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APHA (American Public Health Association), American Water Works Association, 
	and Water Pollution Control Federation. 1989. Standard methods for the
	examination of water and wastewater, 17th edition. APHA, Washington, 
	D.C.
	
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1989. Standard guide for 
	conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes, macroinvertebrates, and 
	amphibians. Pages 360-379 in Annual book of ASTM standards, 
	volume 11.04. ASTM, Philadelphia.

ATI Orion. 1994. Model 9346 nitrite electrode instruction manual. Analytical 
	Technology, Boston.
	
Ball, I. R. 1967. The relative susceptibilities of some species of fresh-water 
	fish to poisons--I. Ammonia. Water Research 1:767-775.
	
Blahm, T. H., and G. R. Snyder. 1973. Effect of chemical fire retardants on the 
	survival of juvenile salmonids. BLM Research, Contract 53500-CT2-85(N) 
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Buhl, K. J., and S. J. Hamilton. 1998. Acute toxicity of fire-retardant and 
	foam-suppressant chemicals to early life stages of chinook salmon 
	(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Environmental Toxicology and 
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Cairns, J., Jr., K. L. Dickson, and A. W. Maki. 1978. Estimating the hazard of 
	chemical substances to aquatic life. American Society for Testing and 
	Materials, Special Technical Publication 657, Philadelphia.
	
Calamari, D., and R. Marchetti. 1973. The toxicity of mixtures of metals and 
	surfactants to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.). Water 
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Chemonics Industries. 1993a. Fire-Trol FireFoam 103 and 103B. Material safety 
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Chemonics Industries. 1993b. Fire-Trol FireFoam 104. Material safety data 
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Cole, G. A. 1979. Textbook of limnology, 2nd edition. C. V. Mosby, St. Louis, 
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EA Engineering, Science, and Technology. 1989. Results of flow-through acute 
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Emerson, K., R. C. Russo, R. E. Lund, and R. V. Thurston. 1975. Aqueous ammonia
	equilibrium calculations: effect of pH and temperature. Journal of the 
	Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:2379-2383.
	
Fogels, A., and J. B. Sprague. 1977. Comparative short-term tolerance of 
	zebrafish, flagfish, and rainbow trout to five poisons including 
	potential reference toxicants. Water Research 11:811-817.

Gaikowski, M. P., S. J. Hamilton, K. J. Buhl, S. F. McDonald, and C. H. Summers. 
	1996a. Acute toxicity of firefighting chemical formulations to four 
	life stages of fathead minnow. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 
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Gaikowski, M. P., S. J. Hamilton, K. J. Buhl, S. F. McDonald, and C. H. Summers. 
	1996b. Acute toxicity of three fire-retardant, and two fire-suppressant 
	foam formulations to the early life stages of rainbow trout 
	(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 
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George, C. W. 1971. Liquids fight forest fires. Fertilizer Solutions 15:10-11,
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George, C. W., C. W. Johnson, P. R. Hill, and T. Kelley. 1991. Field quality 
	control of fire retardant chemicals, 3rd edition. National Wildfire 
	Coordinating Group, Report NFES 1245, Boise Interagency Fire 
	Center, Boise, Idaho. 
	
Hach Company. 1992. Hach water analysis handbook, 2nd edition. Hach Company, 
	Loveland, Colorado.
	
Hokanson, K. E. F., and L. L. Smith, Jr. 1971. Some factors influencing toxicity 
	of linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) to the bluegill. Transactions of the 
	American Fisheries Society 100:1-12. 
	
Johnson, W. W., and H. O. Sanders. 1977. Chemical forest fire retardants: acute 
	toxicity to five freshwater fishes and a scud. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
	Service Technical Papers 91.
	
Kimerle, R. A. 1995. Aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicology of linear 
	alkylbenzene sulfonate.  CLER Review 1:32-43.  (Council for LAB/LAS 
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Kimerle, R. A., and R. D. Swisher. 1977. Reduction of aquatic toxicity of linear 
	alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) by biodegradation. Water Research 
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Lavin, M. J. 1997. Qualified/approved wildland fire chemicals. Memo from 
	National Director, Fire and Aviation Management to Regional Foresters, 
	Area Director, Station Directors, and WO-Engineering. USDA Forest 
	Service, Washington, D.C.
	
Lewis, M. A. 1991. Chronic and sublethal toxicities of surfactants to aquatic 
	animals: a review and risk assessment. Water Research 25:101-113.
 
Macek, K. J., and B. H. Sleight III. 1977. Utility of toxicity tests with 
	embryos and fry of fish in evaluating hazards associated with the 
	chronic toxicity of chemicals to fishes. Pages 137-146 in F. 
	L. Mayer and J. L. Hamelink, editors. Aquatic toxicology and hazard 
	evaluation. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special 
	Technical Publication 634, Philadelphia. 
	
Maki, A. W. 1979. An analysis of decision criteria in environmental hazard 
	evaluation programs. Pages 83-100 in K. L. Dickson, A. W. Maki, 
	and J. Cairns, Jr., editors. Analyzing the hazard evaluation process. 
	American Fisheries Society, Water Quality Section, Bethesda, Maryland.
	
McDonald, S. F., S. J. Hamilton, K. J. Buhl, and J. F. Heisinger. 1996. Acute 
	toxicity of fire control chemicals to Daphnia magna (Straus) and 
	Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz). Ecotoxicology and 
	Environmental Safety 33:62-72.
	
Minshall, G. W., and J. T. Brock. 1991. Observed and anticipated effects of 
	forest fire on Yellowstone stream ecosystems. Pages 123-135 in 
	R.B. Keiter and M.S. Boyce, editors. The greater Yellowstone ecosystem: 
	redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New 
	Haven, Connecticut.
	
National Wildfire Coordinating Group. 1992. Foam vs fire. Class A foam for 
	wildland fires. National Wildfire Coordinating Group, Report NFES 
	2246, Boise Interagency Fire Center, Boise, Idaho. 

Nehlsen, W., J. E. Williams, and L. A. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmon at the 
	crossroads: Stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and 
	Washington. Fisheries 16(2):4-21.

Norecol Environmental Consultants. 1989. Toxicological review of fire fighting 
	foams. Report 091-02.01. Norecol Environmental Consultants, 
	Vancouver.

Norris, L. A., H. W. Lorz, and S. V. Gregory. 1983.  Forest chemicals. Chapter 9 
	in W.R. Meehan, editor. Influence of forest and rangeland 
	management on anadromous fish habitat in Western North America. U.S. 
	Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-149.

Norris, L. A., and W. L. Webb. 1989. Effects of fire retardant on water quality. 
	U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-109:79-86.
 
Orion Research. 1990. Model 92-12 ammonia electrode instruction manual. Orion 
	Research, Boston.

Orion Research. 1991. Model 93-07 nitrate electrode instruction manual. Orion 
	Research, Boston.
	
Peltier, W. H., and C. I. Weber. 1985. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity 
	of effluents to freshwater and marine organisms, 3rd edition. U.S. 
	Environmental Protection Agency, Report 600/4-85/013, Cincinnati, Ohio.
	
Pickering, Q. H., and T. O. Thatcher. 1970. The chronic toxicity of linear 
	alkylate sulfonate (LAS) to Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque. 
	Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 42:243-254.
	
Rand, G. M., and S. R. Petrocelli. 1985. Introduction. Pages 1-28 in G.
	M. Rand and S. R. Petrocelli, editors. Fundamentals of aquatic 
	toxicology. Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, D.C. 
	
Russo, R. C. 1985. Ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. Pages 455-471 in G. 
	M. Rand and S.R. Petrocelli, editors. Fundamentals of aquatic 
	toxicology. Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, D.C.
	 
Russo, R. C., C. E. Smith, and R. V. Thurston. 1974. Acute toxicity of nitrite 
	to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries 
	Research Board of Canada 31:1653-1655.
	
Schimmel, S. C. 1981. Results: interlaboratory comparison-acute toxicity tests 
	using estuarine animals. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report 
	600/4-81-003, Gulf Breeze, Florida.
	
Schlobohm, P. 1996. Indirect applications with foam.  Pages 91-93 in 
	Proceedings of the international wildland fire foam symposium and workshop. 
	Forestry Canada, Information Report PI-X-123, Chalk River, Ontario. 
	
Sprague, J. B. 1973. The ABC's of pollutant bioassay using fish. Pages 6-30 in 
	J. Cairns, Jr. and K. L. Dickson, editors. Biological methods for the 
	assessment of water quality. American Society for Testing and Materials, 
	Special Technical Publication 528, Philadelphia.
	
Thurston, R. V., R. C. Russo, and G. A. Vinogradov. 1981. Ammonia toxicity to 
	fishes. Effect of pH on the toxicity of the un-ionized ammonia species. 
	Environmental Science and Technology 15:837-840.
	
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1986. Quality criteria for water. 
	USEPA, Report 440/5-86-001, Washington, 
	D.C. 
	
Westin, D.T. 1974. Nitrate and nitrite toxicity to salmonoid fishes. 
	Progressive Fish-Culturist 36:86-89.