Ecological Effects of Fire Retardant
Chemicals and Fire Suppressant Foams
Publications
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Larson, D.L. and W.E. Newton. 1996. Effects of fire suppressant foam on
vegetation in North Dakota prairie. Pages 123-127 In Proceedings
International Wildland Fire Foam Symposium and Workshop (compiled
by G.S. Ramsey), Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, May 3-5, 1994.
Published by Natural Resources Canada, Petawawa National Forestry
Institute, Information Report PI-X-123.
Larson, D.L. and W.E. Newton. 1996. Effects of fire retardant chemicals
and fire suppressant foam on North Dakota prairie vegetation.
Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science 50: 137-144.
Larson, D.L., W.E. Newton, P.J. Anderson, and S.J. Stein. Submitted.
Effects of fire retardant chemical and fire suppressant foam on
shrub steppe vegetation in northern Nevada. Submitted to journal
review 10/10/97 - NOT YET AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION.
Vyas, N.B., and E.F. Hill. 1996. Toxicity of fire retardant chemicals and
fire suppressant foams to vertebrate and invertebrate wildlife species.
Pages 128-131 In Proceedings International Wildland Fire Foam Symposium
and Workshop (compiled by G.S. Ramsey), Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada,
May 3-5, 1994. Published by Natural Resources Canada, Petawawa National
Forestry Institute, Information Report PI-X- 123.
Vyas, N.B., J.W. Spann, and E.F. Hill. 1996. Effects of Silv-Ex on terrestrial
wildlife. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science 50: 150-151.
Aquatic - Laboratory.
Hamilton, S.J., S.F. McDonald, M.P. Gaikowski, and K.J. Buhl. 1996. Toxicity of fire retardant chemicals to aquatic organisms: Progress report. Pages 132-144 In Proceedings International Wildland Fire Foam Symposium and Workshop (compiled by G.S. Ramsey), Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, May 3-5, 1994. Published by Natural Resources Canada, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Information Report PI-X- 123. McDonald, S.F., S.J. Hamilton, K.J. Buhl, and J.F. Heisinger. 1996. Acute toxicity of fire control chemicals to Daphnia magna (Straus) and Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 32:62-72. Gaikowski, M.P., S.J. Hamilton, K.J. Buhl, S.F. McDonald, and C.H. Summers. 1996. The acute toxicity of three fire- retardant and two fire- suppressant foam formulations to the early life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:1365-1374. Gaikowski, M.P., S.J. Hamilton, K.J. Buhl, S.F. McDonald, and C.H. Summers. 1996. Acute toxicity of firefighting chemical formulations to four life stages of fathead minnow. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 34:252-263. McDonald, S.F., S.J. Hamilton, K.J. Buhl, and J.F. Heisinger. 1997. Acute toxicity of fire-retardant and foam-suppressant chemicals to Hyalella azteca (Saussure). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16:1370-1376. Buhl, K.J., and S.J. Hamilton. 1997. Acute toxicity of fire-retardant and foam- suppressant chemicals to early life stages of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (In press 9/15/97). Buhl, K.J., and S.J. Hamilton. 1997. Acute toxicity of fire-retardant, foam- suppressant, and nitrogenous chemicals, and surfactants to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (In in-house review 3/31/97).
Aquatic Ecosystem -- Field.
Finger, S.E. 1996. Environmental implications of fire-fighting chemicals:
A summary of current research by the National Biological Survey.
Pages 119-122 In Proceedings International Wildland Fire Foam
Symposium and Workshop (compiled by G.S. Ramsey), Thunder Bay,
Ontario, Canada, May 3-5, 1994. Published by Natural Resources
Canada, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Information Report
PI-X-123.
Poulton, B.C. and S.E. Finger. 1996. Effects of fire retardant foams on a
prairie wetland ecosystem -- A study of the North Dakota prairie
wetland community. Pages 145-151 In Proceedings International
Wildland Fire Foam Symposium and Workshop (compiled by G.S. Ramsey),
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, May 3-5, 1994. Published by Natural
Resources Canada, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Information
Report PI-X-123.
Poulton, B.C. 1996. Effects of two fire suppressant foams on benthic
invertebrates colonizing artificial substrates in portable
limnocorrals. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of
Science 50: 145-149.
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