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Human Disturbances to Waterfowl

Annotated Bibliography

197. van der Zande, A. N., W. J. ter Keurs, and W. J. van der Weuden. 1980. The impact of roads on the densities of four bird species in an open field habitat--evidence of a long-distance effect. Biological Conservation 18:299-321.

We decided to include this paper although it does not deal with waterfowl because it may be of use to researchers of disturbance. On page 308 of this publication, two concepts, disturbance distance and disturbance intensity, are introduced. Roads may affect animal communities in various ways. One such way is "disturbance," i.e., emission of stimuli to which animals may respond by avoiding the vicinity of the road. The extent, intensity, and mechanism of this effect is almost entirely unknown.

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