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Human Disturbances to Waterfowl

Annotated Bibliography

109. Kalmbach, E. R. 1937. Crow-waterfowl relationships: based on preliminary studies on Canadian breeding grounds. U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular 433. 36 pp.

The author emphasized strongly that careless intrusion of humans into duck-nesting areas creates a serious hazard, for incubating ducks may then be flushed in the presence of American crows (Corvus brachyrynchos) and the suddenly uncovered eggs left exposed to view. This is the reason that breeding grounds should be carefully guarded against trespass during nesting.

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