Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
ABC Laboratories. (1986a). Acute Toxicity of PC-D75R to Fathead Minnows
(Pimephales promelas). Report No. 34902, Analytical Bio-Chemistry
Laboratories, Columbia, MO. [Contract report submitted to Monsanto
Co., St. Louis, MO]
ABC Laboratories. (1986b). Acute Toxicity of PC-D75R to Rainbow Trout (Salmo
gairdneri). Report No. 35089, Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories,
Columbia, MO. [Contract report submitted to Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO.]
ABC Laboratories. (1986c). Acute Toxicity of PC-WD861 to Rainbow Trout (Salmo
gairdneri). Report No. 34904, Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories,
Columbia, MO. [Contract report submitted to Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO.]
ABC Laboratories. (1988). Acute Toxicity of PC-WD881 to Rainbow Trout (Salmo
gairdneri). Report No. 36856, Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories,
Columbia, MO. [Contract report submitted to Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO.]
Ansul (1991). Extinguishing Agent Data Sheet, Silv-Ex "Class A" Fire Control
Concentrate. Ansul Fire Protection, Marinette, WI.
APHA/AWWA/WPCF. (1989). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 17th ed. American Public Health Association/American Water
Works Association/Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, DC.
ASTM (1989). Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes,
macroinvertebrates, and amphibians. In Annual Book of American Society for
Testing and Materials Standards, Vol. 11.04, pp. 378-397, E 729-88a.
Philadelphia, PA.
Blahm, T.H., and Snyder, G.R. (1973). Effect of Chemical Fire Retardants on the
Survival of Juvenile Salmonids. National Marine Fisheries Service,
Environmental Facility, Prescott, OR. Research Contract No.
53500-CT2-85(N) 1973, Bureau of Land Management.
Bock, K.J. (1967). Uber die Wirkung der Grenzflächenaktivität auf Fische. Münchn.
Beitr. Abwasser., Fisch Flussbiol. 9, 110-117.
Chemonics (1992a). Fire-Trol GTS-R Material Safety Data Sheet. Chemonics
Industries, Inc., Phoenix, AZ.
Chemonics (1992b). Fire-Trol LCG-R Material Safety Data Sheet. Chemonics
Industries, Inc., Phoenix, AZ.
Colt, J., and Tchobanoglous, G. (1976). Evaluation of the short-term toxicity of
nitrogenous compounds to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.
Aquaculture 8, 209-224.
Conover, W.J. (1980). Practical Nonparametric Statistics. 2nd ed. Wiley,
New York.
Dobie, J.O., Meehean, O.L., Snieszko, S.F., and Washburn, G.N. (1956).
Raising Bait Fishes. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular No. 35.
Dodge, M. (1970). Nitrate poisoning, fire retardants, and fertilizers--Any
connection? J. Range Manage. 23, 244-247.
Gaikowski, M.P. (1994). The Acute Toxicity of Three Fire-Retardant and Two
Fire-Suppressant Foam Formulations to the Early Life Stages of Rainbow
Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas).
Master's thesis, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD.
George, C.W. (1992). Improving the Performance of Fire-Retardant Delivery Systems on
Fixed-Wing Aircraft. Research Note INT-400, U.S. Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station, Missoula, MT.
Hach (1992). Hach Water Analysis Handbook, 2nd ed. Hach Company.
Helenius, A., and Simons, K. (1975). Solubilization of membranes by detergents.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 415, 29-79.
Hokanson, K.E.F., and Smith, L.L. JR. (1971). Some factors influencing toxicity of
linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) to the bluegill. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
100, 1-12.
Holman, W.F., and Macek, K.J. (1980). An aquatic safety assessment of linear
alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS): Chronic effects on fathead minnows. Trans.
Am. Fish. Soc. 109, 122-131.
Inman, R.C. (1974). Acute Toxicity of Phos-Check (Trade Name) 202 and Diammonium
Phosphate to Fathead Minnows. Report No. AD/A-006 122, U.S. Air Force
Environmental Health Laboratory, Kelly AFB, TX.
Johnson, W.W., and Sanders, H.O. (1977). Chemical Forest Fire Retardants: Acute
Toxicity to Five Freshwater Fishes and a Scud. Technical Paper 91,
Washington, DC., U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Lord, R.F. Jr. (1927). Notes on the use of the blackhead minnow, Pimephales
promelas, as a forage fish. Tran. Am. Fish. Soc. 57, 92-99.
Manner, H.W., and Muehleman, C. (1976). LAS inhibition of diffusion and uptake
of tritiated uridine during teleost embryogenesis. Environ. Biol. Fish. 1,
81-84.
McKim, J.M., Arthur, J.W., and Thorslund, T.W. (1975). Toxicity of a linear
alkylate sulfonate detergent to larvae of four species of freshwater fish.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14, 1-7.
Minshall, G.W., and Brock, J.T. (1991). Observed and anticipated effects of forest
fire on Yellowstone stream ecosystems. In Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
Redefining America's Wilderness Heritage (R.B. Keiter and M.S. Boyce,
eds.), pp. 123-135. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Monsanto (1990). Phos-Chek WD-881 Fire Suppressant Foam Fact Sheet. Monsanto
Wildfire Division, Monsanto Co., Ontario, CA.
Monsanto. (1991). Monsanto material safety data. Phos-Chek fire retardant, grades
D-75F and D-75R. Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO.
MÜller, R. (1980). Fish toxicity and surface tension of non-ionic surfactants:
Investigations of antifoam agents. J. Fish Biol. 16, 585-589.
Norecol (1989). Toxicological Review of Fire Fighting Foams. File 1-091-02.01,
Norecol Environmental Consultants LTD, Vancouver, BC, Canada. [Report prepared
for Manager, Fire Management Forest Protection Branch, Ministry of Forests
and Lands, Victoria, BC, Canada].
Norris, L.A., and Webb, W.L. (1989). Effects of Fire Retardant on Water Quality.
General Technical Report PSW-109, pp. 79-86, U.S. Forest Service.
Okkerman, P.C., Plassche, E.J.V.D., Emans, H.J.B., and Canton, J.H. (1993).
Validation of some extrapolation methods with toxicity data derived from
multiple species experiments. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 25, 341-359.
Palachek, R.M., and Tomasso, J.R. (1984). Nitrite toxicity to fathead minnows:
Effect of fish weight. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 32, 238-242.
Pärt, P., Svanberg, O., and Bergström, E. (1985). The influence of surfactants
on gill physiology and cadmium uptake in perfused rainbow trout gills.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 9, 135-144.
Passino, D.R., and Smith, S.B. (1987). Acute bioassays and hazard evaluation of
representative contaminants detected in Great Lakes fish. Environ. Toxicol.
Chem. 6, 901-907.
Peltier, W.H., and Weber, C.I. (1985). Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of
Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms. EPA-600/4-85-013, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
Pramanik, A., and Sarkar, S.K. (1987). Comparative study of the sensitivity of egg,
spawn and fry of Cyprinus carpio exposed to ammonium sulphate at different
temperatures. Geobios 14, 229-230.
Rand, G.M., and Petrocelli, S.R. (1985). Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology,
Methods and Applications. Hemisphere, Washington, DC.
Randall, D.J., and Wright, P.A. (1989). The interaction between carbon dioxide and
ammonia excretion and water pH in fish. Can. J. Zool. 67, 2936-2942.
Russo, R.C. (1985). Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate. In Fundamentals of Aquatic
Toxicology, Methods and Applications (G.M. Rand and S.R. Petrocelli,
Eds.), pp. 455-469. Hemisphere, Washington, DC.
Russo, R.C., and Thurston, R.V. (1977). The acute toxicity of nitrite to fishes.
In Recent Advances in Fish Toxicology -- A Symposium. EPA-600/3-77-085,
pp. 118-131, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN.
Russo, R.C., Thurston, R.V., and Emerson, K. (1981). Acute toxicity of nitrite to
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Effects of pH, nitrite species, and anion
species. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38, 387-393.
Schimmel, S.C. (1981). Results: Interlaboratory Comparison--Acute Toxicity Tests Using
Estuarine Animals. EPA-600/4-81-003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Schlobohm, P., and Rochna, R. (1988). An evaluation of foam as a fire suppressant
is available. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Foam Appl. Wildland
Urban Fire Manage. 1, 6-7.
Schudoma, D. (1994). Derivation of water quality objectives for hazardous substances to
protect aquatic ecosystems: Single-species test approach. Environ. Toxicol.
Water Qual. 9, 263-272.
Sheehan, R.J., and Lewis, W.M. (1986). Influence of pH and ammonia salts on
ammonia toxicity and water balance in young channel catfish. Trans. Am.
Fish. Soc. 115, 891-899.
Singh, H.R., Dobriyal, A.K., and Pokhriyal, R.C. (1985). Toxicity of
diammonium phosphate to the hillstream minor carp Barilius bendelisis
(Hamilton). Uttar Pradesh J. Zool. 5, 89-93.
Solbé, J.F. De L.G., and Shurben, D.G. (1989). Toxicity of ammonia to early life
stages of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Water Res. 23, 127-129.
Solon, J.M., and Nair J.H. III. (1970). The effect of a sublethal concentration of
LAS on the acute toxicity of various phosphate pesticides to the fathead
minnow (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque). Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 5, 408-413.
Sprague, J.B., and Fogels, A. (1977). Watch the Y in bioassay. In Proceedings
of the 3rd Aquatic Toxicity Workshop (W.R. Parker, E. Pessah, P.G.
Wells and G.F. Westlake, Eds.), Halifax, Nova Scotia, November 2-3,
1976, pp. 107-118. Environmental Protection Service Technical Report
EPS-5-AR-77-1, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Springborn Bionomics. (1986). 96-Hour Acute (LC50) with Rainbow Trout.
Report No. BW-86-10-2044, Springborn Bionomics, Inc., Wareham, MA.
[Contract report submitted to Wormald CDN, Thurso, Quebec, Canada.]
Thurston, R.V., Russo, R.C., and Phillips, G.R. (1983). Acute toxicity of
ammonia to fathead minnows. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112, 705-711.
Trama, F.B. (1954). The acute toxicity of some common salts of sodium, potassium and
calcium to the common bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque). Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 106, 185-205.
USEPA (1979). Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes.
EPA-600/4-79-20, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
Van Meter, W.P., and Hardy, C.E. (1975). Predicting Effects on Fish of Fire
Retardants in Streams. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper INT-166,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Ogden UT.
Zar, J.H. (1974). Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall International,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
U.S. Department of the Interior |
U.S. Geological Survey
URL: http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/habitat/fireweb/fathminn/refer.htm
Page Contact Information: Webmaster
Page Last Modified: Thursday, 03-Aug-2006 11:39:25 EDT
Reston, VA [vaww54]