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Human Disturbances to Waterfowl

Annotated Bibliography

101. Jessen, R. L., J. P. Lindmeier, and R. E. Farmes. 1964. A study of duck nesting and production as related to land use in Mahnomen County, Minnesota. Pages 26-85 in J. B. Moyle, ed. Ducks and land use in Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish Technical Bulletin No. 8.

Mean flushing distance (feet/meters) of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and blue-winged teal (Anas discors) hens as related to stage of nesting and to repeated visits to the nest (adapted, sample sizes not shown).

	                                                           
                                     _________Stage of nesting_______
                                     Laying         Early        Late   
                                                  incubation   
	                                                           
Mallard           1st visit           20/6           6/2          5/2     
                  2nd visit           24/2          15/5         19/6     

Teal              1st visit            7/2           2/1        No data  
                  2nd visit            4/1           6/2        No data

The authors believed that predation is not significantly increased when reasonable care is exercised by the observer in approaching nests. Nest losses from human intrusion were due primarily to desertion by hens. Increased predation loss because of human intrusion was unimportant.

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