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Human Disturbances to Waterfowl

Annotated Bibliography

195. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Migratory nongame birds of management concern in the United States: the 1987 list. Office of Migratory Bird Management, Washington, D.C. 27 pp. + app.

From a section on Major Threats to Listed Species, human disturbance was viewed as the second greatest threat, being mentioned in 20% of the references and attributed as a problem for 13 species. Species most impacted by human disturbance are the marsh/wading birds, birds of prey, and marine/shore birds, and species associated with coastal and freshwater wetlands and beaches. Species most often mentioned as suffering from human disturbance were common loon (Gavia immer), trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), and roseate tern (Sterna dougallii).

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