Birds as Indicators of Riparian Vegetation Condition in the Western U.S.
Riparian Obligate Species
These are species that place >90% of their nests in riparian vegetation or for which >90% of their abundance occurs in riparian vegetation during the breeding season. They may forage outside riparian vegetation. Without riparian vegetation in good ecological condition, these species will not occur in a given area. Some species may be classified as obligates in one geographic area but not another.
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| Abert's Towhee | |||||||||
| American Dipper | |||||||||
| American Redstart | |||||||||
| Bald Eagle | |||||||||
| Bell's Vireo | |||||||||
| Belted Kingfisher | |||||||||
| Black Swift | |||||||||
| Broad-billed Hummingbird | |||||||||
| Brown-crested Flycatcher | |||||||||
| Common Blackhawk | |||||||||
| Common Yellowthroat | |||||||||
| Elegant Trogon | |||||||||
| Gila Woodpecker | |||||||||
| Gray Hawk | |||||||||
| Green Kingfisher | |||||||||
| Lincoln's Sparrow | |||||||||
| Lucy's Warbler | |||||||||
| Northern Beardless-tyrannulet | |||||||||
| Orange-crowned Warbler | |||||||||
| Orchard Oriole | |||||||||
| Painted Bunting | |||||||||
| Rose-throated Becard | |||||||||
| Song Sparrow | |||||||||
| Streak-backed Oriole | |||||||||
| Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher | |||||||||
| Summer Tanager | |||||||||
| Thick-billed Kingbird | |||||||||
| Tropical Kingbird | |||||||||
| Varied Bunting | |||||||||
| Veery | |||||||||
| Vermillion Flycatcher | |||||||||
| Violet-crowned Hummingbird | |||||||||
| Willow Flycatcher | |||||||||
| Wilson's Warbler | |||||||||
| Yellow Warbler | |||||||||
| Yellow-billed Cuckoo | |||||||||
| Yellow-breasted Chat | |||||||||
1Species is considered to be Obligate (see definitions) in at least one geographic region (see map).
3The Western Working Group of Partners in Flight determined that conservation action is needed now for the species in the geographic region(s) indicated.
4The vegetation layer(s) used most by the species. The species is most useful as an indicator of the ecological condition of the layer(s) used.
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