USGS Home
Contact USGS
Search USGS

Sanderson, Glen C. and Frank C. Bellrose.  1986.  A Review of the Problem
     of Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl.  Illinois Natural History Survey, 
     Champaign, Illinois.  Special Publication 4.  34pp.

Sanderson, Glen C. and Frank C. Bellrose.  1986.  A Review of the Problem
     of Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl.  Illinois Natural History Survey, 
     Champaign, Illinois.  Special Publication 4.  34pp.  Jamestown ND:  
     Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. 
     http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/pbpoison/index.htm
     (Version 17OCT97).

Table of Contents

• Abstract
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• Sources of Lead Poisoning
  • Ingested Lead Shot
  • Sources Other Than Ingested Shot
• Diagnosis of Lead Poisoning
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnostic Techniques and Their Results
• Susceptibility to Lead Poisoning
  • Susceptibility by Species
  • Mitigating Effects of Diet
  • Differences in Susceptibility Attributable to Sex
  • Differences in Susceptibility Attributable to Age
  • Differences in Susceptibiltiy Attributable to Size
• Mortality from Lead Poisoning
  • Overlooked Losses
  • Data from Duck Die-offs
  • Data from Laboratory and Field Studies
• Practices to Reduce Lead Toxicosis
  • Manipulation of the Habitat
  • The Case for Steel Shot
• Discussion
• References Cited