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Batt, B. D. J., and H. H. Prince. 1979. Laying dates, clutch size, and egg weight 
     of captive mallards. Condor 81:35-41.

Bengtson, S. A. 1972. Reproduction and fluctuations in the size of duck populations 
     at Lake Myvatn, Iceland. Oikos 23:35-58.

Boyd, H., and C. R. G. Campbell. 1967. A survey of the ducks breeding at Loch Leven 
     in 1966. Wildfowl 18:36-42.

Coulter, N. W., and W. R. Miller. 1968. Nesting biology of black ducks and mallards 
     in northern New England. Vt. Fish Game Dep. Bu11. 68-2. 74 pp.

Dane, C. W. 1966. Some aspects of breeding biology of bluewinged teal. Auk 83:389-402.

Dane, C. W., and G. L. Pearson. 1971. Effect of spring storm on waterfowl mortality 
     and breeding activity. Pages 258-267 in A. O. Haugen, ed. Proceedings of 
     the Snow and Ice in Relation to Wildlife and Recreation Symposium, Iowa State 
     University, Ames. 290 pp.

Dzubin, A. 1969. Comments on carrying capacity of small ponds for ducks and possible 
     effects of density on mallard production. Pages 138-160 in Saskatoon 
     Wetlands Seminar. Can. Wildl. Serv., Rep. Ser. 6. 262 pp.

Dzubin, A., and J. B. Gollop. 1972. Aspects of mallard breeding ecology in Canadian 
     parkland and grassland. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Wildl. Res. Rep. 2:113-152.

Evans, C. D., and K. E. Black. 1956. Duck production studies on the prairie potholes 
     of South Dakota. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.-Wildl. 32. 59 pp.

Gollop, J. B., and W. H. Marshall. 1954. A guide for aging duck broods in the field. 
     Miss. Flyway Counc., Tech. Sci. Rep. 14 pp. (mimeographed)

Hammond, M. C. 1969. Notes on conducting waterfowl breeding population surveys 
     in the north central states. Pages 238-254 in Saskatoon Wetlands Seminar. 
     Can. Wildl. Serv., Rep. Ser. 6. 262 pp.

Hammond, M. C. 1970. Waterfowl brood survey manual. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 44 pp. 
     (mimeographed)

Harris, S. W. 1954. An ecological study of the waterfowl of the Potholes Area, 
     Grant County, Washington. Am. Midl. Nat. 52:403-432.

Hildën, O. 1964. Ecology of duck populations in the island group of Valassaaret, 
     Gulf of Bothnia. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 1:153-279.

Jensen, R. E. 1972. Climate of North Dakota. North Dakota State University, Fargo. 
     48 pp.

Keith, L. B. 1961. A study of waterfowl ecology on small impoundments in southeastern 
     Alberta. Wildl. Monogr. 6. 88 pp.

Koskimies, J., and L. Lahti. 1964. Cold-hardiness of the newly hatched young in 
     relation to ecology and distribution in ten species of European ducks. Auk 
     81:281-307.

Krapu, G. L. 1981. The role of nutrient reserves in mallard reproduction. Auk 
     98:29-38.

Krapu, G. L., and H. A. Doty. 1979. Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction. 
     Wildfowl 30:35-39.

Langford, W. A., and E. A. Driver. 1979. Quantification of the relationship between 
     mallard nest initiation and temperature. Wildfowl 30:31-34.

Lensink, C. J. 1973. Population structure and productivity of whistling swans on 
     the Yukon Delta, Alaska. Wildfowl 24:21-25.

MacInnes, C. D., R. A. Davis, R. N. Jones, B. C. Lieff, and A. J. Pakulak. 1974. 
     Reproductive efficiency of McConnell River small Canada geese. J. Wildl. 
     Manage. 38:686-707.

Makepeace, M., and I. J. Patterson. 1980. Duckling mortality in the shelduck, in 
     relation to density, aggressive interaction and weather. Wildfowl 31:57-72.

Marshall, A. J. 1961. Breeding seasons and migration. Pages 307-339 in A. J. 
     Marshall, ed. Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds. Vol. 2. Academic 
     Press, New York. 468 pp.

Milne, H. 1976. Some factors affecting egg production in waterfowl populations. 
     Wildfowl 27:141-142.

Newton, I., and C. R. G. Campbell. 1975. Breeding of ducks on Loch Leven, Kinross. 
     Wildfowl 26:83-103.

Nilsson, L. 1974. Annual fluctuations among Swedish mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) 
     and their possible causes. Int. Congr. Game Biol. 11:245-248.

Ogilvie, M. A. 1964. A nesting study of mallard in Berkeley New Decoy, Slimbridge. 
     Wildfowl 15:84-88.

Perrins, C. M. 1970. The timing of birds' breeding seasons. Ibis 112:242-255.

Raveling, D. G. 1978. The timing of egg laying by northern geese. Auk 95:294-303.

Seymour, N. R. 1982. Mortality of duckling attributed to separation from mother 
     and subsequent protracted exposure to low ambient temperature. Auk 99:383-384.

Smith, A. G. 1971. Ecological factors affecting waterfowl production in the Alberta 
     parklands. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Resour. Publ. 98.49 pp.

Sorensen, M. F. 1978. Observations of mallards in the parkland of Alberta. Can. 
     Wildl. Serv., Occas. Pap. 36. 22 pp.

Sowls, L. K. 1955. Prairie ducks. Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pa. 193 pp.

Spurr, E. B., and H. Milne. 1976. Factors affecting laying date in the common 
     eider. Wildfowl 27:107-109.

Stewart, R. E., and H. A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of natural ponds and 
     lakes in the glaciated prairie region. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Resour. Publ. 
     92. 57 pp.

Stoudt, J. H. 1971. Ecological factors affecting waterfowl production in the 
     Saskatchewan parklands. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Resour. Publ. 99. 58 pp.

Väisänen, R. A. 1974. Timing of waterfowl breeding on the Krunnit 
     Islands, Gulf of Bothnia. Ornis Fenn. 51:61-84.

Yocom, C. F. 1950. Weather and its effect on hatching of waterfowl in eastern 
     Washington. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 15:309-319.

Yocom, C. F., and H. A. Hansen. 1960. Population studies of waterfowl in eastern 
     Washington. J. Wildl. Manage. 24:237-250.