Effects of Grazing and Burning on Densities and
Habitats of Breeding Ducks in North Dakota

Appendices

Appendix 1. Average burn times and grazing periods, grazing rates (animal unit months/ha, AUM/ha), and treatment schedules for each treatment at Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota, 1980-88.

Treatment

Spring graze Spring burn Summer burn/
spring graze Control

Burn timing none mid Jun Early Aug none

Grazing period Early May-mid Jun none Early May-mid Jun none

Grazing rate
(AUM/ha) 2.5 2.5-3.1

Treatment
schedule^a
1980 Rest Rest Rest Rest

1981 Rest Rest Rest Rest

1982 Graze Burn Burn Rest

1983 Graze Rest Graze Rest

1984 Graze Burn Rest Rest

1985 Rest Rest Burn Rest

1986 Rest Burn Graze Rest

1987 Rest Rest Rest Rest

1988 Rest Rest Rest Rest

^aEach of 3 blocks of fields received the same treatment schedule

Appendix 2. Estimated differences and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for highest and lowest values of nest density and daily nest survival rate (nest success) for cases in which there was no effect of burning and grazing treatments, Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota, 1980-88.

Parameter Species Difference^a 95% CI^a

Total nest density Mallard 0.735 0.006-1.464

Gadwall 0.342 - 0.088-0.772

Blue-winged teal 0.221 - 0.422-0.864

Pintail 0.096 - 0.055-0.247

Lesser scaup 0.090 - 0.429-0.609

Shoveler 0.105 0.048-0.162

American wigeon 0.160 - 0.118-0.438

Annual nest density Mallard 0.077 0.014-0.140

Lesser scaup 0.013 - 0.009-0.022

American wigeon 0.022 - 0.035-0.079

Daily nest survival rate Mallard 0.0014 - 0.0008-0.0036

Gadwall 0.0077 0.0013-0.0141

Blue-winged teal 0.0065 - 0.0009-0.0139

^aDifferences and 95% CI for daily nest survival rates are angular transformations. It is not possible to carry out reverse transformations of differences and CI provided by the SAS ESTIMATE procedures. Maximum differences can be computed from data in Table 3.

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	Treatment
	Spring graze	Spring burn	Summer burn/ spring graze	Control
Burn timing	none	mid Jun	Early Aug	none
Grazing period	Early May-mid Jun	none	Early May-mid Jun	none
Grazing rate (AUM/ha)	2.5		2.5-3.1
Treatment schedule^a
1980	Rest	Rest	Rest	Rest
1981	Rest	Rest	Rest	Rest
1982	Graze	Burn	Burn	Rest
1983	Graze	Rest	Graze	Rest
1984	Graze	Burn	Rest	Rest
1985	Rest	Rest	Burn	Rest
1986	Rest	Burn	Graze	Rest
1987	Rest	Rest	Rest	Rest
1988	Rest	Rest	Rest	Rest
^aEach of 3 blocks of fields received the same treatment schedule

Parameter	Species	Difference^a	95% CI^a
Total nest density	Mallard	0.735	0.006-1.464
	Gadwall	0.342	- 0.088-0.772
	Blue-winged teal	0.221	- 0.422-0.864
	Pintail	0.096	- 0.055-0.247
	Lesser scaup	0.090	- 0.429-0.609
	Shoveler	0.105	0.048-0.162
	American wigeon	0.160	- 0.118-0.438
Annual nest density	Mallard	0.077	0.014-0.140
	Lesser scaup	0.013	- 0.009-0.022
	American wigeon	0.022	- 0.035-0.079
Daily nest survival rate	Mallard	0.0014	- 0.0008-0.0036
	Gadwall	0.0077	0.0013-0.0141
	Blue-winged teal	0.0065	- 0.0009-0.0139
^aDifferences and 95% CI for daily nest survival rates are angular transformations. It is not possible to carry out reverse transformations of differences and CI provided by the SAS ESTIMATE procedures. Maximum differences can be computed from data in Table 3.

Effects of Grazing and Burning on Densities and Habitats of Breeding Ducks in North Dakota

Appendices

Effects of Grazing and Burning on Densities and
Habitats of Breeding Ducks in North Dakota