Human Disturbances to Waterfowl

Annotated Bibliography

194. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1976. Environmental impact assessment: effect of boating on management of Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge. (P.O. Box 3737, Portland, OR 97208). June, 1976.

Percent nest success of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) and redheads (Aythya americana) on Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge for nests hatching before and after opening on June 13 to power boats. Sample sizes of nests are in parentheses (adapted).

	                                                           
  Species               Before boating                    With boating    
	                                                           
  Boating Area                                  
     Canvasback             91 (33)                          57 (7)
     Redhead                92 (13)                          83 (12)
                                                    
  Control Area                                  
     Canvasback             95 (21)                          90 (10)
     Redhead               100 (73)                          92 (12)

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