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I have benefited from consultations and discussion of waterfowl census techniques with J.J. Lynch, A.G. Smith, J.H. Stoudt, H.M. Murdy, M.C. Hammond, D.F. McKinney, R.T. Sterling, J.B. Millar, A.S. Goodman, L.M. Kirsch, and J.B. Gollop. Early in the study E.G. Wellein and R.W. Balham gave me much valuable advice. J.J. Lynch, H.M. Murdy, J.H. Stoudt, and A.G. Smith granted permission to use unpublished material. To all these individuals my sincere thanks.

Financial aid was received from the Wildlife Management Institute through the Delta Waterfowl Research Station and from the Department of Wildlife Management, University of Wisconsin, for the Manitoba project. All Saskatchewan work was done under auspices of the Canadian Wildlife Service. A grant covering various meteorological instruments was received from the National Research Council of Canada in 1953, 1954, and 1955. In 1953, a financial grant was also received from the National Research Council to attend the University of Wisconsin.

In 1952 and 1953 the Manitoba study was conducted under direction of Dr. I.McT. Cowan of the University of British Columbia and for all subsequent years under supervision of Dr. R.A. McCabe of the University of Wisconsin. Dr. H.A. Hochbaum directed part of the field program in Manitoba as did Dr. J.B. Gollop in Saskatchewan.

I sincerely acknowledge the comments and suggestions received from J.B. Gollop, M.C. Hammond, and L.M. Kirsch on early drafts of this paper. I am also indebted to Drs. J.J. Hickey, R.A. McCabe, and L.B. Keith for helpful criticisms and editorial assistance.