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ADAMS, G. D., and G. C. GENTLE. 1978. Spatial changes in waterfowl habitats. 
     Can. Wildl. Serv. Occas. Pap. 38. 29pp.

AFTON, A. D. 1984. Influence of age and time on reproductive performance of 
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ANDERSON, M. G. 1985. Social behavior of breeding canvasbacks (Aythya 
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BAILEY, R. O. 1981. A theoretical approach to problems in waterfowl management. 
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BAILLIE, S. R., and H. MILNE. 1982. The influence of female age on breeding in 
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BARTONEK, J. C., and C. W. DANE. 1964. Numbered nasal discs for waterfowl. J. 
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BARZEN, J. A., and J. R. SERIE. 1990. Nutrient reserve dynamics of breeding 
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BISHOP, R. A., D. D. HUMBURG, and R. D. ANDREWS. 1978. Survival and homing of 
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BLOHM, R. J. 1979. The breeding biology of the gadwall in southern Manitoba. 
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BOUFFARD, S. H. 1983. Redhead egg parasitism of canvasback nests. J. Wildl. 
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COWARDIN, L. M., D. S. GILMER, and C. W. SHAIFFER. 1985. Mallard recruitment in 
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COWAN, I. M., and J. HATTER. 1952. A trap and technique for the capture of 
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DOTY, H. A., and F. B.  LEE. 1974. Homing to nest baskets by wild female 
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————, D. L. TRAUGER, and J. R. SERIE. 1984. Renesting by canvasbacks in 
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ERICKSON, R. C. 1948. Life history and ecology of the canvasback, Nyroca 
     valisineria (Wilson) in southeastern Oregon. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa 
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ERSKINE, A. J. 1971. Buffleheads. Can. Wildl. Serv. Monogr. Serv. 4. 240pp.

FEINBERG, S. E. 1981. The analysis of cross-classified categorical data, Second 
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GEIS, A. D. 1959. Annual and shooting mortality estimates for the canvasback. 
     J. Wildl. Manage. 23:253-261.

GOLLOP, J. B., and W. H. MARSHALL. 1958. A guide for aging duck broods in the 
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HAMMOND, M., and D. H. JOHNSON. 1984. Effects of weather on breeding ducks in 
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HANSEN, J. L. 1971. The role of nest boxes in management of the wood duck in 
     Mingo National Wildlife Refuge. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Missouri, 
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HOCHBAUM, H. A. 1944. The canvasback on a prairie marsh. Am. Wildl. Inst., 
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JOHNSON, D. H. 1979. Estimating nest success: the Mayfield method and an 
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————, and J. W. GRIER. 1988. Determinants of breeding distribution of ducks. 
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JOHNSON, D. J. 1978. Age-related breeding biology of the redhead duck in south-
     western Manitoba. M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M Univ., College Station. 47pp.

JOYNER, D. E. 1976. Effects of interspecific nest parasitism by redheads and 
     ruddy ducks. J. Wildl. Manage. 40:33-38.

KIEL, W. H., JR., A. S. HAWKINS, and N. G. PERRET. 1972. Waterfowl habitat trends
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KIRK, R. E. 1982. Experimental design: procedures for the behavioral sciences, 
     second ed. Brooks/Cole Publ. Co., Belmont, Penn. 911pp.

KLETT, A. T., H. F. DUEBBERT, C. A. FAANES, and K. F. HIGGINS. 1986. Techniques 
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————, T. L. SHAFFER, and D. H. JOHNSON. 1988. Duck nest success in the prairie 
     pothole region. J. Wildl. Manage. 52:431-440.

KRAPU, G. L., and H. A. DOTY. 1979. Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction. 
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————, A. T. KLETT, and D. G. JORDE. 1983. The effect of variable spring water 
     conditions on mallard reproduction. Auk 100:689-698.

LANGFORD, W. A., and E. A. DRIVER. 1979. Quantification of the relationship 
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LEONARD, J. P. 1990. Survival and movement of canvasback ducklings-impact of 
     brood density. M.S. Thesis, Michigan State Univ. 48pp.

LOKEMOEN, J. T. 1991. Brood parasitism among waterfowl nesting on islands and 
     peninsulas in North Dakota. Condor 93:340-345.
	
————, H. F. DUEBBERT, and D. E. SHARP. 1990. Homing and reproductive habits of 
     mallards, gadwalls, and blue-winged teal. Wildl. Monogr. 106. 27pp.

MIHELSONS, H., G. LEJINS, A. MEDNIS, and V. KLIMPINS. 1970. Attachment to the 
     territory and reproductive effectiveness of the tufted duck on Lake Engure 
     (Latvian SSR). Proc. Int. Congr. Game Biol. 8:82-85.

MILLIKEN, G. A., and D. E. JOHNSON. 1984. Analysis of messy data, Vol. I: 
     designed experiments. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, N.Y. 473pp.

NICHOLS, J. D., and G. M. HARAMIS. 1980. Inferences regarding survival and re-
     covery rates of winter-banded canvasbacks. J. Wildl. Manage. 44:164-173.

NOVARA, A. N., and J. F. VOELZER. 1987. Waterfowl status report, 1981. U.S. Fish 
     Wildl. Serv., Fish Wildl. Serv. Tech. Rep. 12. 99pp.

OLSON, D. P. 1964. A study of canvasback and redhead breeding populations, 
     nesting habitats, and productivity. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Minnesota,
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PATTERSON, J. H. 1979. Can ducks be managed by regulation? Experiences in 
     Canada. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 44:130-139.

ROGERS, J. P. 1964. Effect of drought on reproduction of the lesser scaup. 
     J. Wildl. Manage. 28: 213-222.

SAS INSTITUTE INC. 1985. SAS user's guide: statistics, version 6 edition. 
     Cary, N.C. 1028pp.

SERIE, J. R., D. L. TRAUGER, H. A. DOTY, and D. E. SHARP. 1982. Age-class 
     determination of canvasbacks. J. Wildl. Manage. 46:894-904.

SMITH, A. G. 1971. Ecological factors affecting waterfowl production in the 
     Alberta parklands. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Resour. Publ. 98. 49pp.

SORENSON, M. D. 1990. Parasitic egg-laying in redhead and canvasback ducks. 
     Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis. 116pp.

STOUDT, J. H. 1971. Ecological factors affecting waterfowl production in the 
     Saskatchewan parklands. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Resour. Publ. 99. 58pp.
	
————. 1982. Habitat use and productivity of canvasbacks in southwestern 
     Manitoba, 1961-72. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep.-Wildl. No. 248. 
     31pp.

SUGDEN, L. G. 1978. Canvasback habitat use and production in Saskatchewan park-
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————. 1980. Parasitism of canvasback nests by redheads. J. Field Ornithol. 
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————, and H. J. POSTON. 1968. A nasal marker for ducks. J. Wildl. Manage. 
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TRAUGER, D. L. 1971. Population ecology of lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) in 
     subarctic taiga. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames. 118pp.

WELLER, M. W. 1956. A simple field candler for waterfowl eggs. J. Wildl. Manage. 
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————. 1957. An automatic nest-trap for waterfowl. J. Wildl. Manage. 21:456-458.

————. 1959. Parasitic egg-laying in the redhead (Aythya americana) and other 
     North American Anatidae. Ecol. Monogr. 29:333-356.