Human Disturbances to Waterfowl
Annotated Bibliography
Barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) react most often to passing aircraft, moderately often to man, and least often to other birds and farm stock. Barnacle geese spend most of the day in feeding. Close observation of wintering flocks at Caerlaverock one complete winter season resulted in 203 witnessed disturbances of the flock: 33 by man on the ground (16.2%), 71 by aircraft (35%), 15 by other birds (7.3%), 3 by farm stock (1.5%), and 81 cause unknown (40%).
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