Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
Ball, I. J., R. L. Eng, and S. K. Ball. 1995. Population density and
productivity of ducks on large grassland tracts in northcentral Montana.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:767-773.
Batt, B. D. J., M. G. Anderson, C. D. Anderson, and F. D. Caswell. 1989. Use of
prairie potholes by North American ducks. Pages 204-227 in A. van der Valk,
editor. Northern prairie wetlands. Iowa State University, Ames, USA.
Beauchamp, W. D., R. R. Koford, T. D. Nudds, R. G. Clark, and D. H. Johnson.
1996. Long-term declines in nest success of prairie ducks. Journal of
Wildlife Management 60:247-257.
Berg, N. A. 1994. The genesis of the CRP. Part 1: Evolution of the CRP. Pages
7-12 in Conference Proceedings. When Conservation Reserve Program
contracts expire: the policy options. Soil and Water Conservation Society,
Ankeny, Iowa, USA.
Bluemle, J. P. 1991. The face of North Dakota. Revised edition. North Dakota
Geological Survey Educational Series 21.
Clark, R. G., and T. D. Nudds. 1991. Habitat patch size and duck nest success:
the crucial experiments have not been performed. Wildlife Society
Bulletin 19:534-543.
Cowardin, L. M., D. S. Gilmer, and C. W. Shaifer. 1985. Mallard recruitment in
the agricultural environment of North Dakota. Wildlife Monographs 92.
_____, D. H. Johnson, T. L. Shaffer, and D. W. Sparling. 1988. Applications
of a simulation model to decisions in mallard management. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Technical Report 17.
_____, P. J. Pietz, J. T. Lokemoen, H. T. Sklebar, and G. A. Sargeant. 1998.
Response of nesting ducks to predator exclosures and water conditions
during drought. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:152-163.
_____, A. B. Sargeant, and H. F. Duebbert. 1983. Problems and potentials for
prairie ducks. Naturalist 34:4-10.
_____, T. L. Shaffer, and P. M. Arnold. 1995. Evaluation of duck habitat and
estimation of duck population sizes with a remote-sensing-based system.
National Biological Service Biological Science Report 2.
Crabtree, R. L., and M. L. Wolfe. 1988. Effects of alternate prey on skunk
predation of waterfowl nests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16:163-169.
Crissey, W. F. 1969. Prairie potholes from a continental viewpoint. Pages
161-171 in Saskatoon Wetlands Seminar. Canadian Wildlife Service Report
Series 6.
Dubovsky, J. A., C. T. Moore, J. P. Bladen, G. W. Smith, and P. D. Keywood.
1997. Trends in duck breeding populations, 1955-97. Administrative Report
97/24-25. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
Duebbert, H. F. 1969. High nest density and hatching success of ducks on
South Dakota CAP lands. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and
Natural Resources Conference 34:218-228.
_____. 1982. Nesting of waterfowl on islands in Lake Audubon, North Dakota.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 10:232-237.
_____, and J. T. Lokemoen. 1976. Duck nesting in fields of undisturbed grass-
legume cover. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:39-49.
_____, _____, and D. E. Sharp. 1983. Concentrated nesting of mallards and
gadwalls on Miller Lake Island, North Dakota. Journal of Wildlife
Management 47:729-740.
Dzubin, A. 1969. Comments on carrying capacity of small ponds for ducks and
possible effects of density on mallard production. Pages 138-160 in
Saskatoon Wetlands Seminar. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 6.
_____, and J. B. Gollop. 1972. Aspects of mallard breeding ecology in Canadian
parkland and grassland. Pages 113-152 in Population ecology of migratory
birds, a symposium. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Report,
Wildlife 2.
Grand, J. B. 1995. Nesting success of ducks on the central Yukon Flats, Alaska.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:260-265.
Greenwood, R. J., A. B. Sargeant, D. H. Johnson, L. M. Cowardin, and T. L.
Shaffer. 1995. Factors associated with duck nest success in the Prairie
Pothole Region of Canada. Wildlife Monographs 128.
Higgins, K. F., L. M. Kirsch, A. T. Klett, and H. W. Miller. 1992. Waterfowl
production on the Woodworth Station in south-central North Dakota, 1965-
1981. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 180.
Johnson, D. H. 1979. Estimating nest success: the Mayfield method and an
alternative. Auk 96:651-661.
_____, J. D. Nichols, and M. D. Schwartz. 1992. Population dynamics of breeding
waterfowl. Pages 446-485 in B. D. J. Batt, A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson,
C. D. Ankney, D. H. Johnson, J. A. Kadlec, and G. L. Krapu, editors. The
ecology and management of breeding waterfowl. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis, USA.
_____, and A. B. Sargeant. 1977. Impact of red fox predation on the sex ratio
of prairie mallards. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Wildlife Research
Report 6.
_____, _____, and R. J. Greenwood. 1988. Importance of individual species of
predators on nesting success of ducks in the Canadian Prairie Pothole
Region. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:291-297.
_____, and M. D. Schwartz. 1993. The Conservation Reserve Program: habitat for
grassland birds. Great Plains Research 3:273-295.
Jones, J. K., Jr., D. M. Armstrong, R. S. Hoffmann, and C. Jones. 1983.
Mammals of the northern Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press,
Lincoln, USA.
Kaminski, R. M., and E. A. Gluesing. 1987. Density-and habitat-related
recruitment in mallards. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:141-148.
Kantrud, H. A. 1993. Duck nest success on Conservation Reserve Program land
in the Prairie Pothole Region. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
48:238-242.
Klett, A. T., H. F. Duebbert, C. A. Faanes, and K. F. Higgins. 1986. Techniques
for studying nest success of ducks in upland habitats in the Prairie
Pothole Region. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 158.
_____, and D. H. Johnson. 1982. Variability in nest survival rates and
implications to nesting studies. Auk 99:77-87.
_____, T. L. Shaffer, and D. H. Johnson. 1988. Duck nest success in the
Prairie Pothole Region. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:431-440.
Krapu, G. L., A. T. Klett, and D. G. Jorde. 1983. The effect of variable
spring water conditions on mallard reproduction. Auk 100:689-698.
_____, P. J. Pietz, D. A. Brandt, and R. R. Cox, Jr. 2000. Factors limiting
mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes. Journal of Wildlife
Management 64:553-561.
Lysne, L. A. 1991. Small mammal demographics in North Dakota Conservation
Reserve Program plantings. Thesis, University of North Dakota, Grand
Forks, USA.
Mayfield, H. F. 1961. Nesting success calculated from exposure. Wilson Bulletin
73:255-261.
_____. 1975. Suggestions for calculating nest success. Wilson Bulletin 87:
456-466.
McAtee, W. L. 1935. Food habits of common hawks. U.S. Department of Agriculture
Circular 370.
McKinnon, D. T., and D. C. Duncan. 1999. Effectiveness of dense nesting cover
for increasing duck production in Saskatchewan. Journal of Wildlife
Management 63:382-389.
Moulton, R. J. 1994. Public interest in CRP-natural resource conservation and
social achievement: reforestation. Pages 22-30 in Conference Proceedings.
When Conservation Reserve Program contracts expire: the policy options.
Soil and Water Conservation Society, Ankeny, Iowa, USA.
Munro, R. E., and C. F. Kimball. 1982. Population ecology of the mallard VII.
Distribution and derivation of the harvest. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Resource Publication 147.
Pehrsson, O. 1985. Duckling production of oldsquaw in relation to spring
weather and small rodent fluctuations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64:
1835-1841.
Pospahala, R. S., D. R. Anderson, and C. J. Henny. 1974. Population ecology
of the mallard II. Breeding habitat conditions, size of the breeding
populations, and production indices. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Resource Publication 115.
Renner, R. W., R. E. Reynolds, and B. D. J. Batt. 1995. The impact of haying
Conservation Reserve Program lands on productivity of ducks nesting in
the Prairie Pothole Region of North and South Dakota. Transactions of the
North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 60:221-229.
Reynolds, R. E. 1987. Breeding duck population, production and habitat surveys,
1979-85. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference 52:186-205.
_____, T. L. Shaffer, J. R. Sauer, and B. G. Peterjohn. 1994. Conservation
Reserve Program: benefit for grassland birds in the northern plains.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference 59:328-336.
Sargeant, A. B., R. J. Greenwood, M. A. Sovada, and T. L. Shaffer. 1993.
Distribution and abundance of predators that affect duck production
Prairie Pothole Region. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource
Publication 194.
_____, and D. G. Raveling. 1992. Mortality during the breeding season. Pages
396-422 in B. D. J. Batt, A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney,
D. H. Johnson, J. A. Kadlec, and G. L. Krapu, editors. The ecology and
management of breeding waterfowl. University of Minnesota Press,
Minneapolis, USA.
_____, M. A. Sovada, and T. L. Shaffer. 1995. Seasonal predator removal
relative to hatch rate of duck nests in waterfowl production areas.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:507-513.
SAS Institute. 1989. SAS/STAT® user's guide. Version 6. SAS Institute, Cary,
North Carolina, USA.
_____. 1990. SAS procedures guide. Version 6. Third edition. SAS Institute,
Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran. 1980. Statistical methods. Iowa State
University Press, Ames, USA.
Sovada, M. A. 1993. Differential effects of coyotes versus red foxes on duck
nest success in managed uplands. Thesis, North Dakota State University,
Fargo, USA.
_____, A. B. Sargeant, and J. W. Grier. 1995. Differential effects of coyote
and red foxes on duck nest success. Journal of Wildlife Management
59:1-9.
_____, M. C. Zicus, R. J. Greenwood, D. P. Rave, W. E. Newton, R. O. Woodward,
and J. A. Beiser. 2000. Relationships of habitat patch size to predator
community and survival of duck nests. Journal of Wildlife Management
64:820-831.
Stewart, R. E., and H. A. Kantrud. 1973. Ecological distribution of breeding
waterfowl populations in North Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management
37:39-50.
Summers, R. W. 1986. Breeding production of dark-bellied brent geese in
relation to lemming cycles. Bird Study 33:105-108.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1994. Summary report: 1992 National resources
inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation
Service, Iowa State University, Ames, USA.
Weller, M. W. 1956. A simple field candler for waterfowl eggs. Journal of
Wildlife Management 20:111-113.
_____. 1979. Density and habitat relationships of blue-winged teal nesting in
northwestern Iowa. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:367-374.