Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center

Human Disturbances to Waterfowl

Annotated Bibliography


30. Campbell, L. H. 1978. Patterns of distribution and behavior of flocks of seaducks wintering at Leith and Musselburgh, Scotland. Biological Conservation 14:111-124.

During 1972-73 there was considerable activity on the shore that affected greater scaup (Aythya marila), common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), and common eiders (Somateria mollissima) between Leith and Seafield sewers, while the retaining walls for land reclamation at the new sewage works were under construction and completed by 1974-75. It seemed that the observed change in distribution pattern was a short-term response to localized increases in disturbance levels.


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