Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
Bataille, K. J., and G. A. Baldassarre. 1993. Distribution and abundance of
aquatic macro-invertebrates in three prairie pothole wetlands. Wetlands
13:260-269.
Bellrose, F. C. 1979. Species distributions, habitats, and characteristics
of breeding dabbling ducks in North America. Pages 1-15 in Waterfowl and
wetlandsAn integrated review (T. A. Bookhout, Ed.). North Central Section
of The Wildlife Society, Madison, Wisconsin.
Bellrose, F. C. 1980. Ducks, geese, and swans of North America. Stackpole
Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Bluhm, C. K. 1992. Environmental and endocrine control of waterfowl
reproduction. Pages 323-364 in Ecology and management of breeding
waterfowl (B. D. J. Batt, A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney, D. H.
Johnson, J. A. Kadlec, and G. L. Krapu, Eds.). University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis.
Cowardin, L. M., D. S. Gilmer, and C. W. Shaiffer. 1985. Mallard recruitment
in the agricultural environment of North Dakota. Wildlife Monographs No.
92.
Cox, R. R., Jr., M. A. Hanson, C. C. Roy, N. H. Euliss, Jr., D. H. Johnson,
and M. G. Butler. 1998. Mallard duckling growth and survival in relation
to aquatic invertebrates. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:124-133.
Cunningham, E. J. A. 1997. Forced copulation and sperm competition in the
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Derrickson, S. R. 1978. The mobility of breeding pintails. Auk 95:104-114.
Donham, R. S. 1979. Annual cycle of plasma luteinizing hormone and sex
hormones in male and female Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Biology of
Reproduction 21:1273-1285.
Drewien, R. C., and P. F. Springer. 1969. Ecological relationships of
breeding Blue-winged Teal to prairie potholes. Pages 102-115 in Saskatoon
wetlands seminar. Canadian Wildlife Report Series No. 6.
DuBowy, P. J. 1988. Waterfowl communities and seasonal environments: Temporal
variability in interspecific competition. Ecology 69:1439-1453.
Dzubin, A., and J. B. Gollop. 1972. Aspects of Mallard breeding ecology in
Canadian parkland and grassland. Pages 113-152 in Population ecology of
migratory birds (R. I. Smith, J. R. Palmer, and T. S. Baskett, Eds.). United
States Fish and Wildlife Service Wildlife Report No. 2.
Elder, W. H., and M. W. Weller. 1954. Duration of fertility in the domestic
Mallard hen after isolation from the drake. Journal of Wildlife Management
18:495-502.
Eldridge, J. L., and G. L. Krapu. 1988. The influence of diet quality on clutch
size and laying pattern in Mallards. Auk 105:102-110.
Esler, D., and J. B. Grand. 1994. The role of nutrient reserves for clutch
formation by Northern Pintails in Alaska. Condor 96:422-432.
Euliss, N. H., Jr., D. A. Wrubleski, and D. M. Mushet. 1999. Wetlands of the
prairie pothole region: Invertebrate species composition, ecology, and
management. Pages 471-514 in Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of
North America: Ecology and management (D. P. Batzer, R. B. Rader, and S. A.
Wissinger, Eds.). John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Farner, D. S., R. S. Donham, K. S. Matt, P. W. Mattocks, Jr., M. C. Moore, and
J. C. Wingfield. 1983. The nature of photorefractoriness. Pages 149-166
in Avian endocrinology: Environmental and ecological perspectives (S.
Mikami, K. Homma, and M. Wada, Eds.). Spring-Verlag, Berlin.
Gollop, J. B., and W. H. Marshall. 1954. A guide for aging duck broods in the
field. Report of the Mississippi Flyway Council Technical Section.
Greenwood, R. G., A. B. Sargeant, D. H. Johnson, L. M. Cowardin, and T. L.
Shaffer. 1995. Factors associated with duck nest success in the prairie
pothole region of Canada. Wildlife Monographs No. 128.
Haase, E. 1983. The annual reproductive cycle in Mallards. Journal of
Steroid Biochemistry 19:731-737.
Haase, E., P. J. Sharp, and E. Paulke. 1985. Seasonal changes in the
concentrations of plasma gonadotropins and prolactin in wild Mallard
drakes. Journal of Experimental Zoology 234:301-305.
Hahn, T. P., T. Boswell, J. C. Wingfield, and G. F. Ball. 1997. Temporal
flexibility in avian reproduction. Current Ornithology 14:39-80.
Hall, D. J. 1964. An experimental approach to the dynamics of a natural
population of Daphnia galeata mendotae. Ecology 45:94-112.
Hohn, E. O. 1947. Sexual behaviour and seasonal changes in the gonads and
adrenals of the Mallard. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
117:281-304.
Johnson, D. H. 1979. Estimating nest success: The Mayfield method and an
alternative. Auk 96:651-661.
Johnson, D. H., and J. W. Grier. 1988. Determinants of breeding distributions
of ducks. Wildlife Monographs 100.
Johnson, O. W. 1961. Reproductive cycle of the Mallard duck. Condor 63:351-364.
Johnson, O. W. 1966. Quantitative features of spermatogenesis in the Mallard
(Anas platyrhynchos). Auk 83:233-239.
Klett, A. T., H. F. Duebbert, C. A. Faanes, and K. F. Higgins. 1986.
Techniques for studying nest success of ducks in upland habitats in the
prairie pothole region. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Resource
Publication No. 158.
Krapu, G. L. 1974. Feeding ecology of Pintail hens during reproduction.
Auk 91:278-290.
Krapu, G. L. 1981. The role of nutrient reserves in Mallard reproduction.
Auk 98:29-38.
Krapu, G. L., R. J. Greenwood, C. P. Dwyer, K. M. Kraft, and L. M. Cowardin.
1997. Wetland use, settling patterns and recruitment in Mallards. Journal
of Wildlife Management 61:736-746.
Krapu, G. L., A. T. Klett, and D. G. Jorde. 1983. The effect of variable water
conditions on Mallard reproduction. Auk 100:689-698.
Krapu, G. L., P. J. Pietz, D. A. Brandt, and R. R. Cox, Jr. 2000. Factors
limiting Mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes. Journal
of Wildlife Management 64:153-161.
Krapu, G. L., and K. J. Reinecke. 1992. Foraging ecology and nutrition.
Pages 1-29 in Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl (B. D. J. Batt,
A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney, D. H. Johnson, J. A. Kadlec,
and G. L. Krapu, Eds.). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Lofts, B., and C. J. F. Coombs. 1965. Photoperiodism and testicular refractory
period in the Mallard. Journal of Zoology (London) 146:44-54.
Lokemoen, J. T., H. F. Duebbert, and D. E. Sharp. 1990. Homing and
reproductive habits of Mallards, Gadwalls, and Blue-winged Teal. Wildlife
Monographs No. 106.
Mathsoft. 1997. S-Plus 4. Mathsoft, Seattle, Washington.
Murton, R. K., and J. Kear. 1976. The role of day-length in regulating the
breeding seasons and distribution of wildfowl. Pages 337-360 in Light as
an ecological factor, vol. 2 (R. Bainbridge, Ed.). Blackwell Scientific
Publishers, Oxford.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1892-1996. Climatological
data: North Dakota, monthly summaries. National Climatic Center,
Asheville, North Carolina.
Nudds, T. D., and J. N. Bowlby. 1984. Predator-prey size relationships in
North American dabbling ducks. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62:2002-2008.
Pospahala, R. S., D. R. Anderson, and C. J. Henny. 1974. Population
ecology of the Mallard. II. Breeding habitat conditions, size of
breeding populations, and production indices. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service Resource Publication No. 115.
Poston, H. J. 1969. Relationships between the shoveler and its breeding
habitat at Strathmore, Alberta. Pages 132-137 in Saskatoon wetlands
seminar. Canadian Wildlife Report Series No. 6.
Reynolds, R. E., T. L. Shaffer, J. R. Sauer, and B. G. Peterson. 1994.
Conservation Reserve Program: Benefit for grassland birds in the Northern
Plains. Transactions North American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference 59:328-336.
Runfeldt, S., and J. C. Wingfield. 1985. Experimentally prolonged sexual
activity in female sparrows delays termination of reproductive activity
in their untreated mates. Animal Behaviour 33:403-410.
Serie, J. R., and G. A. Swanson. 1976. Feeding ecology of breeding Gadwalls
on saline wetlands. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:69-81.
Smith, A. G. 1971. Ecological factors affecting waterfowl production in the
Alberta parklands. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Resource
Publication No. 98.
Smith, R. I. 1970. Response of Pintail breeding populations to drought.
Journal of Wildlife Management 34:943-946.
Swanson, G. A., G. L. Krapu, and J. R. Serie. 1979. Foods of laying female
dabbling ducks on the breeding grounds. Pages 47-57 in Waterfowl and
wetlands: An integrated review (T. A. Bookhout, Ed.). North Central
Section of The Wildlife Society, Madison, Wisconsin.
United States Army Corps of Engineers. 1994. The great flood of 1993: Post-
flood report, Upper Mississippi River Basin. United States Army Corps of
Engineers, St. Paul, Minnesota.
United Staes Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Waterfowl population status,
1998. United States Department of the Interior, Washington.
Weller, M. W. 1956. A simple field candler for waterfowl eggs. Journal of
Wildlife Management 20:111-113.