambed Bedrock SB1 Rubble SB2 Cobble/gravel SB3 Sand SB4 Mud SB5 Organic SB6 Vegetated SB7 Unconsolidated shore Cobble/gravel US1 Sand US2 Mud US3 Organic US4 Vegetated US5 Rocky Shore Bedrock RS1 Rubble RS2 Reef Coral RF1 Mollusk RF2 Worm RF3 Additional Riparian RIPAR Examples Estuarine Spartina stand E2-EM1 Palustrine sago pondweed bed PO-AB3 Intermittent stream, unknown bed R4-... Lake, unknown bottom L.-...
U.S. Department of the Interior |
U.S. Geological Survey
URL: http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/wetresto/explain.htm
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