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Anderson, D. R.  1975.  Population ecology of the mallard: V. Temporal and 
     geographic estimates of survival, recovery, and harvest rates.  U.S. Fish 
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Arnold, T. W., M. D. Sorenson, and J. J. Rotella.  1993.  Relative success of
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Bethke, R. W., and T. D. Nudds.  1995.  Effects of climatic change and land
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Blohm, R. J., J. P. Bladen, J. D. Nichols, J. E. Hines, K. H. Pollock, and R. T.
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Box, G. E. P.  1979.  Some problems of statistics and everyday life.  J. Am.
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Boyd, H.  1981.  Prairie dabbling ducks 1941-1990.  Can. Wildl. Serv. Prog. Note
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Chu, D. S., and J. B. Hestbeck.  1989.  Temporal and geographic estimates
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Cochran, W. G.  1977.  Sampling techniques.  Jon Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y. 
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Cochran, W. W.  1980.  Wildlife telemetry.  Pages 507-520 in S. D. Schemnitz,
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Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and E. T. LaRoe.  1979.  Classification 
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Cowardin, L. M., D. S. Gilmer, and C. W. Shaifer.  1985.  Mallard recruitment
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Cowardin, L. M., D. H. Johnson, T. L. Shaffer, and D. W. Sparling.  1988. 
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Cowardin, L. M., T. L. Shaffer, and P. M. Arnold.  1995.  Evaluations of duck
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Delnicki, D., and K. J. Reinecke.  1986.  Mid-winter food use and body weights 
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Dubovsky, J. A., and R. M. Kaminski.  1994.  Potential reproductive consequences
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Dwyer, T. J.  1972.  An adjustable radio-package for ducks.  Bird-Banding
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Eldrige, J. L., and G. L. Krapu.  1988.  The influence of diet quality on clutch 
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Evans, C. D., and K. E. Black.  1956.  Duck production studies on the prairie
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Gloutney, M. L., and R. G. Clark.  1991.  The significance of body mass to 
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Greenwood, R. J., and A. B. Sargeant.  1973.  Influence of radio packs on 
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Greenwood, R. J., A. B. Sargeant, D. H. Johnson, L. M. Cowardin, and T. L.
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Hall, L. S., P. R. Krausman, and M. L. Morrison.  1997.  The habitat concept
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Hanley, T. A.  1994.  Interaction of wildlife research and forest management:
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Heitmeyer, M. E., and L. H. Fredrickson.  1981.  Do wetland conditions in the
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Higgins, K. F.  1977.  Duck nesting in intensively farmed areas of North Dakota.  
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Holling, C. S., editor.  1978.  Adaptive environmental management.  John Wiley 
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Houston, R. A., and R. J. Greenwood.  1993.  Effects of radio transmitters on
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Jeske, C. W.  1991.  Condition, survival, and management of mallards wintering 
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Jessen, R. L., J. P. Lindmeier, and R. E. Farmes.  1964.  A study of duck
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Johnson, D. H.  1979.  Estimating nest success: the Mayfield method and an
     alternative.  Auk  96:651-661.

Johnson, D. H., L. M. Cowardin, and D. W.Sparling.  1986.  Evaluation of a
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Johnson, D. H., and A. B. Sargeant.  1977.  Impact of red fox predation on the
     sex ratio of prairie mallards.  U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Wildl. Res.
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Johnson, D. H., D. W. Sparling, and L. M. Cowardin.  1987.  A model of the
     productivity of the mallard duck.  Ecol. Modelling  38:257-275.

Johnson, R. R., K. F. Higgins, I. J. Ball, and S. C. Kohn.  1994.  Waterfowl
     productivity and use of nesting structures in the prairie pothole
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Kantrud, H. A.  1993.  Duck nest success on Conservation Reserve Program land
     in the prairie pothole region.  J. Soil and Water Cons.  48:238-242.

Klett, A. T., H. F. Deubbert, C. A. Faanes, and K. F. Higgins.  1986. 
     Techniques for studying nest success on ducks in upland habitats in the 
     prairie pothole region.  U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Resour. Publ. 158.  24pp.

Klett, A. T., T. L. Shaffer, and D. H. Johnson.  1988.  Duck nest success in 
     the Prairie Pothole Region.  J. Wildl. Manage.  52:431-440.

Kowalchuk, T.  1996.  Comparison of two nesting structures for mallards in
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Krapu, G. L.  1981.  The role of nutrient reserves in mallard reproduction. 
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Krapu, G. L., D. H. Johnson, and C. W. Dane.  1979a.  Age determination of
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Krapu, G. L., L. G. Talent, and T. J. Dwyer.  1979b.  Marsh nesting by mallards. 
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LaGrange, T. G., and J. J. Dinsmore.  1988.  Nutrient reserve dynamics of 
     female mallards during spring migration through central Iowa.  Pages 287-
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Larson, D. L.  1995.  Effects of climate on numbers of northern prairie 
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Lokemoen, J. T., D. H. Johnson, and D. E. Sharp.  1990.  Weights of wild
     mallard Anas platyrhynchos, gadwall, A. strepera, and blue-winged teal 
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London, D.  1988.  Survival models and their estimation, 2nd edition.  ACTEX
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Mack, G. D.  1991.  The mallard model handbook.  U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., 
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Maxson, S. J., and R. M. Pace III.  1989.  Summary and evaluation of 
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Maxson, S. J., and M. R. Riggs.  1996.  Habitat use and nest success of over
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Mayfield, H. F.  1961.  Nesting success calculated from exposure.  Wilson Bull.  
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Nichols, J. D., R. S. Pospahala, and J. E. Hines.  1982.  Breeding-ground
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Pietz, P. J., G. L. Krapu, R. J. Greenwood, and J. T. Lokemoen.  1993.  Effects
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Pollock, K. H.  1989.  Survival analysis in telemetry studies: the staggered
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Pywell, H. R., and H. A. Niedzwiadek.  1980.  The wetlands analytical mapping 
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Reynolds, R. E., R. J. Blohm, J. D. Nichols, and J. E. Hines.  1995.  Spring-
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Sargeant, A. B., S. H. Allen, and R. T. Eberhardt.  1984.  Red fox predation
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SAS Institute Inc.  1990.  SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6, Fourth ed., Vol. 2,
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SAS Institute Inc.  1991.  SAS system for linear models, Third ed.,  SAS
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Sharp, D. E., and J. T. Lokemoen.  1987.  A decoy trap for breeding-season
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Stewart, R. E., and H. A. Kantrud.  1971.  Classification of natural ponds and
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Canadian Wildlife Service.  1986.  North
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