Human Disturbances to Waterfowl

Annotated Bibliography

94. Hochbaum, H. A. 1944. The canvasback on a prairie marsh. American Wildlife Institute, Washington, D.C. 201 pp.

When flushed from the nest during egg-laying and early-incubation periods, female canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) invariably leave by way a lane, swimming to open water, and then flying if approached too closely. Some leave while the canoe is still a quarter mile (0.4 km) or more away. Towards the end of incubation the female sits closely, flushing directly from the nest when the intruder is a few yards away. After absences induced by disturbance, the hen may return to find her brood dispersed and may fail to retrieve them all.

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