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Covell CV Jr. 1984. A field guide to the moths of eastern North America. Boston: 
     Houghton Mifflin. 496 p.

Crumb SE. 1956. The caterpillars of the Phalaenidae. Tech. Bull. 1135. 
     Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. 356 p.

Drooz AT, ed. 1989. Insects of eastern forests. Misc. Publ. 1426. Washington, 
     DC: USDA Forest Service. 608 p.

Forbes WTM. 1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states: 1. 
     Primitive forms, Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. Memoir 68. Ithaca, 
     NY: Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. 729 p.

Forbes WTM. 1948. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states: 2. 
     Geometridae, Sphingidae, Notodontidae, Lymantriidae. Memoir 274. Ithaca, 
     NY: Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. 263 p.

Forbes WTM. 1954. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states: 3. 
     Noctuidae. Memoir 329. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Agricultural 
     Experiment Station. 433 p.

Forbes WTM. 1960. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states: 4. 
     Agaristidae through Nymphalidae including butterflies. Memoir 371. 
     Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. 188 p.

Godfrey GL. 1972. A review and reclassification of caterpillars of the subfamily 
     Hadeninae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of America north of Mexico. Tech. Bull. 
     1450. Washington, DC. 265 p.

Ives WGH, Wong HR. 1988. Tree and shrub insects of the Prairie Provinces. Info. 
     Rep. NOR-X-292. Edmonton, AB: Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forest 
     Centre. 327 p.

Johnson WT, Lyon WH. 1991. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. 2d ed. Ithaca, 
     NY: Cornell University Press. 560 p.

McCabe T. 1991 [1990]. Atlas of Adirondack caterpillars. Mus. Bull. 470. Albany 
     NY: State Education Department/New York State Museum. 114 p.

McGuffin WC. 1958. Larvae of the Nearctic Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). 
     Canadian Entomologist 90:1-104.

McGuffin WC. 1967. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera): 1. Subfamily 
     Sterrhinae. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 50: 1-67.

McGuffin WC. 1972. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera): 2. Subfamily 
     Ennominae, part 1. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 86: 1-159.

McGuffin WC. 1977. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera): 2. Subfamily 
     Ennominae, part 2. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 101: 1-191.

McGuffin WC. 1981. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera): 3. Subfamily 
     Ennominae, part 3. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 117: 1-153.

McGugan BM, comp. 1958. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada recorded by the Forest Insect 
     Survey. Volume 1, Papilionidae to Arctiidae. Publ. 1034. Ottawa, ON: Canada 
     Department of Agriculture, Forest Biology Division: 1-76.

Miller JC. 1995. Caterpillars of Pacific Northwest forests and woodlands. 
     FHM-NC-06-95. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service, National Center of Forest 
     Health Management. 80 p.

Prentice RM, comp. 1962. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada recorded by the Forest 
     Insect Survey. Volume 2, Nycteolidae, Notodontidae, Noctuidae, Liparidae. 
     Publ. 128. Ottawa, ON: Canada Department of Forestry: 77-281.

Prentice RM, comp. 1963. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada recorded by the Forest 
     Insect Survey. Volume 3, Lasiocampidae, Drepanidae, Thyatiridae, Geometridae. 
     Publ. 1013. Ottawa, ON: Canada Department of Forestry: 282-543.

Prentice RM, comp. 1965. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada recorded by the Forest 
     Insect Survey. Volume 4, Microlepidoptera. Publ. 1142. Ottawa, ON: Canada 
     Department of Forestry: 544-840.

Solomon JD. 1995. Guide to insect borers in North American broadleaf trees and 
     shrubs. Agric. Handbk. 706. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service: 3-212.

Stehr FW, ed. 1987. Immature insects. Volume 1. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt 
     Publishers. 754 p.

Tietz HM. 1972. An index to the described life histories, early stages and hosts 
     of the Macrolepidoptera of the continental United States and Canada. 
     Sarasota, FL: Allyn Museum of Entomology. 1041 p.

Villiard P. 1969. Moths and how to rear them. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. 242 p.

Wright AB. 1993. Peterson first guide to caterpillars. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 
     128 p.