Interpreting Evidence of Depredation of Duck Nests
in the Prairie Pothole Region
Appendix A
Appendix A. Sources of information and amount of detail from literature and present study concerning evidence of depredation at duck nests destroyed by principal predators of duck nests in the Prairie Pothole Region.
| Predator Speciesa | |||||||||||||
| Source | Data type | Egg type | Coyote | Red fox | Raccoon | Striped skunk | American badger | Mink | Weaselsb | Franklin's ground squirrel |
Black-billed magpie | American crow | Gullsc |
| Stoddard (1932) |
Nestsd | Quail | L-Ve | ||||||||||
| Darrow (1938) |
Nestsd | Grouse | L-V | L-V | L-V | L-V | L-V | L-V | |||||
| Sowls (1948) |
Nestsf | Duckg | Lg-V | ||||||||||
| Eggsd | Duckg | Lg-V | Lg-V | ||||||||||
| Rearden (1951) |
Nests | Duck | L-V | ||||||||||
| Nestsf | Duck, chicken | M-V | M-E | L-V | M-V | ||||||||
| Einarsen (1956) |
Nests | Pheasant | L-V | L-V | |||||||||
| Sooter (1946) |
Nests | Duck | M-E | ||||||||||
| Eggsd | Chicken | L-E | |||||||||||
| Kruuk (1964) |
Nests | Gull | L-E | ||||||||||
| Teer (1964) |
Nests | Duck | L-E | ||||||||||
| Eggsd | Duck, chicken | Lg-E | |||||||||||
| Tinbergen (1965) |
Nests | Gull | M-E | ||||||||||
| Barkley (1972) |
Eggsh | Grouse | L-V | ||||||||||
| Montevecchi (1976) | Eggsh | Chicken, quail | S-E | ||||||||||
| Baker (1978) |
Nestsf | Turkey, chicken | L-E | S-E | M-E | ||||||||
| Sargeant et al. (1987) | Nestsf, Eggsh | Duck | S-E | ||||||||||
| Fleskes (1988) |
Nests | Duck | S-E | ||||||||||
| Eggsd | Duck | L-E | |||||||||||
| Aufforth el. al. (1990) | Nests | Duck | L-V | ||||||||||
| Trevor et al. (1991) | Nestsf | Chickeni | S-E | S-E | |||||||||
| Present Study | Nestsj | Duck | S-E | S-E | S-E | S-E | |||||||
| Eggsd | Duck | L-E | |||||||||||
| Nestsf | Duck | L-E | L-E | L-E | M-E | S-E | S-E | S-E | |||||
| Nests | Duck | L-E | S-V | S-E | L-V | ||||||||
| Eggsh | Duck | L-E | L-E | L-E | M-E | ||||||||
| a | Codes refer to amount of data and detail of descriptions as follows: L = limited data (1-5 nests or individual predators known or thought to have been involved), M = moderate data (6-15 nests or individual predators known or thought to have been involved), S = substantial data (≥16 nests or individual predators known or thought to have been involved), E = descriptions include explicit details, V = descriptions are vague. |
| b | Ermine and long-tailed weasel. |
| c | Ring-billed gull and California gull. |
| d | Loose eggs depredated by captive predators in cages, pens, or enclosures. |
| e | Includes data for the spotted skunk. |
| f | Artificial nests with clutch depredated by free-ranging predators. |
| g | Estimated from information provided. |
| h | Loose eggs depredated by free-ranging predators. |
| i | Eggs were boiled for 1 min to solidify the albumen and, therefore, the results were not included in the discussion in text. |
| j | Artificial nests with clutch depredated by captive predators in a compound, enclosure, or both. |
Previous Section -- Glossary
Return to Contents
Next Section -- Appendix B, Table1
