Acute Toxicity of Fire Control Chemicals to Daphnia magna (Straus) and Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz)
References
ABC Laboratories (1986a). Acute toxicity of PC-D75R to Daphnia magna. Report No. 34903,
ABC Laboratories, Columbia, MO. (Contract report submitted to Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO)
ABC Laboratories (1986b). Acute toxicity of PC-WD-861 to Daphnia magna. Report No.
35088, ABC Laboratories, Columbia, MO. (Contract report submitted to Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO)
APHA (American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water
Pollution Control Federation) (1989). Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 17th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
ASTM (1984). Standard practice for conducting static acute toxicity tests on wastewaters with
daphnia. In American Society for Testing and Materials Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Vol. 11.04, pp. 37-49. D 4229-84. Philadelphia, PA.
ASTM (1989). Standard guide for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes,
macroinvertebrates, and amphibians. In American Society for Testing and
Materials Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.04, pp. 378-397, E 729-88a.
Philadelphia, PA.
ASTM (1992a). Standard guide for conducting static 96-h toxicity tests with microalgae. In
American Society for Testing and Materials Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.
11.04, pp. 874-885, E 1218-90. Philadelphia, PA.
ASTM (1992b). Standard guide for conducting renewal life-cycle toxicity tests with Daphnia
magna. In American Society for Testing and Materials Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Vol. 11.04, pp. 812-828, E 1193-87. Philadelphia, PA.
Cairns, J., Dickson, K.L., and Maki, A.W. (Eds.) (1978). Estimating the Hazard of
Chemical Substances to Aquatic Life. American Society for Testing and Materials
Special Technical Publ. No. 657. Philadelphia, PA.
Camargo, J.A., and Ward, J.V. (1992). Short-term toxicity of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) to
non-target freshwater invertebrates. Chemosphere 24,23-28.
Dodge, M. (1970). Nitrate poisoning, fire retardants, and fertilizers-any connection? J.
Range Manage. 23, 244-247.
George, C.W. (1992). Improving the Performance of Fire Retardant Delivery Systems on
Fixed-Wing Aircraft. U.S. Forest Service. Research Note INT-400.
Gorbi, G., and Corradi, M.G. (1993). Chromium toxicity on two linked trophic levels. I.
Effects of contaminated algae on Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 25,64-71.
Gutzmer, M.P., and Tomasso, J.R. (1985). Nitrite toxicity to the crayfish Procambarus clarkii.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34, 369-376.
Hatch Company (1992). Hach Water Analysis Handbook, 2nd ed.
Inman, R.C. (1974). Acute Toxicity of Phos-Check (Trade Name) 202 and
Diammonium Phosphate to Fathead Minnows. U.S. Air Force, Environmental
Health Laboratory, Report No. AD/A-006 122, Kelly AFB, TX.
Johnson, W.W., and Sanders, H.O. (1977). Chemical Forest Fire Retardants: Acute
Toxicity to Five Freshwater Fishes and a Scud. Technical Papers of the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, No. 91.
Lesyuk, I.I., Igumentseva, N.I., Lemishko, A.A., and Kusen, S.I. (1983). Effect
of some surface-active anionic agents on Daphnia magna Straus. Hydrobiol. J. 19, 64-68.
Lewis, M.A., and Suprenant, D. (1983). Comparative acute toxicities of surfactants to
aquatic invertebrates. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 7, 313-322.
Miller, W.E., Greene, J.C., and Shiroyama, T. (1978). The Selenastrum
capricornutum Printz Algal Assay Bottle Test. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Publication EPA-600/9-78-018, Corvallis, OR.
Minshall, G.W., and Brock, J.T. (1991). Observed and anticipated effects of forest fire
on Yellowstone stream ecosystems. In Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Redefining
America's Wilderness Heritage (R.B. Keiter and M.S. Boyce, Eds.), pp. 123-135.
Yale Univ. Press, Yale, MA.
Monda, D.P. (1991). Toxicity of Ammonia in Sewage Effluent to Aquatic
Macroinvertebrates. M.S. thesis. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
Monsato Co. (1990). Phos-Chek WD-881 Fire Suppressant Foam Fact Sheet. Monsanto
Wildfire Division, Monsanto Co., Ontario, CA.
Monsato Co. (1991). Monsanto Material Safety Data. Phos-Chek Fire Retardant, Grades
D-75F and D-75R. Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO.
Norecol (1989). Toxicological Review of Fire Fighting Foams. File 1-091-02.01, Norecol
Environmental Consultants Ltd., Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Norris, L.A., Hawkes, C.L., Webb, W.L., Moore, D.G., Bollen, W.B., and Holcombe, E.
(1978). A Report of Research on the Behavior and Impact of Chemical Fire
Retardants in Forest Streams. Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.
Passino, D.R.M., and Smith, S.B. (1987). Acute bioassays and hazard evaluation of
representative contaminants detected in Great Lakes fish. Environ. Toxicol.
Chem. 6,901-907.
Peltier, W.H., and Weber, C.I. (1985). Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of
Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms, 3rd ed. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Publication EPA-600/4-85-013, Cincinnati, OH.
Pramanik, A., and Sarkar, S.K. (1987). Comparative study of the sensitivity of egg,
spawn and fry of Cyprinus carpio exposed to ammonium sulphate at different
temperatures. Geobios 14, 229-230.
Ram, R.N., and Sathyanesan, A.G. (1986). Inclusion bodies: Formation and
degeneration of the oocytes in the fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) in response
to ammonium sulfate treatment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 11, 272-276.
Rand, G.M., and Petrocelli, S.R. (Eds.) (1985). Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology
- Methods and Applications. Hemisphere, Washington, DC.
SAS (1990). SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6, 4th ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary,
NC.
Schimmel, S.C. (1981). Results: Interlaboratory Comparison-Acute Toxicity Tests Using
Estuarine Animals. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Publication EPA-600/4-81-003,
Gulf Breeze, FL.
Schlobohm, P., and Rochna, R. (1988). An Evaluation of Foam as a Fire Suppressant is
Available. National Wildlife Coordinating Group. Foam Applications for Wildland
and Urban Fire Management 1:6-7.
Sheehan, R.J., and Lewis, W.M. (1986). Influence of pH and ammonia salts on ammonia
toxicity and water balance in young channel catfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115, 891-899.
Singh, H.R., Dobriyal, A.K., and Pokhriyal, R.C. (1985). Toxicity of diammonium
phosphate to the hillstream minor carp Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton). Uttar
Pradesh J. Zool. 5, 89-93.
Sprague, J.B., and Fogels, A. (1977). Watch the y in bioassay. In Proceedings of the
3rd Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Halifax, NS (W.R. Parker, E. Pessah, P.G. Wells,
and G.F. Westlake, Eds.), pp. 107-118. Environmental Protection Service Technical
Report No. EPS-5-AR-77-1, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Sterner, R.W., Hagemeier, D.D., Smith, W.L., and Smith, R.F. (1993). Phytoplankton nutrient
limitation and food quality for Daphnia. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38, 857-871.
Swisher, R.D. (1987). Surfactant Biodegradation, Vol. 18, 2nd ed. Dekker,
New York.
Tucker, M.W., Adams, W.J., and Kimerle, R.A. (1987). Acute Toxicity of Phos-Chek
WD-861 to the Freshwater Green Alga, Selenastrum capricornutum. Report No.
ESC-EAG-87-54 MSL-6694, Ontario, CA.
USEPA (1985). Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia-1984. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Publication EPA-440/5-85-001, Washington, DC.
USEPA (1986). Quality Criteria for Water 1986. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Publication EPA-440/5-86-001, Washington, DC.
Williams, K.A., Green, D.W.J., and Pascoe, D. (1986). Studies on the acute toxicity
of pollutants to freshwater macroinvertebrates. 3. Ammonia. Arch. Hydrobiol. 106, 61-70.
Woodward, D.F., Riley, R.G., Henry, M.G., Meyer, J.S., and Garland, T.R.
(1985). Leaching of retorted oil shale: Assessing the toxicity to Colorado squawfish,
fathead minnows, and two food-chain organisms. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114, 887-894.
Zar, J.H. (1974). Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Previous Section -- Conclusions
Return to Contents
