Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
Anderson, D. R. 1975. Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a
Markovian environment: a theory and an example. Ecology 56:1281-1297.
Anderson, D. R. and K. P. Burnham. 1976. Population ecology of the mallard: Part VI.
The effect of exploitation on survival. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Resource Publication 128. 66 pp.
Anderson, D. R. and R. T. Sterling. 1974. Population dynamics of molting pintail
drakes banded in south-central Saskatchewan. Journal of Wildlife Management
38:266-274.
Atkinson-Willes, G. L. 1972. The international wildfowl censuses as a basis for
wetland evaluation and hunting rationalization. Pages 87-110 in Proceedings
of the International Conference on the Conservation of Wetlands and Waterfowl,
Ramsar, Iran, 1971. International Wildfowl Research Bureau, Slimbridge, England.
Bailey, R. 0. 1981. A theoretical approach to problems in waterfowl management.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference
46:58-71.
Ball, I. J., D. S. Gilmer, L. M. Cowardin, and J. H. Riechmann. 1975. Survival of wood
duck and mallard broods in north-central Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife
Management 39:776-780.
Barratt, R. 1966. Successes and problems in supplying wood duck population status
information--Mississippi Flyway. Pages 193-196 in J. B. Trefethen, ed.
Wood duck management and research: a symposium. Wildlife Management Institute,
Washington, D.C. 212 pp.
Bateman, H. A. 1970. An evaluation of the helicopter for censusing waterfowl in
Louisiana's coastal marshes and ricelands. Proceedings Southeast Association
of Game and Fish Commissioners 24:90-103.
Batt, B. D. J. and H. H. Prince. 1979. Laying dares, clutch size and egg weight of
captive mallards. Condor 81:35-41.
Bennett, C. L. Jr. 1967. A new method for estimating numbers of duck broods. Journal
of Wildlife Management 31:555-562.
Blohm, R. J., R. E. Reynolds, J. P. Bladen, J. D. Nichols, J. E. Hines, K. H. Pollock,
and R. T. Eberhardt. 1987. Mallard mortality rates on key breeding and wintering
areas. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference 52:246-257.
Bordage, D. and P. Dupuis. 1983. On the reliability of waterfowl surveys. Transactions
of the Northeast Fish and Wildlife Conference 40:194.
Bowden, D. C. 1974. Statistical analysis of the 1974 experimental ground survey-Dakotas
and Montana. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Unpublished report. 8 pp.
Boyd, H. 1956. Statistics of the British population of the pink-footed goose. Journal of
Animal Ecology 25:253-273.
Boyd, H. 1981. Prairie dabbling ducks, 1941-1990. Canadian Wildlife Service Progress
Notes 119. 9 pp.
Braithwaite, L. W., M. Mather, S. V. Brigg, and B. S. Parker. 1986. An aerial survey
of three game species of waterfowl (family Anatidae) populations in eastern
Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 13:213-223.
Brewster, W. G., J. M. Gates, and L. D. Flake. 1976. Breeding waterfowl populations
and their distribution in South Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:50-59.
Broome, L. S. 1985. Sightability as a factor in aerial survey of bird species and
communities. Australian Wildlife Research 12:57-68.
Burnham, K. P. and D. R. Anderson. 1984. The need for distance data in transect counts.
Journal of Wildlife Management 48:1248-1254.
Carney, S. M. 1964. Preliminary keys to waterfowl age and sex identification. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report Wildlife 82. 47 pp.
Caughley, G. 1974. Bias in aerial survey. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:921-933.
Caughley, G. and J. Goddard. 1972. Improving the estimates from accurate census. Journal
of Wildlife Management 36:135-140.
Chamberlain, E. B. 1966. Progress report: productivity study of whisding swans wintering
in Chesapeake Bay. Proceedings Southeast Association of Game and Fish Commissioners
20:154-157.
Chamberlain, E. B. and C. F. Kaczynski. 1965. Problems in aerial surveys of waterfowl in
eastern Canada. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report Wildlife
93. 21 pp.
Chattin, J. E. 1952. Appraisal of California waterfowl concentrations by aerial photography.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference
17:421-426.
Cink, C. L. 1977. Wood duck production in the salt creek watershed of eastern Nebraska.
Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Science 4:53-56.
Cochran, W, G. 1977. Sampling techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 413 pp.
Collins, J. M. 1974. The relative abundance of ducks breeding in southern Ontario in 1951
and 1971. Pages 23-44 in H. Boyd, ed. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 29.
Conroy, M. J., J. R. Goldsberry, J. E. Hines, and D. B. Stotts. 1988. Evaluation of aerial
transect surveys for wintering black ducks. Journal of Wildlife Management
52:694-703.
Cook, R. D. and J. D. Jacobson. 1979. A design for estimating visibility bias in aerial
surveys. Biometrics 35:735-742.
Cooke, E, C. S. Findlay, and R. E Rockwell. 1984. Recruitment and the timing of repro-
duction in lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caeruiescens). Auk
101:451-458.
Coulson, J. C. 1984. The population dynamics of the eider duck (Somateria mollissima)
and evidence of extensive nonbreeding by adult ducks. Ibis 126:525-543.
Cowardin, L. M. and J. E. Ashe. 1965. An automatic camera device for measuring waterfowl
use. Journal of Wildlife Management 29:636-640.
Cowardin, L. M., D. S. Gilmer, and C. W. Shaiffer. 1985. Mallard recruitment in the
agricultural environment of North Dakota. Wildlife Monographs 92. 37 pp.
Cowardin, L. M. and D. H. Johnson. 1979. Mathematics and mallard management. Journal of
Wildlife Management 43:18-35.
Cowardin, L. M., D. H. Johnson, A. M. Frank, and A. T. Klett. 1983. Simulating results of
management actions on mallard productivity. Transactions of the North American
Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 48:257-272.
Craven, S. R. 1978. Distribution and migration of Canada geese associated with Horicon
Marsh, Wisconsin. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison. 135 pp.
Crissey, W F. 1957. Forecasting waterfowl harvest by flyways. Transactions of the North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 22:256-26.
Crissey, W, R 1969. Prairie potholes from a continental viewpoint. Saskatoon
Wetlands Seminar. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 6:161-171.
Crissey, W E 1984. Calculators and ouija boards. Pages 259-271 in Hawkins, A. S., R.
C. Hanson, H. K. Nelson, and H. M. Reeves. Fly-ways: pioneering waterfowl
management in North America. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
Danell, K. and K. Sjoberg. 1979. Abundance and productivity of ducks on boreal takes in
northern Sweden. Annales Zoologici Fennici 16:123-128.
Dennis, D. G. 1974. Breeding pair surveys of waterfowl in southern Ontario. Pages 45-52
in H. Boyd, ed. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 29.
Dervieux, A., J. D. Lebreton, and A. Tamisier. 1980. Technique et fiabilité des
dénombrements aériens de canards et de fouques hivernant en Camerague.
Terr et la Vie 34:69-99.
Diem, K. L. and K. H. Lu. 1960. Factors influencing waterfowl censuses in the parklands,
Alberta, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Management 24:113-133.
Dwyer, T. J., G. L. Krapu, and D. M. Janke. 1979. Use of prairie potholes by breeding
mallards. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:526-531.
Dzubin, A. 1969a. Assessing breeding populations of ducks by ground counts. Saskatoon
Wetlands Seminar. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 6:178-230.
Dzubin, A. 1969b. Comments on carrying capacity of small ponds for ducks and possible
effects of density on mallard production. Saskatoon Wetlands Seminar. Canadian
Wildlife Service Report Series 6:138-160.
Dzubin, A. and J. B. Gollop. 1972. Aspects of mallard breeding ecology in Canadian parkland
and grassland. Population ecology of migratory birds: a symposium. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Wildlife Research Report 2:113-152.
Erskine, A. J. 1971. Buffleheads. Canadian Wildlife Service Monograph Series 4. 240 pp.
Erskine, A. J. 1978. The first ten years of cooperative breeding bird surveys in Canada.
Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 42. 61 PP.
Erwin, R. M. 1982. Observer variability in estimating numbers: an experiment. Journal of
Field Ornithology 53:159-167.
Ferguson, E. L. and D. S. Gilmer. 1980. Small-format cameras and fine-grain film used for
waterfowl population studies. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:691-694.
Ferguson, E. L., E. G. Jorde, and J. J. Sease. 1981. Use of 35-mm color aerial photography
to acquire mallard sex ratio data. Photographic Engineering and Remote Sensing
47:823-927.
Geis, A. D. 1966. Establishing status of wood duck populations--success and problems.
Pages 183-192 in J. B. Trefethen, ed. Wood duck management and research: a
symposium. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C.
Geis, A. D., R. K. Martinson, and D. R. Anderson. 1969. Establishing hunting regulations
and allowable harvest of mallards in the United States. Journal of Wildlife Management
33:848-859.
Gillespie, D. I. and S. P. Wetmore. 1974. Pages 8-18 in H. Boyd, editor. Waterfowl
surveys in Labrador-Ungava, 1970, 1971, 1972. Canadian Wildlife Service Report
Series 29.
Gilmer, D. S., I. J. Ball, L. M. Cowardin, J. H. Riechmann, and J. R. Tester. 1975.
Habitat use and home range of mallards breeding in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife
Management 33:781-789.
Gilmer, D. S., L. M. Cowardin, R. L. Duval, L. M. Mechlin, C. W. Shaiffer, and V. B.
Kuechle. 1981. Procedures for the use of aircraft in wildlife biotelemetry studies.
US. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 140. 19 pp.
Gollop, J. B. and W H. Marshall. 1954. A guide for aging duck broods in the field.
Mississippi Flyway Council Technical Section Report. Minneapolis. 14 pp.
Gotmark, F. and M. Ahlund. 1984. Do field observers attract nest predators and influence
nesting success of common eiders? Journal of Wildlife Management 48:381-387.
Greenwood, R. J., A. B. Sargeant, D. H. Johnson, L. M. Cowardin, and T. L. Shaffer.
1987. Mallard nest success and recruitment in prairie Canada. Transactions of
the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 52:298-309.
Haapanen, A. and L. Nilsson. 1979. Breeding waterfowl populations in northern Fennoscandia.
Ornis Scandinavica 10: 145-219.
Hammack, J. and G. M. Brown, Jr. 1974. Waterfowl and wetlands: toward bioeconomic analysis.
Resources for the Future Inc., Washington, D.C.
Hammond, M. C. 1969. Notes on conducting waterfowl breeding population surveys. Saskatoon
Wetlands Seminar. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 6:238-258.
Hansen, H. A. and D. E. McKnight. 1964. Emigration of drought-displaced ducks to the
Arctic. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference
29:119-127.
Haramis, G. M., J. R. Goldsberry, D. G. McAuley, and E. L. Derleth. 1985. An aerial
photographic census of Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina canvasbacks. Journal of
Wildlife Management 49:449-454.
Hawkins, A. S., R. C. Hanson, H. K. Nelson, and H. M. Reeves. 1984. Flyways: pioneering
waterfowl management in North America. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington,
D.C. 517 pp.
Hein, D. and A. 0. Haugen. 1966. Autumn roosting flight counts as an index to wood duck
abundance. Journal of Wildlife Management 30:657-668,
Henny, C. J., D. R. Anderson, and R. S. Pospahala. 1972. Aerial surveys of waterfowl
production in North America, 1955-1971. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special
Scientific Report Wildlife 160. 48 PP.
Heyland, J. D. 1972. Vertical aerial photography as an aid in wildlife population studies.
Proceedings Canadian Remote Sensing Symposium 1:121-136.
Heyland, J. D. 1975. Monitoring nesting success of greater snow geese by means of satellite
imagery. Proceedings Canadian Remote Sensing Symposium 3:243-256.
Heyland, J. D. and W T. Munro. 1967. The use of helicopters in hunting waterfowl nests.
Journal of Wildlife Management 31:200-201.
Higgins, K. E, L. M. Kirsch, and I. J. Ball, Jr. 1969. A cable chain device for locating
duck nests. journal of Wildlife Management 33:1009-1011.
Hochbaum, G. S., F. D. Caswell, B. C. Turner, and D. J. Nieman. 1987. Relationships among
social components of duck breeding populations, production and habitat conditions in
prairie Canada. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference 52:310-319.
Hochbaum, H. A. 1944. The canvasback on a prairie marsh. American Wildlife Management
Institute, Washington, D.C. 201 pp.
Hunt, R. A., J. G. Bell, and L. R. Jahn. 1962. Managed goose hunting at Horicon Marsh.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference
27:91-106.
Isakov, Y. A. 1963. Determination of the stock of waterfowl in certain territories and
the total number of certain species. Pages 48-86 in A. N. Farmozov and Y. A. Isakov,
eds. Organization and methods of censusing birds and harmful rodents. Academy of
Sciences of the USSR. Institute of Geography. Translated from Russian by Israel
Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1967.
Isakov, Y. A. 1967, The main geographical populations of waterfowl in the USSR and
international measures on their protection and right use. Proceedings International
Congress of Game Biologists 7:127-133.
Isakov, Y. A. 1970. Waterfowl counts in the USSR: methods used and first results.
Proceedings International Congress of Game Biologists 8:404-405.
Jessen, R. L. 1970. Mallard population trends and hunting losses in Minnesota. Journal
of Wildlife Management 34:93-103.
Johnson, D. H. 1979. Estimating nest success: the Mayfield method and an alternative.
Auk 96:651-661.
Johnson, D. H. 1986. Empirical Bayes estimates of breeding populations of North American
ducks. Ph.D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo. 126 pp.
Johnson, D. H. and A. T. Klett. 1985. Quick estimates of success rates of duck nests.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:51-53.
Johnson, D. H., L. M. Cowardin, and D. W. Sparling. 1986. Evaluation of a mallard
productivity model. Pages 23-29 in J. Verner, M. L. Morrison, and C. J. Ralph,
eds. Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates.
University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Johnson, D. H., D. W. Sparling, and L. M. Cowardin. 1987a. A model of the productivity
of the mallard duck. Ecological Modelling 38:257-275.
Johnson, D. H., J. D. Nichols, M. J. Conroy, and L. M. Cowardin. 1987b. Some considerations
in modeling the mallard life cycle. Pages 9-20 in M. J. Weller, ed. Waterfowl in
winter. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Johnson, D. H. and A. B. Sargeant. 1977. Impact of red fox predation on the sex ratio of
prairie mallards. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Report 6. 56 pp.
Johnson, D. H. and T. L. Shaffer. 1987. Are mallards declining in North America?
Wildlife Society Bulletin 15:340-347.
Johnson, D. H. and J. W Grier. 1988. Determinants of breeding distribution of ducks.
Wildlife Monographs 100. 37 pp.
Jolly, G. M. 1965. Explicit estimates from capture-recapture data with both death and
immigration--stochastic model. Biometrika 52:225-247.
Jolly, G. M. 1969a. Sampling methods for aerial censuses of wildlife populations. East
African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 34:46-49.
Jolly, G. M. 1969b. The treatment of errors in aerial counts of wildlife populations.
East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 34:50-55.
Kaczynski, C. F. and E. B. Chamberlain. 1968. Aerial surveys of Canada geese and black
ducks in eastern Canada. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report
Wildlife 118. 29 pp.
Kadlec, J. A. 1966. Waterfowl breeding on a small Michigan impoundment. Michigan
Department of Conservation Research and Development Report 77. 27 pp.
Kalmbach, E. R. 1939. Nesting success: its significance in waterfowl reproduction.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference
4:591-604.
Kaminski, R. M. 1979. Locating nesting waterfowl by helicopter. Wildlife Society Bulletin
7:194-197.
Kaminski, R. M. and H. H. Prince. 1984. Dabbling duck habitat associations during spring
in Delta Marsh, Manitoba, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:37-50.
Kauppinen, J. 1983. Methods used in the census of breeding ducks in northern Savo,
Finland, at the beginning of the breeding season. Riistatieteellisia Julkaisuja 40:49-82.
Keith, L. B. 1961. A study of waterfowl ecology on small impoundments in southeastern
Alberta. Wildlife Monographs 6. 88 pp.
Kerbes, R. H. 1975. The nesting population of lesser snow geese in the eastern Arctic: a
photographic inventory of June 1973. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 35. 46 pp.
Kerbes, R. H., M. R. McLandress, G. E. J. Smith, G. W Byersbergen, and B. Goodwin. 1983.
Ross' goose and lesser snow goose colonies in the central Canadian Arctic. Canadian
Journal of Zoology 61:168-173.
Kerbes, R. H., M. A. Ogilvie, and H. Boyd. 1971. Pink-footed geese of Iceland and
Greenland: a population review based on an aerial survey of Pjorsaever in June 1970.
Wildfowl 22:5-17.
King, J. G. 1973. The use of small airplanes to gather swan data in Alaska. Wildfowl
24:15-20.
King, J. G. 1982. Swans. Pages 32-34 in D. E. Davis, ed. Handbook of census methods for
terrestrial vertebrates. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
King, J. G. and B. Conant. 198 1. The 1980 census of trumpeter swans on Alaskan nesting
habitats. American Birds 35:789-793.
Kinghorn, R. G. 1949. Determination of winter waterfowl population trends in Colorado by
aerial survey. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference 14:68-74.
Kirby, R. E. 1980. Waterfowl production estimates on forested wetlands from pair and
brood counts. Wildlife Society Bulletin 8:273-278.
Kirby, R. E. and L. M. Cowardin. 1986. Spring and summer survival of female mallards
from nortficentral Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:38-43.
Kirby, R. E., J. H. Riechmann, and L. M. Cowardin. 1985. Home range and habitat use of
forest dwelling mallards. Wilson Bulletin 97:215-219.
Klett, A. T. and D. H. Johnson. 1982. Variability in nest survival rates and implications
to nesting studies. Auk 99:77-87.
Klett, A. T. and L. M. Kirsch. 1976. Diurnal use of small wetlands by ducks. Journal of
Wildlife Management 40:351-353.
Klett, A. T., T. L. Shaffer, and D. H. Johnson. 1988. Duck nest success in the Prairie
Pothole Region. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:431-440.
Koeln, G. T., P. Caldwell, D. E. Wesley, and J. E. Jacobson. 1986. Inventory of wetlands
with LANDSAT's thematic mapper. Proceedings Canadian Remote Sensing Symposium
10:153-162.
Krapu, G. L. and H. A. Doty. 1979. Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction.
Wildfowl 30:35-39.
Lensink, C. J. 1973. Population structure and productivity of whistling swans on the Yukon
Delta, Alaska. Wildfowl 24:21-25.
Lilleleht, V. 1976. On the study of waterfowl in Estonia. Ornis Fennica 53:122-124.
Lincoln, F. C. 1936. Waterfowl populations. Transactions of the North American Wildlife
and Natural Resources Conference 1:509-516.
Livezey, B. C. 1980. Effects of selected observer-related factors on fates of duck nests.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 8:123-128.
Livezey, B. C. 1981. Locations and success of duck nests evaluated through discriminant
analysis. Wildfowl 32:23-27.
Longcore, J. R. and J. K. Ringelman. 1980. Factors affecting waterfowl breeding density
and productivity estimates in the northeast. Transactions Northeast Section of the
Wildlife Society 37:169-181.
Lotter, C. F. and G. W. Cornwell. 1969. Comparison of airplane, airboat and helicopter
for censusing Florida ducks. Proceedings Southeast Association of Game and Fish
Commissioners 23:97-101.
Luckett, L. M. and J. D. Hair. 1979. Analysis of wood duck roost counts in northwest
South Carolina. Proceedings Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
33:96-103.
Lynch, J. J. and J. R. Singleton. 1964. Winter appraisal of annual productivity of geese
and other water birds. Wildfowl Trust Annual Report 15:114-126.
MacInnes, C. D. and R. J. Misra. 1972. Predation of Canada goose nests at MacConnell
River, Northwest Territories. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:414-422.
McLandress, M. R. 1979. Status of Ross' geese in California. Pages 255-265 in R. L. Jarvis
and J. C. Bartonek, eds. Management and biology of Pacific flyway geese; a symposium.
Oregon State University Book Stores, Inc., Corvallis.
McLaren, P. L. and M. A. McLaren. 1982. Waterfowl populations in eastern Lancaster Sound
and eastern Baffin Bay. Arctic 35:149-157.
Malecki, R. A., F. D. Caswell, R. A. Bishop, K. M. Babcock, and M. M. Gillespie. 1981.
A breeding ground survey of EPP Canada geese in northern Manitoba. Journal of
Wildlife Management 45:46-53.
March, J. R., G. F. Martz, and R. A. Hunt. 1973. Breeding duck populations and habitat
in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin 68. 36 pp.
Martin, E W, R. S. Pospahala, and J. D. Nichols. 1979. Assessment and population management
of North American migratory birds. Pages 187-239 in J. Cairns, Jr., G. P. Patil, and
W. E. Waters, eds. Environmental biomonitoring, assessment, prediction, and
management--certain case studies and related quantitative issues. International
Cooperative Publishing House, Fairland, Maryland.
Martinson, R. K. and C. R Kaczynski. 1967. Factors influencing waterfowl counts on aerial
surveys, 1961-66. US. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report Wildlife 105.
78 pp.
Mayfield, H. F. 1961. Nesting success calculated from exposure. Wilson Bulletin 73:255-261.
Mayfield, H. F. 1975. Suggestions for calculating nest success. Wilson Bulletin 87:456-466.
Mendall, H. L. 1968. An inventory of Maine's breeding eider ducks. Transactions Northeast
Section of the Wildlife Society 25:95-104.
Milne, H. 1974. Breeding numbers and reproductive rate of eiders at the sands of Forvie
National Nature Reserve, Scotland. Ibis 116:135-152.
Milne, H. and A. Reed. 1974. Annual production of fledged young from the eider colonies of
the St. Lawrence estuary. Canadian Field-Naturalist 88:163-170.
Milstein, P. L. S. 1968. Practical census methods for waterfowl conservation in the
Transvaal, South Africa. Fauna Flora (Transvaal) 19:45-50.
Minser, W. G. III and J. M. Dabney. 1973. A comparison of day and night float counts
for wood duck broods on the Holston River in east Tennessee. Proceedings Southeast
Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 27:311-315.
Munro, R. E. and C. F. Kimball. 1982. Population ecology of the mallard: VII. Distribution
and derivation of the harvest. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 147.
127 pp.
Nichols, J. D., M. J. Conroy, D. R. Anderson, and K. P. Burnham. 1984. Compensatory
mortality in waterfowl populations: a review of the evidence and implications for
research and management. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural
Resources Conference 49:535-554.
Nilsson, L. 1970. Difficulties in estimating the true sex ratio of ducks from winter counts.
Riistatieteellisia Julkaisuja 30:86-88.
Parr, D. E. and M. D. Scott. 1978. Analysis of roosting counts as an index to wood duck
populations. Wilson Bulletin 90:423-437.
Perret, N. G. 1969. The Canada Land Inventory: land capability classification for wildlife.
Canada Department of Regional Economic Expansion, Canada Land Inventory, Report 7.
29 pp.
Pirkola, M. K. and J. Hogmander. 1974. The age determination of duck broods in the field.
Suomen Riista 25:50-55.
Pospahala, R. S., D. R. Anderson, and C. J. Henny. 1974. Population ecology of the mallard.
II. Breeding habitat conditions, size of the breeding populations, and production
indices. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 115. 73 pp.
Prevett, J. P., A. R. Brazda, H. G. Lumsden, and J. J. Lynch. 1982. Problems with snow
goose productivity appraisals. Wildlife Society Bulletin 10:11-17.
Provan, T. H. 1976. Aerial photography in estimating waterfowl populations in northern
Utah. M.S. Thesis, Utah State University, Logan. 41 pp.
Raveling, D. G. 1968. Can counts of group sizes of Canada geese reveal population
structure? Pages 87-91 in R. L. Hine and C. Schoenfeld, eds. Canada goose management:
current continental problems and programs. Dembar Educational Research Services,
Madison, Wisconsin. 195 pp.
Raveling, D. G. 1981. Survival, experience, and age in relation to breeding success of
Canada geese. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:817-829.
Reed, A. 1975. Reproductive output of black ducks in the St. Lawrence Estuary. Journal of
Wildlife Management 39:243-255.
Reed, A. and P. Changnon. 1987. Greater snow geese on Bylot Island, Northwest Territories,
1983. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:128-131.
Reese, J. G. 1982. European mute swan. Pages 35-36 in D. E. Davis, ed. Handbook of census
methods for terrestrial vertebrates. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Reeves, H. M., F. G. Cooch, and R. E. Munro. 1976. Monitoring arctic habitat and goose
production by satellite imagery. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:532-541.
Richardson, M. G., G. M. Dunnett, and P. K. Kinnear. 1981. Monitoring seabirds in Shetland.
Royal Society of Edinburgh Proceedings Section B (Biological Sciences) 80:157-179.
Ricker, W, E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish
populations. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 191:382.
Ringelman, J. K. and L. D. Flake. 1980. Diurnal visibility and activity of blue-winged
teal and mallard broods. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:822-829.
Robbins, C. S., D. Bystrack, and P. H. Geisler. 1986. The breeding bird survey: its first
fifteen years, 1965-1979, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 157.
196 pp.
Ross, R. K. 1985. Helicopter vs. ground surveys of waterfowl in the boreal forest.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:153-157.
Routledge, R. D. 1981. The unreliability of population estimates from repeated, incomplete
aerial surveys. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:997-1000.
Rumble, M. A. and L. D. Flake. 1982. A comparison of two waterfowl brood survey techniques.
Journal of Wildlife Management 46:1048-1053.
Russell, D., D. Mossop, and C. Goodfellow. 1979. Remote sensing for waterfowl nesting and
nesting habitat--Old Crow Flats, Yukon Territory, Canada. Pages 147-152 in Pecora IV,
proceedings of the symposium: application of remote sensing data to wildlife
management. National Wildlife Federation Scientific and Technical Series 3. 397 pp.
Rutherford, W. H. and C. R. Hayes. 1976. Stratification as a means for improving waterfowl
surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 4:74-78.
Sauder, D. W., R. L. Linder, R. B. Dahlgren, and W. L. Tucker. 1971. An evaluation of the
roadside technique for censusing breeding waterfowl. Journal of Wildlife Management
35:538-543.
Schroeder, C. H. 1970. Trends in North Dakota's breeding duck population. North Dakota
Outdoors 33(l):21-22.
Seber, G. A. R 1965. A note on the multiple-recapture census. Biometrika 52:249-259.
Seber, G. A. F. 1982. The estimation of animal abundance and related parameters. Haftier
Press, New York. 506 pp.
Serie, J. R. and L. M. Cowardin. 1990. Use of social indices to predict reproductive
success in canvasbacks. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:66-72.
Smith, A. G. 1969. Waterfowl-habitat relationships on the Lousana, Alberta, Waterfowl
Study Area. Saskatoon Wetlands Seminar. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series
6:116-122.
Smith, A. G. 1971. Ecological factors affecting waterfowl production in the Alberta
parklands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 98. 49 pp.
Smith, R. H. and A. S. Hawkins. 1948. Appraising waterfowl-breeding populations.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 13:57-62.
Smith, R. L. and L. D. Flake. 1985. Movements and habitats of brood-rearing wood ducks on
a prairie river. journal of Wildlife Management 49:437-442.
Sorensen, M. F. and R. J. Ibister. 1970. Waterfowl habitat and populations adjacent to
road allowances as compared to other areas of sections in Stratum 27, Alberta. Canadian
Wildlife Service. Unpublished report. 40 pp.
Sowls, L. K. 1947. New techniques for breeding ground surveys. Transactions of the North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 12:448-4S4.
Sowls, L. K. 1955. Prairie ducks. The Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 193 pp.
Spinner, G. P. 1946. Improved method for estimating numbers of waterfowl. Journal of
Wildlife Management 10:365.
Stewart, R. E. and H. A. Kantrud. 1972. Population estimates of breeding birds in North
Dakota. Auk 89:766-788.
Stewart, R. E. and H. A. Kantrud. 1973. Ecological distribution of breeding waterfowl
populations in North Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 37:39-50.
Stewart, R. E. and H. A. Kantrud. 1974. Breeding waterfowl populations on the prairie
pothole region of North Dakota. Condor 76:70-79.
Stott, R. S. and D. P. Olson. 1972. An evaluation of waterfowl surveys on the New Hampshire
coastline. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:468-477.
Stoudt, J. H. 1938. The number of waterfowl and the kill on the Chippewa National Forest,
1937, Journal of Wildlife Management 2:82-93.
Stoudt, J. H. 1969. Relationships between waterfowl and water areas on the Redvers
Waterfowl Study Area. Saskatoon Wetlands Seminar. Canadian Wildlife Service Report
Series 6:123-131.
Stoudt, J. H. 1971. Ecological factors affecting waterfowl production in the Saskatchewan
parklands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 99. 58 pp.
Stoudt, J. H. 1982. Habitat use and productivity of canvasbacks in southwest Manitoba
1961-1972. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report Wildlife 248.
31 pp.
Strang, C. A. 1980. Incidence of avian predators near people searching for waterfowl nests.
Journal of Wildlife Management 44:220-222.
Sugden, L. G. 1974. A comparison of two methods of counting ducks and ponds on roadside
transects. Canadian Wildlife Service Progress Notes 39. 3 pp.
Sugden, L. G. and G. Butler. 1980. Estimating densities of breeding canvasbacks and
redheads. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:814-821.
Sulzbach, D. S. and F. Cooke. 1979. Demographic parameters of a nesting colony of snow
geese. Condor 81:232-235.
Surrendi, C. R. 1972. Effects of road construction on wetlands in a dead-ice moraine. M.S.
Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman. 25 pp.
Tabberer, D. K., J. D. Newsom, P. E. Schilling, and H. A. Bateman. 1971. The wood duck
roost count as an index to wood duck abundance in Louisiana. Proceedings Southeast
Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 25:254-261.
Tacha, T. C., R. L. Linder, and T. L. Kuck. 1978. Analysis of aerial circling surveys for
Canada goose breeding populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 6:42-44.
Talent, L. G., R. L. Jarvis, and G. L. Krapu. 1983. Survival of mallard broods in
south-central North Dakota. Condor 85:74-78.
Timm, D. E., M. L. Wege, and D. S. Gilmer. 1982. Current status and management challenges
for tule white-fronted geese. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and
Natural Resources Conference 47:453-463.
Toft, C. A., D. L. Trauger, and H. W. Murdy. 1984. Seasonal decline in brood sizes of
sympatric waterfowl (Anas and Aythya, Anatidae) and a proposed evolutionary
explanation. Journal of Animal Ecology 53:75-92.
Trauger, D. L. and J. H. Stoudt. 1978. Trends in waterfowl populations and habitats on
study areas in Canadian parklands. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and
Natural Resources Conference 43:187-205.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service. 1987. Standard operating
procedures for waterfowl population and habitat surveys in North America. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service. 110 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service. 1986. North American
Waterfowl Management Plan. US. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife
Service. 19 pp.
Vickery, W L. and T. D. Nudds. 19 84. Detection of density-dependent effects in annual duck
censuses. Ecology 65:96-104.
Yarker, B. and G. L. Atkinson-Willes. 1971. The numerical distribution of some British
birds. Wildfowl 22:63-70.
U.S. Department of the Interior |
U.S. Geological Survey
URL: http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/ecomanag/chap13/referenc.htm
Page Contact Information: Webmaster
Page Last Modified: Friday, 01-Feb-2013 19:18:05 EST
Menlo Park, CA [caww54]