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Human Disturbances to Waterfowl

Annotated Bibliography

111. Knittle, C. E., and R. D. Porter. 1988. Waterfowl damage and control methods in ripening grain: an overview. Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 14, U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 17 pp.

Many methods are available to reduce losses, but success varies. Hazing with exploders, shotguns, rifles, and pyrotechnic devices; scarecrows of many descriptions; and aircraft can all be used to haze and frighten waterfowl.

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