Effects of Grazing and Burning on Densities and
Habitats of Breeding Ducks in North Dakota

Appendices

	Treatment
	Spring graze	Spring burn	Summer burn/ spring graze	Control
Burn timing	none	mid Jun	Early Aug	none
Grazing period	Early May-mid Jun	none	Early May-mid Jun	none
Grazing rate (AUM/ha)	2.5		2.5-3.1
Treatment schedulea
1980	Rest	Rest	Rest	Rest
1981	Rest	Rest	Rest	Rest
1982	Graze	Burn	Burn	Rest
1983	Graze	Rest	Graze	Rest
1984	Graze	Burn	Rest	Rest
1985	Rest	Rest	Burn	Rest
1986	Rest	Burn	Graze	Rest
1987	Rest	Rest	Rest	Rest
1988	Rest	Rest	Rest	Rest
aEach of 3 blocks of fields received the same treatment schedule

Parameter	Species	Differencea	95% CIa
Total nest density	Mallard	0.735	0.006-1.464
	Gadwall	0.342	- 0.088-0.772
	Blue-winged teal	0.221	- 0.422-0.864
	Pintail	0.096	- 0.055-0.247
	Lesser scaup	0.090	- 0.429-0.609
	Shoveler	0.105	0.048-0.162
	American wigeon	0.160	- 0.118-0.438
Annual nest density	Mallard	0.077	0.014-0.140
	Lesser scaup	0.013	- 0.009-0.022
	American wigeon	0.022	- 0.035-0.079
Daily nest survival rate	Mallard	0.0014	- 0.0008-0.0036
	Gadwall	0.0077	0.0013-0.0141
	Blue-winged teal	0.0065	- 0.0009-0.0139
aDifferences and 95% CI for daily nest survival rates are angular transformations. It is not possible to carry out reverse transformations of differences and CI provided by the SAS ESTIMATE procedures. Maximum differences can be computed from data in Table 3.