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Kantrud, H. A. 1986. Effects of vegetation manipulation on breeding 
     waterfowl in prairie wetlands-a literature review. U.S. Fish Wildl. 
     Serv., Fish Wildl. Tech. Rep. 3. 15 pp.

ENTRY NUMBER: 122 (Annotated Bibliography) 

ANNOTATION:   Literature on the effects of fire and grazing on prairie 
              wetlands used by breeding waterfowl is reviewed. Nearly all 
              studies to date indicate that reductions in height and density 
              of tall, emergent hydrophytes by fire and grazing (unless very 
              intensive) benefit breeding waterfowl. Pair densities increase 
              in manipulated habitats, probably from increased interspersion 
              of cover and open water and increased invertebrate food 
              resources. Data are not yet available to provide specific fire 
              prescriptions for prairie wetlands. The need for research to 
              evaluate alternate management schemes is emphasized. [From 
              author's abstract]