Study Title: Cottonwood Lake Study Area

As studies of the chemical characteristics, invertebrate communities and plant communities of the wetlands progressed, Swanson realized that natural changes in water level strongly influenced the characteristics and biological communities of the wetlands and, therefore, the use of those wetlands by waterfowl. In 1977, Swanson met Tom Winter, a research hydrologist from the U.S. Geological Survey in Lakewood, Colorado, who had been looking for sites in the upper Midwest at which to conduct research on hydrological processes. Their initial conversations led to a "grass roots" interagency research program to define hydrological characteristics and processes responsible for water level changes and changes in the biological communities of the wetlands.

The cooperative effort of Swanson and Winter was a logical extension of an earlier cooperative study between NPWRC and USGS scientists. In the late 1950s, the possibility that irrigation from the Garrison Diversion would change the hydrological characteristics of the landscape and possibly affect waterfowl habitat led to detailed studies of prairie wetlands by hydrologists from the U.S. Geological Survey. These studies, by William Eisenlohr, Jr., Charles Sloan, and Jelmer Shjeflo, initially focused on evapotranspiration from prairie pothole wetlands in different parts of North Dakota, including wetlands within two miles of the Cottonwood Lake, but were later expanded to examine wetland relations with ground water. Beginning in 1962, Fish and Wildlife biologists Robert Stewart Sr. and Harold Kantrud, who later became members of the NPWRC staff, surveyed vegetation of the wetlands studied by the hydrologists. Stewart and Kantrud's work led to definition of the range of salinity and water permanence tolerated by different plant species.

In his effort to understand the different factors affecting use of wetlands by waterfowl, from 1966 to 1976 Swanson undertook a study of the chemical characteristics of wetlands in Stutsman and Kidder counties, North Dakota. Aided by NPWRC chemist Vyto Adomaitis and the chemical laboratory at NPWRC, Swanson examined 178 wetlands. Swanson and Adomaitis found a wide range of salinity and chemical types in the wetlands. Eisenlohr and others found that wetlands receiving ground water discharge were more saline than those that did not receive ground water discharge. Thus, salinity differences among wetlands in the large area examined by Swanson and Adomaitis were likely due to variations in the influence of ground water. Armed with this knowledge, Swanson sought to involve someone with an interest in hydrochemisty at his study site, and in 1979, Jim LaBaugh, another USGS research scientist from Lakewood, Colorado, joined the team to assist Swanson with the interpretation of the relation of wetland chemical characteristics to hydrological characteristics and wetland biota at the site. When the NPWRC chemical laboratory closed in 1983, LaBaugh assumed responsibility for the water chemistry work.

In 1978, Winter and colleagues from the USGS office in Bismarck, North Dakota, began to install a network of wells and piezometers to monitor ground-water movement at the study site. To understand how the entire hydrologic cycle affected the wetlands, Winter also installed instruments to measure rainfall and evaporation, and enlisted Alex Sturrock, a USGS evaporation specialist, to help with analysis and interpretation of evaporation data. Throughout the subsequent study, additional wells and refinements in meterological equipment have been made at the site, including use of automatic data recorders, making it possible to monitor both weather and ground-water elevation changes year-round. Don Rosenberry, also a research scientist from the USGS in Lakewood, Colorado, joined the team in 1985, assisting with instrumentation and focusing on nearshore changes in flow between ground water and wetlands.

The ongoing research at the site provided a strong biological and hydrogeochemical framework that has stimulated much graduate research at the site. Karen Poiani, under the direction of Carter Johnson from Virginia Polytechnic and State University, conducted her masters and doctoral studies on hydrophytic seed banks and the response of vegetation in semipermanent wetlands to climate change. Richard Nelson conducted his doctoral research at the site on chironomid midges, an important food resource for birds, while attending North Dakota State University under the direction of Malcolm Butler. Masters student Kevin Swanson studied the mineral content of glacial till at the site, under the direction of Carl Bowser from the University of Wisconsin. Greg Summers, a masters student of Mario Biondini of North Dakota State University, examined the role of wetlands in nitrogen cycles of the prairie. James Arndt, while a student of James Richardson of North Dakota State University, conducted doctoral research on wetland soils, biogeochemical transformations, and relation to hydrologic gradients at the site. A student of Arnold van der Valk, Paul Wetzel, from Iowa State University collected some samples from the Cottonwood Lake area for his research on mycorrhizal fungi.

Aside from George Swanson, Tom Winter, Jim LaBaugh, and Don Rosenberry, much additional research has been conducted by other researchers interested in working at the site and attracted by its interdisciplinary research opportunities. Jimmy Richardson and Mario Biondini of North Dakota State University have examined wetland soils and biogeochemical transformation in those soils. Bruce Hanson, a wildife biologist from NPWRC, developed a key for Coleoptera at the site. Rick Forester, an ostracod specialist from the USGS in Denver, and Emi Ito of Minnesota State University have examined ostracods from the site. Hal Kantrud, also from NPWRC, has examined vegetation at the site. Gas samples from the site collected by David Mushet, NPWRC, and analyzed at the Trout Lake Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin, were used in an inter-site comparison of CO2 and methane saturation in inland waters of the National Science Foundation's Long Term Ecological Research sites and related sites. William Arnold, a professor in the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Minnesota and his collaborator, Yo Chin, from Ohio State University have been investigating the fate of iron and sulfur in prairie wetlands using samples collected from the study site. Former NPWRC Research Wildlife Biologist Robert Gleason, now the Director of NPWRC, along with NPWRC Soil Scientist Ray Finocchiaro, Charlie Dahl, and Brian Tangen is currently investigating greenhouse gas emissions from study area wetlands and surrounding uplands.

Upon Swanson's retirement in 1992, the Fish and Wildlife Service erected a bronze plaque at the entrance to the Waterfowl Production Area he studied for so long, dedicating the area to him in honor of his contributions to wetland management. Much of the research at the Cottonwood Lake Study Area has laid the foundation for science-based management of prairie wetlands. Through Swanson's dedication to the study of waterfowl and prairie wetlands, the increasingly comprehensive Cottonwood Lake Study Area data set and ongoing process research has served as a magnet, attracting researchers from a number of universities and other government agencies. This interest has resulted in cooperative studies on wetland soils, sedimentation, gas exchange, primary production, seedbanks, climate change, pesticide effects on waterfowl, mineral content of glacial till, and a variety of other topics at the site.

Chip Euliss, the NPWRC research biologist who inherited Swanson's role as Team Leader, has continued the tradition of cooperative research at the Cottonwood Lake area study site. In 1993, when USGS funding for water chemistry work was discontinued, Euliss recruited Rick Nelson from the Bismarck (North Dakota) office of the Bureau of Reclamation. Nelson had been interested in the Cottonwood site and was using it as a control site for comparison with restored wetlands. With the USGS not financially able to continue its role in chemistry studies, and the need to use Cottonwood Lake Study Area wetlands as reference wetlands, Nelson stepped in to continue chemical analysis at the site. Since 1993 he has been conducting water chemistry research at the site and, as done by his predecessors, shares data with all collaborators. The vagaries of funding in the 1980s had limited the biological research done at the site by Swanson. However, Euliss was able to expand the biological research at the site to include detailed monitoring of invertebrates, amphibians, and birds to complement the long-term examination of vegetation. These studies have provided new insights about population changes related to hydrochemical dynamics of the wetlands and continue under the direction of Euliss and another NPWRC Research Wildlife Biologist, David Mushet. USGS Senior Scientist Marty Goldhaber and his research team have become the most recent additions to the Cottonwood Lake Study Area’s grouping of scientific experts. Dr. Goldhaber and his team of geochemistry experts are providing unique new insights into the role key role of geology and associated geochemical processes in shaping the water chemistry, and ultimately the biotic communities of prairie wetlands.

Today the Cottonwood Lake Study Area is internationally recognized as one of the most intensively studied wetland complexes in North America. More than 80 scientific publications, graduate theses, and presentations at scientific conferences resulting from these studies provide the bulk of information currently available to guide wetland management in the prairie pothole region of the U.S. and Canada. According to Euliss, one of the greatest contributions of the Cottonwood Lake effort is that it "provides invaluable baseline data on the hydrological, chemical, and biological attributes upon which to base comparisons with ongoing research, including studies on wetland restoration and wetland monitoring." In addition, the understanding of the interrelation of hydrological, chemical, and biological processes revealed by the interdisciplinary research conducted at the site provides the scientific foundation that is being used in the development of an integrated landscape modeling and monitoring system that will allow managers and decision makers to better understand the outcomes of various management actions and decisions.

The long-term study has been conducted during natural climate extremes, from drought to deluge, so the role natural variation in climate and water levels in making prairie wetlands so productive is being revealed. Many questions remain, such as what are the effects of natural variability in the landscape brought about by fire and grazing on prairie wetlands, what are the effects of different land-use practices on these wetlands, and how do these effects vary within the framework of natural hydrologic variability of these wetlands. Having the Cottonwood Lake Study Area wetlands as reference for natural hydrologic variability provides important context for studies of wetlands affected by natural and human-induced changes in the landscape and is essential for the continued development of the integrated landscape model mentioned above.

Amazingly, all of this was accomplished without any 'official' ties among agencies at either the regional or national level. Scientists funded to conduct basic research chose to work together because they could see the benefits of interdisciplinary research on these complex systems and the opportunity to work at a common study site initiated by George Swanson. Success has been an attribute of science-driven questions about basic processes in the complex systems known as prairie pothole wetlands. As Walter C. Mendenhall, Director of USGS from 1930 to 1943 once said, "There can be no applied science unless there is science to apply." The new options available to wetland managers on the prairie are a result of collaboration and cooperation among scientists from different agencies and universities that is continuing to provide the science to apply to prairie pothole wetlands.

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Woo, Ming-Ko, and Winter, T.C. 1993. The role of permafrost and seasonal frost in the hydrology of northern wetlands in North America. Journal of Hydrology 141:5-31.

Arndt, J.L. 1994. Hydrology and soil interactions in drained and undrained wetlands in the glaciated northern prairie, North Dakota. Ph.D. Dissertation, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

Mushet, D.M. 2010. From earth observing space satellites to nuclear microsatellites: amphibian conservation in the northern Great Plains. Ph.D. Dissertation. North Dakota State University, Fargo.

Nelson, R.D. 1989. Seasonal abundance and life cycles of chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) in four prairie wetlands. Ph.D. Dissertation, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

Poiani, K.A. 1987. The effect of hydroperiod on seed banks in semi-permanent prairie wetlands. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.

Poiani, K.A. 1990. Response of a semi-permanent prairie wetland to climate change: a spatial simulation model. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.

Summers, G. 1993. The role of wetlands in nitrogen cycling in the prairie pothole region. M.S. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

Swanson, K.D. 1990. Chemical evaluation of ground-water in clay till in a prairie wetland setting in the Cottonwood Lake area, Stutsman County, North Dakota. M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Arndt, J.L, Rosenberry, D.O., and LaBaugh, J.W. 1993. Effects of ground-water flow systems on hydric soils in two prairie wetlands in North Dakota. Presentation at the American Geophysical Union meeting, San Francisco, California, December 6-10, 1993.

Euliss, N.H., Jr. 1993. Response of Aquatic Organisms to Hydrology and Water Chemistry in Wetland Systems. Presentation at the First Annual Comprehensive Wetland Workshop, Indiana Chapter of the Wildlife Society and Purdue University Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Seymore, Indiana, October 13-14, 1993.

Euliss, N.H, .Jr. 1997. Effects and Magnitude of Wetland Loss in the Prairie Pothole Region. Presentation at the Great Plains Bus Tour; Billings to Sioux Falls; Department of the Interior Executive Field Seminar, Spearfish, South Dakota, August 24-29, 1997.

Euliss, N.H., Jr. 1999. Ecology of prairie wetlands. Guest lecture to a graduate wetland ecology class, South Dakota State University, Department of Wildlife, Brookings, South Dakota; October 7, 1999.

Euliss, N.H., Jr. 2001. Ecology of prairie wetlands. Guest lecture, graduate wetland ecology class, Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; February 26, 2002.

Euliss, N.H., Jr. 2002. Influence of inter-annual climate variability on bird populations in the Prairie Pothole Region. Bismarck--Mandan Bird Club, Guest Speaker, Bismarck, North Dakota, November 1, 2002.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2002. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Invited lecture, Wetland and Riparian Ecology and Management Class, University of Minnesota, Crookston, Minnesota, March 8, 2002.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2002. The Wetland Continuum: a Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Biological Studies. Presentation at the Research Committee Meeting, National Research Program Annual Meeting, Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, CO, May 21-23, 2002.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2002. The Wetland Continuum: a Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Biological Studies. Presentation at the Ninth National Conference, The Wildlife Society, Bismarck, North Dakota, September 24-28, 2002.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2002. The Wetland Continuum of the Prairie Pothole Region. Presentation at the Geological Society of America Annual Conference, Denver, Colorado, October 27, 2002.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2002. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Presentation at the Graduate Seminar, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, February 12, 2003.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2003. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of Fisheries Biologists, North Dakota Game and Fish, Jamestown, North Dakota, March 12, 2003.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2003. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Presentation at the American Wetlands Conference; Annual Meeting of the Isaac Walton of America, Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 1-4, 2003.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2003. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Special Presentation to U.S. Geological Survey’s EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, May 19, 2003.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2003. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Center for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use Research, Muncheberg, Germany, June 20, 2003.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2003. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Special Seminar to Graduate Wetlands Class from Iowa State University, Jamestown, North Dakota, August 11, 2003.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2003. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Presentation at the Annual Conference; Soil Science Society of America; Denver, Colorado, November 2-6, 2003.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2004. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Presentation at the Ecology Series Seminar, School of Natural Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California; February 5, 2004.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2004. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Special Seminar at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Office (Region 3), Lakewood, Colorado, July 13, 2004.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2004. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region of North America. Presentation at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Region 3) Annual Biological Workshop, Minot, North Dakota, August 18-19, 2004.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L.H., Mushet, D.M., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. and Nelson, R.D. 2005. The Wetland Continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Charlestown, South Carolina, June 5-10, 2005.

Euliss, N.H., Jr. and Mushet, D.M. 2001. Prairie Wetlands in an Agricultural Landscape. Guest Speaker at the 2001 North Dakota Wetlands Trust Board of Directors Meeting, December 14, 2000.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., and Swanson, G.A. 1993. Response of Macroinvertebrates and Hydrophytes to Hydrologic Cycles in a Prairie Wetland Complex from 1967-1993 Presentation at the Forty-first Annual meeting, North American Benthological Society, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, May 28, 1993.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., and Swanson, G.A. 1993. Dynamics of a prairie wetland complex from 1967-1992. Presentation at the Society of Wetland Scientists/American Society of Limnology and Oceanography meeting, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 30 - June 4, 1993.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., Swanson, G.A., LaBaugh, J.W., Nelson, R.D., Winter, T.C., and Rosenberry, D.O. 1999. The wetland continuum: an example from the prairie pothole region, Part II: Ecological Implications. Presented at the annual North American Benthological Society Meeting, Duluth, Minnesota, May 28, 1999.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., Swanson, G.A., LaBaugh, J.W., Nelson, R.D., Winter, T.C., and Rosenberry, D.O. 1999. The Wetland Continuum: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Biological Studies in the Prairie Pothole Region. Presentation at the Annual Wetland Workshop, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Great Plains Region, Estes Park, Colorado, October 26-27, 1999.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., Swanson, G.A., LaBaugh, J.W., Nelson, R.D., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O., and Mushet, D.M. 2000. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region. Presentation at the Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference 62:151-152.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., Swanson, G.A., LaBaugh, J.W., Nelson, R.D., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O., and Mushet, D.M. 2000. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the North Dakota Chapter of the Wildlife Society, Minot, North Dakota, February 8-11, 2000.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., Swanson, G.A., LaBaugh, J.W., Nelson, R.D., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O., and Mushet, D.M. 2001. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region. Presentation at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Natural Resource Management Meeting, Jamestown, North Dakota. Feb 13, 2001.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., Swanson, G.A., LaBaugh, J.W., Nelson, R.D., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O., and Mushet, D.M. 2001. The wetland continuum: a conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies in the prairie pothole region. Presentation at the Symposium on the Role of Drought in Aquatic Ecosystems, Albury, New South Wales, Australia, February 12-14, 2001.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., and Winter, T.C. 1997. Hydrology of Prairie Pothole Wetlands. The Presentation on the Great Plains Bus Tour; Billings to Sioux Falls; Department of the Interior Executive Field Seminar, Spearfish, South Dakota, August 24-29, 1997.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O., LaBaugh, J.W., and Nelson, R.D. 2002. The wetland continuum in the prairie-pothole region. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, Denver, Colorado, GSA Abstracts with Program, paper 20-9, October 27-30, 2002

Goldhaber, M., Mills, C., Strickler, C., LaBaugh, J., Mushet, D.M., and Euliss, N.H., Jr. 2010. Modeling the geochemistry of prairie pothole wetlands. Presentation at the Third USGS Modeling Conference, Denver, Colorado, 7-11 June 2010

Kirby, D.R., Krabbenhoft, K.D., and Biondini, M.E. 1994. Ecological dynamics of a created seasonal wetland in North Dakota. Presentation at the International Land Reclamation and Mine Drainage Conference. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

LaBaugh, J.W. 1984. The impact of hydrology on the chemistry of Prairie Pothole Wetlands. Presentation at the Special Symposium on Prairie Wetlands of the Ninth North American Prairie Conference, Moorhead, Minnesota, July 29-August 1, 1984.

LaBaugh, J.W. 1986. Spatial and temporal variation in chemical characteristics of ground water and water in wetlands of the Cottonwood Lake area, Stutsman County, North Dakota 1979-1985. Presentation at a symposium on "Chemical Quality of Water and the Hydrologic Cycle" at the 1986 Rocky Mountain Regional meeting of the American Chemical Society, Denver, Colorado, June 8-12, 1986.

LaBaugh, J.W. 1987. Relation of hydrogeologic setting to chemical characteristics of selected lakes and wetlands within a climate gradient in the north-central United States. Presentation at the XXIII Societas Internationalis Limnologiae Congress, Hamilton, New Zealand, February 8-14, 1987.

LaBaugh, J.W. 1987. Use of ion ratios as indicators of processes affecting chemical characteristics of selected wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, 1979-86. Presentation in a symposium "Ecology of a wetland complex in the Coteau du Missouri" at the joint meeting of the North Dakota and Minnesota Academies of Science, Moorhead, Minnesota, April 24-25, 1987.

LaBaugh, J.W. 1989. Spatial and temporal variation in chemical characteristics of ground water adjacent to selected lakes and wetlands in the north-central United States. Presentation at the XXIV Societas Internationalis Limnologiae Congress, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, August 13-19, 1989.

LaBaugh, J.W. 1992. Change in chemical characteristics of lakes and wetlands in response to change in hydrologic conditions 1979-91. Presentation at the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Santa Fe Meeting, February 9-14, 1992.

LaBaugh, J.W. 1993. Effect of persistent drought on chemical characteristics of three semipermanent prairie pothole wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota. Presentation at the Society of Wetland Scientists/American Society of Limnology and Oceanography meeting, Edmonton, Alberta, May 30-June 4, 1993.

LaBaugh, J.W., Rosenberry, D. O., and Winter, T.C. 1998. Comparison of ground water-surface water interaction and chemical fluxes in lakes and wetlands in central North America, 1978 to 1997. Presentation at the 27th Congress of the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Dublin, Ireland, August 10-14, 1998.

LaBaugh, J.W., and Swanson, G.A. 1987. Seasonal changes in concentration of chlorophyll a in the water column of 5 prairie wetlands, Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, 1984-85: effects of migratory waterfowl. Presentation at the 1987 meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Columbus, Ohio, August 9-13, 1987.

LaBaugh, J.W., and Swanson, G.A. 1988. Interaction of emergent macrophyte loss, algal-biomass increase, and pH increase in relation to changes in relative abundance of major ions in a seasonal prairie wetland, Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota. Presentation at the Ecological Society of America meeting, Davis, California, August 14-18, 1988.

LaBaugh, J.W., and Swanson, G.A. 1990. Changes in chemical characteristics of water in selected wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, U.S.A., 1979-89. Presentation at the Conference on Aquatic Ecosystems in semi-arid Regions, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, August 27-30, 1990.

LaBaugh, J.W., and Swanson, G.A. 1991. Water quality changes in a wetland in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, in response to changes in wetland-ground water interaction, 1979-90. Presentation at the 1991 North American Lake Management Society 11th International Symposium, Denver, Colorado, November 11-16, 1991.

LaBaugh, J.W., and Swanson, G.A. 1993. Spatial and temporal variability in chemical characteristics and water column biota in the Cottonwood Lake area wetlands, North Dakota. Presentation at the Wetland Symposium - Prairie Ecosystems: Wetland Ecology, Management and Restoration, Jamestown, North Dakota, August 9-13, 1993.

LaBaugh, J.W., Swanson, G.A., and Adomaitis, V.A. 1988. Chemical characteristics of 178 prairie lakes in south-central North Dakota. Presentation at the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography meeting, Boulder, Colorado, June 12-16, 1988.

LaBaugh, J.W., Winter, T.C., Adomaitis, V.A., and Swanson, G.A. 1983. Annual and seasonal dynamics of the hydrology and geochemistry of four prairie wetlands, Cottonwood Lakes area, North Dakota. Presentation at the Ecological Society of America Meeting, Grand Forks, North Dakota, August 7-11, 1983.

LaBaugh, J.W., Winter, T.C., and Rosenberry, D.O. 1995. Comparison of solute sources to lakes and wetlands in forested and prairie ecosystems. Presentation at the American Geophysical Union meeting, San Francisco, California, December 11-15, 1995.

LaBaugh, J.W., Winter, T.C., and Rosenberry, D.O. 1999. The role of hydrological processes in determining the water-budget and geochemical characteristics of wetlands. Presentation at the 1999 Annual meeting of the Geological Society of America meeting, October 25 to 28, 1999, Denver, Colorado.

LaBaugh, J.W., Winter, T.C., and Rosenberry, D.O. 2000. The importance of ground water in the determination of wetland chemical characteristics. Presentation at the Society of Wetland Scientists meeting, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, August 6 to 11, 2000

LaBaugh, J. W., Winter, T. C., and Rosenberry, D. O. 2007. Response of selected lakes and wetlands in humid to semi-arid areas in central North America to a multi-decadal period of climate variability: the role of ground water. Presentation at the 30th Congress of the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Montreal, Canada, in a special session on the topic of “Lakes, Streams, Groundwater and Wetlands in the Landscape: Linkages Among Freshwater Systems, August 13, 2007.

LaBaugh, J.W., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D. O., Swanson, G.A., Nelson, R.D., and Euliss, N.H., Jr. 1994. Response of prairie wetlands to changing climate conditions from 1967 to 1994 at the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota. Presentation at the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography - North American Benthological Society Symposium on Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America, Leesburg, Virginia, October 24-26, 1994.

Lannoo, M.J., Bradford, D., Fellers, G., and Euliss, N.H., Jr. 1996. Fish Introductions and Aquacultural Practices: Recently Realized Threats to North American Amphibian Populations. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society; Dearborn, Michigan. Special Symposium, “Introductions of Nonindigenous Fishes or Other Aquatic Species: Impacts and Implications, August 25-29, 1996.

Mushet, D.M. 1998. Using a floristic quality index to evaluate management efforts. Presentation at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Workshop, Region 6, Jamestown, North Dakota.

Mushet. D.M. 2002. Biotic community response to drought and deluge. Seminar, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 18 April 2002.

Mushet, D.M. 2005. Biotic community response to drought and deluge: lessons from the Cottonwood lake Study Area; Presentation at the University of Minnesota, Crookston, 22 April 2005.

Mushet, D.M. 2006. Climate, hydrology, and amphibian habitat suitability in the prairie pothole region. Presentation at the Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program—Green-bag Lunch Seminar. North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 3 October 2006.

Mushet, D.M. 2007. Tigers in our wetlands: Ambystoma tigrinum, an under-appreciated predator. North Dakota State University, Presentation at the Environmental and Conservation Sciences Graduate Program, Fargo 27 April 2007.

Mushet, D.M. 2010. Spatial alpha diversity meets temporal gamma diversity in dynamic systems. Presentation at the Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program—Green-bag Lunch Seminar. North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, September 14, 2010.

Mushet, D.M., and Euliss, N.H., Jr. 2000. Floristic quality of one natural and three restored wetland complexes in the prairie pothole region of the United States. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the North Dakota Chapter of the Wildlife Society, Minot, North Dakota, February 8-11, 2000.

Mushet, D.M., and Euliss, N.H., Jr. 2002. Biotic Community Response to Drought and Deluge: Lessons from the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota. Presentation at the 2002 Annual Conference; North Dakota Chapter of The Wildlife Society, Grand Forks, North Dakota, February 13-15, 2002.

Mushet, D.M. and N.H. Euliss Jr. 2002. Biotic community response to drought and deluge: lessons from the Cottonwood Lake Study Area. Presentation at the Wildlife Management Seminar, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point; 1 November 2002.

Mushet, D.M., and N.H. Euliss, Jr. 2003. Amphibian Response to Drought, Deluge, and Disease at the Cottonwood Lake Study Area. Presentation at the Annual Conference; North Dakota Chapter of The Wildlife Society, Mandan, North Dakota, February 11-13, 2003.

Mushet, D.M.and N.H. Euliss, Jr. 2004. Trends in Breeding Bird Populations at the Cottonwood Lake Study Area. Presentation at the Annual Conference; North Dakota Chapter, The Wildlife Society, Fargo, North Dakota, February 11-13, 2004.

Mushet, D.M. and Euliss, N.H., Jr. 2005. Blackbird response to inundation following drought at the Cottonwood Lake Study Area. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the North Dakota Chapter, The Wildlife Society, Mandan, North Dakota, February 9-11.

Mushet, D.M. and Euliss, N.H., Jr. 2005. Amphibian Response to Drought, Deluge, and Disease. Presentation at the Annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Charlestown, South Carolina, June 5-10, 2005.

Mushet, D.M. and Euliss, N.H., Jr. 2006. Tigers in our wetlands: Ambystoma tigrinum, and underappreciated predator. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the North Dakota Chapter of The Wildlife Society, Williston, North Dakota, February 8-10, 2006.

Mushet, D.M. and Euliss, N.H., Jr. 2007. Tigers in our wetlands, Ambystoma tigrinum, an often underappreciated predator. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Sacramento, California, 10-15 June, 2007.

Mushet, D.M. and Euliss, N.H., Jr. 2008. The effects of natural climate variation on floristic quality assessments of wetland plant communities. Presentation at the Annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Washington, DC, May 26-30, 2008.

Nelson, R.D. 1993. Seasonal abundance and life cycles of Chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) in four prairie wetlands. Presentation at the Wetland Symposium - Prairie Ecosystems: Wetland Ecology, Management and Restoration, Jamestown, North Dakota, August 9-13, 1993.

Poiani, K.A. 1993. Use of a simulation model in managing a semi-permanent prairie wetland. Presentation at the Wetland Symposium - Prairie Ecosystems: Wetland Ecology, Management and Restoration, Jamestown, North Dakota, August 9-13, 1993.

Poiani, K.A., and Johnson, W.C. 1988. The effect of hydroperiod on seed banks in semi-permanent wetlands. Presentation at the Ecological Society of America meeting, Davis, California, August 14-18, 1988.

Poiani, K.A., and Johnson, W.C. 1990. Response of prairie wetlands to climate change: A spatial simulation model. Presentation at the Conference on Aquatic Ecosystems in semi-arid Regions, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, August 27-30, 1990.

Rosenberry, D.O. 1990. Ground-water recharge focused adjacent to a wetland in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, U.S.A. Presentation at the Conference on Aquatic Ecosystems in semi-arid Regions, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, August 27-30, 1990.

Rosenberry, D.O. 1993. Climate of the Cottonwood Lake area, Stutsman County, North Dakota. Presentation at the Wetland Symposium - Prairie Ecosystems: Wetland Ecology, Management and Restoration, Jamestown, North Dakota, August 9-13, 1993.

Rosenberry, D.O. 2002. Wetland stage as an indicator of climate change: ground-water interaction complicates the linkage. Presentation at the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Annual Summer Meeting, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, June 10-14, 2002.

Rosenberry, D.O. 2005. Wetland hydrology related to climate and geology -- prairie-potholes in North Dakota vs. the Minnesota northern lakes region. Presentation at the Wetland Delineators Association, St. Paul, Minnesota, February 2, 2005.

Rosenberry, D.O., Arndt, J.L., and LaBaugh, J.W. 1993. Ground-water flow reversals and near-shore soil mineralization affect chemical characteristics of a prairie wetland in North Dakota. Presentation at the American Geophysical meeting, San Francisco, California, December 6-10, 1993.

Rosenberry, D.O., Winter, T.C., and LaBaugh, J.W. 2000. Evapotranspiration affects ground-water discharge to prairie wetlands during drought and deluge. Presentation at the Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, Tokyo, Japan.

Rosenberry, D.O., Winter, T.C., and LaBaugh, J.W. 2006. Significance of ground-water exchange to wetland response during drought and deluge: Presentation at the Second Biennial Rocky Mountain Regional Lake and Reservoir Management Conference, Golden, Colorado, February 15-17.

Rosenberry, D.O., Winter, T.C., LaBaugh, J.W. and Walker, J.F. 2000. Watershed-scale hydrologic research across a climatic gradient: an inter-site comparison from four research watersheds in the north central United States. Presentation at the Fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, California, December 15-19, 2000, supplement to Eos, vol. 81, no. 48, p. 421.

Rover, J.A., Wylie, B.K., Ji, L., Wright, C.K., and Gallant, A.L. 2008. Using remote sensing to estimate ecosystem services in the Prairie Pothole region, Using science for decision making in dynamic systems, Presentation at ACES–A Conference on Ecosystem Services, Naples, FL, December 8-11, 2008.

Summers, G.P., Biondini, M.E., Kirby, D.R., Grygiel, and Krabbenhoft, K.D. 1993. Nitrogen flow in the decomposition process of a prairie wetland. Presentation at the Society of Wetland Scientists meeting, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 30-June 4, 1993.

Summers, G.P., Krabbenhoft, K.D., Biondini, M.E., Kirby, D.R, and Grygiel. 1993. Nitrogen cycling in Northern Prairie wetlands. Presentation at the Society of Range Management annual meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Swanson, G.A. 1987. Vegetation changes in wetlands of the Cottonwood Lake area. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science 41:29.

Swanson, G.A., Euliss, N.H., Jr., and Hanson, B.A. 1993. Dynamics of a prairie wetland complex. Presentation at the Wetland Symposium - Prairie Ecosystems: Wetland Ecology, Management and Restoration, Jamestown, North Dakota, August 9-13, 1993.

Wetzel, P.R., and van der Valk, A.G. 1994. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in fresh and saline prairie pothole wetlands. Presentation at the Ecological Society of America meeting, Knoxville, Tennessee, August 7-11, 1994.

Winter, T.C. 1990. A conceptual framework for long-term hydrologic studies of wetlands. Presentation at the Conference on Aquatic Ecosystems in semi-arid Regions, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, August 27-30, 1990.

Winter, T.C. 1991. Variability of the interaction of a prairie wetland with ground-water in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, 1979-1990. Presentation at the 1991 North American Lake Management Society 11th International Symposium, Denver, Colorado, November 11-16, 1991.

Winter, T.C. 1993. Geologic and hydrologic setting of the Cottonwood Lake area, Stutsman County, North Dakota. Presentation at the Wetland Symposium - Prairie Ecosystems: Wetland Ecology, Management and Restoration, Jamestown, North Dakota, August 9-13, 1993.

Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O., LaBaugh, J.W., Swanson, G.A., Euliss, N.H., Jr., and Nelson, R.D. 1999. The wetland continuum: an example from the prairie pothole region, Part I: Hydrogeochemical Framework. Presentation at the annual North American Benthological Society Meeting, Duluth, Minnesota. May 28, 1999.

Winter, T.C., and Rosenberry, D.O. 1993. The effect of five years of drought (1988-1992) on the hydrology of prairie wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota. Presentation at the Society of Wetland Scientists/American Society of Limnology and Oceanography meeting, Edmonton, Alberta, May 30-June 4, 1993.

Rover, J.A., Wright, C.K., Wylie, B.K., and Euliss, N.H. 2007. Quantifying wetland dynamics and hydrologic function with Landsat Thematic Mapper, in Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 10, 2007-Dec. 14, 2007, Eos Transactions, Suppl., v. 88, no. 52: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, p. H31F-0732. (available online at http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm07/waisfm07.html)

Rover, J.A., Wright, C.K., Wylie, B.K., and Euliss, N.H., 2007, Quantifying wetland dynamics and hydrologic function with Landsat Thematic Mapper, in Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 10, 2007-Dec. 14, 2007, American Geophysical Union. (available online at http://lca.usgs.gov/lca/ilm_ppr/images/posters/3663-LRS_poster_HR.pdf.)

Ji, L., Wylie, B.K., Zhang, L., Rover, J.A., and Tieszen, L.L., 2007, Delineating surface water features in the prairie pothole wetlands with MODIS data, in Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 10, 2007-Dec. 14, 2007, American Geophysical Union. (available online at http://lca.usgs.gov/lca/alaskalcwr/images/posters/AGU07_poster.pdf.)